Compounds > sacubitril
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

sacubitril

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9811834
CHEMBL ID3137301
CHEBI ID134714
SCHEMBL ID2707112

Synonyms (47)

Synonym
CHEBI:134714
sacubitril
D10225
sacubitril (jan/usan/inn)
ahu 377
ahu377
sacubitril [usan:inn]
149709-62-6
17erj0mkgi ,
unii-17erj0mkgi
ahu-377
CHEMBL3137301
sacubitril [jan]
sacubitril [mi]
entresto component sacubitril
sacubitril [who-dd]
sacubitril [usan]
sacubitril [orange book]
sacubitril [inn]
sacubitril component of entresto
HY-15407
gtpl7857
neparvis
4-[[(2s,4r)-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-1-(4-phenylphenyl)pentan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
SCHEMBL2707112
mfcd00920862
PYNXFZCZUAOOQC-UTKZUKDTSA-N
(2r,4s)-5-biphenyl-4-yl-4-(3-carboxypropionylamino)-2-methylpentanoic acid ethyl ester
(2r,4s)-5-biphenyl-4-yl-4-(3-carboxy-propionylamino)-2-methyl-pentanoic acid ethyl ester
AM85599
alpha-ethyl (alphar,gammas)-gamma-<(3-carboxy-1-oxopropyl)amino>-alpha-methyl<1,1'-biphenyl>-4-pentanoate
4-(((2s,4r)-1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid
AC-28899
DTXSID20164370
DB09292
[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-pentanoic acid, -[(3-carboxy-1-oxopropyl)amino]-alpha-methyl-, alpha-ethyl ester, (alphar,s)-
AKOS027321509
J-008612
3-{[(2s,4r)-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-1-(4-phenylphenyl)pentan-2-yl]carbamoyl}propanoic acid
4-(((2s,4r)-1-([1,1-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid
AS-16703
Q17811448
NCGC00387800-02
[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-pentanoic acid, gamma-[(3-carboxy-1-oxopropyl)amino]-alpha-methyl-, alpha-ethyl ester, (alphar,gammas)-
3-{[(2s,4r)-1-{[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl}propanoic acid
EN300-303419
4-(((2s,4r)-1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)amino)-4-oxobutanoicacid

Research Excerpts

Overview

Sacubitril/valsartan is a first-in-class Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) to be approved for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) It is used to counteract the neuro-hormonal changes and reverse cardiac remodeling.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sacubitril/valsartan is a foundation of the pharmacological armamentarium in HFrEF to counteract the neuro-hormonal changes and reverse cardiac remodeling, together with beta-blockers, SGLT2i and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. "( Evaluating sacubitril/valsartan as a treatment option for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fraction.
De Ponti, F; Diemberger, I; Poluzzi, E; Potena, L; Raschi, E; Sabatino, M, 2022)		2.55
"Sacubitril/valsartan is an angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor that the Food and Drug Administration has indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular hospitalization and death in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction below normal and with no specified ejection-fraction cut-off. "( Sacubitril/Valsartan Off-Label Uses for Heart Failure.
Colvin, BM; Guglin, M; Kido, K; Szymanski, TW, 2022)		3.61
"Sacubitril/valsartan is a neprilysin-inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker used for the treatment of heart failure. "( Acute effects on glucose tolerance by neprilysin inhibition in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Bojsen-Møller, KN; Deacon, CF; Gluud, LL; Goetze, JP; Gustafsson, F; Hansen, LH; Holst, JJ; Kjeldsen, S; Madsbad, S; Martinussen, C; Møller, A; Plomgaard, P; Rashu, EB; Richter, MM; Wewer Albrechtsen, NJ, 2022)		2.16
"Sacubitril/valsartan is an important advancement in the treatment of HFrEF. "( Our Experience With Sacubitril/Valsartan in Chronic Heart Failure Management - HFrEF in the Ambulatory Setting.
Jatić, Z; Kulić, M; Naser, N, 2022)		2.49
"Sacubitril/valsartan is a first-in-class Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) to be approved for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). "( Activation of GLP-1 receptor signalling by sacubitril/valsartan: Implications for patients with poor glycaemic control.
Barron, A; Mahtani, K; Patel, B; Wang, B, 2022)		2.43
"Sacubitril/valsartan is a commonly used medicine for treating heart failure (HF) patients, but the treatment effects significantly vary. "( Association between the NEP rs701109 polymorphism and the clinical efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in Chinese patients with heart failure.
Chen, R; Cheng, Y; Deng, P; Gao, LC; Li, CX; Li, FJ; Li, HL; Li, L; Long, HZ; Luo, HY; Peng, XY; Xu, SG; Zhou, ZW, 2023)		2.57
"Sacubitril/valsartan is a mainstay of the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF); however, its effects on exercise performance yielded conflicting results. "( Effects of sacubitril/valsartan on exercise capacity: a prognostic improvement that starts during uptitration.
Agostoni, P; Capovilla, T; De Martino, F; Dell'Aversana, S; Esposito, I; Filardi, PP; Galotta, A; Magrì, D; Mantegazza, V; Mapelli, M; Mattavelli, I; Nepitella, AA; Paolillo, R; Paolillo, S; Salvioni, E; Tamborini, G; Vignati, C, 2023)		2.74
"Sacubitril/valsartan is an integral part of value-based care providing high-value, cost-effective care, and bolstering the economic wellbeing of patient care."( Using Sacubitril/Valsartan to Decrease Health care Costs in Population Health Patients.
Bernhardt, R; Chapa, J; Damera, N; George, B; Lee, E; Rao, RA; Reese, L; Shah, C, 2023)		2.11
"Sacubitril/valsartan is a medication recognized for its efficacy, and this consensus seeks to synthesize the available information regarding its use for the benefit of patients."( Consensus document on the use of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure: Consejo Interamericano de Falla Cardiaca e Hipertensión Pulmonar (CIFACAH) of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC).
Alarco, W; Figueroa, Y; Gómez-Mesa, JE; Magaña, A; Pow-Chon, F; Quesada, D; Ramos, CE; Rodríguez-García, D; Rossel, V; Saldarriaga, C; Speranza, M; Ventura-Umanzor, JR, 2023)		1.91

Effects

Sacubitril/valsartan has been approved for the management of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction in adults. It has been demonstrated to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients, but the best dose remains unclear.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sacubitril valsartan has a protective effect on the vascular endothelial function of patients with hypertension and CHF."( The Difference between Sacubitril Valsartan and Valsartan on Vascular Endothelial Function, APN, MMP-9, and BNP Levels in Patients with Hypertension and Chronic Heart Failure.
Du, H; Jiang, N; Li, X; Zhao, W, 2022)		1.75
"Sacubitril-valsartan has been shown to have superior effects over angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with heart failure (HF). "( Sacubitril/Valsartan for heart failure: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dai, W; Huang, X; Luo, J, 2022)		3.61
"Sacubitril/valsartan has been approved for the treatment of heart failure (HF) patients with reduced ejection fraction; since then, it gradually became a new star drug in the therapy of HF. "( Emerging trends in sacubitril/valsartan research: A bibliometric analysis of the years 1995-2021.
Chen, D; Lai, P; Liao, YL; Ling, JY; Tian, KJ; Xie, MJ; Xue, JH; Ye, JH; Zhong, WT; Zhong, YM, 2022)		2.49
"Sacubitril/valsartan has been demonstrated to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients, but the best dose remains unclear. "( Network meta-analysis of sacubitril/valsartan for the treatment of essential hypertension.
Huang, H; Li, M; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2023)		2.66
"Sacubitril/valsartan has been approved for the management of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction in adults. "( Baseline Characteristics of Pediatric Patients With Heart Failure Due to Systemic Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in the PANORAMA-HF Trial.
Bonnet, D; Burch, M; Garito, T; Kantor, PF; Kocun, M; Shaddy, R; Solar-Yohay, S; Zhang, S, 2023)		2.35
"Sacubitril/valsartan has been shown to decrease readmissions for patients with heart failure (HF) and decrease health care costs."( Using Sacubitril/Valsartan to Decrease Health care Costs in Population Health Patients.
Bernhardt, R; Chapa, J; Damera, N; George, B; Lee, E; Rao, RA; Reese, L; Shah, C, 2023)		2.11

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sacubitril valsartan can increase serum APN levels, reduce MMP-9 and BNP levels, and have good clinical effects."( The Difference between Sacubitril Valsartan and Valsartan on Vascular Endothelial Function, APN, MMP-9, and BNP Levels in Patients with Hypertension and Chronic Heart Failure.
Du, H; Jiang, N; Li, X; Zhao, W, 2022)		1.75

Treatment

Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan was effective and provided superior BP reduction. A higher proportion of patients achieving target BP goals than treatment with olmesartan in Japanese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sacubitril/valsartan treatment was well tolerated and did not affect ultrafiltration during HD treatment. "( Low dose sacubitril/valsartan is effective and safe in hemodialysis patient with decompensated heart failure and hypotension: A case report.
Chen, X; Feng, Y; Li, W; Liu, H, 2022)		2.58
"Sacubitril-valsartan treatment, which lowered NT-proBNP levels and improved cardiac function, was more effective in HFpEF patients with acute decompensated heart failure than enalapril."( The Relationship between Angiotensin-Neprilysin Treatment, Echocardiographic Parameters, and NT-proBNP Levels in HFpEF Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.
Xu, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, X, 2022)		2.16
"Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan was effective and provided superior BP reduction, with a higher proportion of patients achieving target BP goals than treatment with olmesartan in Japanese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension."( Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan versus olmesartan in Japanese patients with essential hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study.
Gotou, H; Kario, K; Rakugi, H; Sasajima, T; Yamaguchi, M; Zhang, J, 2022)		1.44
"Treatment of sacubitril/valsartan showed significantly higher KCCQ-CSS compared to the control (WMD=0.975, 95% CI: 0.885, 1.064, p<0.001; I2=94.8%, pheterogeneity<0.001). "( Effect on the Quality of Life of Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced/Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Sacubitril/Valsartan.
Huang, Y; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Wu, X, 2023)		1.49
"The treatment with sacubitril/valsartan in patients suffering from chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction increases left ventricular ejection fraction and decreases the risk of sudden cardiac death. "( Comparison of the prognosis and outcome of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan according to age.
Abumayyaleh, M; Akin, I; Aweimer, A; Borggrefe, M; El-Battrawy, I; Kummer, M; Kuschyk, J; Mügge, A; Pilsinger, C; Sattler, K, 2021)		1.16
"Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan in patients with systolic dysfunction is associated with an improvement in LVEF in a real world scenario. "( Remodelling is inversely proportional to left ventricular dimensions in a real-life population of patients with chronic heart failure after therapy with sacubitril/valsartan.
Brunetti, ND; Correale, M; Di Biase, M; Diella, C; Ferraretti, A; Iacoviello, M; Mallardi, A; Mazzeo, P; Merolla, G; Romano, V; Tricarico, L, 2022)		1.27

Toxicity

Sacubitril/valsartan was found to inhibit ventricular remodeling after AMI, improve cardiac function, and reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. Hypotension is the most common adverse event compared with ACEI/ARB.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Due to the limited literature on patient safety outcomes for recently approved CVD medications, this study investigated adverse drug reports (ADRs) reported in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)."( A Pharmacovigilance Study of Adverse Drug Reactions Reported for Cardiovascular Disease Medications Approved Between 2012 and 2017 in the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database.
Boyce, RD; Gray, MP; Kane-Gill, SL; Patel, NM; Stottlemyer, BA, 2022)		0.72
" Sacubitril/valsartan was well tolerated with fewer study drug discontinuations due to adverse events, although the sacubitril/valsartan group had a higher proportion of patients with hypotension."( Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction　- Results From the PARALLEL-HF Study.
Desai, AS; Guo, W; Iimori, T; Ito, H; Kitamura, T; Momomura, SI; Ohishi, T; Saito, Y; Sakata, Y; Tsutsui, H; Yamamoto, K, 2021)		1.84
"In Japanese patients with HFrEF, there was no difference in reduction in the risk of CV death or HF hospitalization between sacubitril/valsartan and enalapril, and sacubitril/valsartan was safe and well tolerated."( Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction　- Results From the PARALLEL-HF Study.
Desai, AS; Guo, W; Iimori, T; Ito, H; Kitamura, T; Momomura, SI; Ohishi, T; Saito, Y; Sakata, Y; Tsutsui, H; Yamamoto, K, 2021)		1.14
" This study explores the safety profile of sacubitril/valsartan by comparing adverse events in RCT and real-world use."( Five Years of Sacubitril/Valsartan-a Safety Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials and Real-World Pharmacovigilance.
Brar, S; D'Albo, N; Dani, SS; Dey, A; Ganatra, S; Kim, YS; Shah, S, 2022)		1.34
" WHO's VigiBase, FAERS, and EMA's EudraVigilance were mined to obtain spontaneously reported real-world adverse events."( Five Years of Sacubitril/Valsartan-a Safety Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials and Real-World Pharmacovigilance.
Brar, S; D'Albo, N; Dani, SS; Dey, A; Ganatra, S; Kim, YS; Shah, S, 2022)		1.08
" A total of 103,038 adverse events were registered in the spontaneous reporting systems."( Five Years of Sacubitril/Valsartan-a Safety Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials and Real-World Pharmacovigilance.
Brar, S; D'Albo, N; Dani, SS; Dey, A; Ganatra, S; Kim, YS; Shah, S, 2022)		1.08
"The aim of this study was to characterise clinical priority of adverse events with sacubitril/valsartan for targeting preventive measures."( Adverse events with sacubitril/valsartan in the real world: emerging signals to target preventive strategies from the FDA adverse event reporting system.
Antonazzo, IC; De Ponti, F; Diemberger, I; Gatti, M; Raschi, E, 2021)		1.17
"We used the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system (worldwide pharmacovigilance database) to compare adverse events recording sacubitril/valsartan as suspect with other cardiovascular drugs."( Adverse events with sacubitril/valsartan in the real world: emerging signals to target preventive strategies from the FDA adverse event reporting system.
Antonazzo, IC; De Ponti, F; Diemberger, I; Gatti, M; Raschi, E, 2021)		1.14
"Sacubitril/valsartan was recorded in 20,021 reports, with 178 adverse events associated with significant disproportionality: 71."( Adverse events with sacubitril/valsartan in the real world: emerging signals to target preventive strategies from the FDA adverse event reporting system.
Antonazzo, IC; De Ponti, F; Diemberger, I; Gatti, M; Raschi, E, 2021)		2.39
"There were no deaths, serious adverse events, or discontinuations due to TEAEs, and there were no significant safety concerns associated with S086."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single, and multiple dose-escalation Phase I clinical trial to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of oral S086, a novel angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, in health
He, S; Hu, Y; Li, J; Li, X; Li, Y; Mai, J; Sun, J; Wu, M; Xu, W; Yan, J; Yang, L; Zhang, H, 2022)		0.72
" Case reports from the United States Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System from 1991 to Q4/2020 were used."( Potential Safety Signals for Rhabdomyolysis Associated With High-Potency Statin Use With or Without Sacubitril/Valsartan.
Ryo, Y; Sunaga, T, 2022)		0.94
" The total incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in the sacubitril/valsartan group was significantly lower than that in the control group {relative risk (RR) =0."( Therapeutic effects and safety of early use of sacubitril/valsartan after acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, J; Chen, T; Shou, Y; Yan, K; Zhang, L; Zhao, H, 2022)		1.22
"Sacubitril/valsartan was found to inhibit ventricular remodeling after AMI, improve cardiac function, and reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction, the rehospitalization rate, and the mortality rate."( Therapeutic effects and safety of early use of sacubitril/valsartan after acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, J; Chen, T; Shou, Y; Yan, K; Zhang, L; Zhao, H, 2022)		2.42
" It was also safe and well tolerated."( Low dose sacubitril/valsartan is effective and safe in hemodialysis patient with decompensated heart failure and hypotension: A case report.
Chen, X; Feng, Y; Li, W; Liu, H, 2022)		1.14
" The potential risk factors for the discontinuation events caused by sac/val-related adverse events (AEs) were explored."( Effectiveness and safety of sacubitril/valsartan for patients with hypertension and heart failure in the real-world setting: A retrospective study in China.
Chen, C; Fan, L; Li, J; Li, X; Lv, Q; Tian, D; Zuo, C, 2022)		1.02
"001), while there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events [odds ratio (OR) =1."( Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of middle-aged and elderly patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Jin, JC; Li, BN; Liu, KK; Liu, S; Wu, HX, 2022)		1.03
"Concomitant use of sacubitril/valsartan for at least 3 months did not alter the efficacy of vericiguat and was similarly safe and tolerated in both study arms."( Efficacy and safety of vericiguat in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction treated with sacubitril/valsartan: insights from the VICTORIA trial.
Alemayehu, WG; Armstrong, PW; Butler, J; Edelmann, F; Ezekowitz, J; Hernandez, AF; Lam, CSP; McMullan, C; O'Connor, CM; Pieske, B; Ponikowski, P; Roessig, L; Senni, M; Sim, D; Voors, AA; Westerhout, CM, 2022)		1.26
" No major adverse events occurred."( Safety and Efficacy of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Patients With a Failing Systemic Right Ventricle: A Prospective Single-Center Study.
Fusco, F; Grimaldi, N; Iannuzzi, A; Merola, A; Palma, M; Sarubbi, B; Scognamiglio, G, 2023)		1.22
" The most frequently reported adverse event for sacubitril/valsartan is hypotension and the risk is higher than for ACEI/ARB."( Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared With ACEI/ARB on Health-Related Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients: A Meta-Analysis.
Shaikh, AS; Xu, XD; Yang, HR; Zhou, BT, 2023)		1.48
" Hypotension is the most common adverse event with sacubitril/valsartan compared with ACEI/ARB."( Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared With ACEI/ARB on Health-Related Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients: A Meta-Analysis.
Shaikh, AS; Xu, XD; Yang, HR; Zhou, BT, 2023)		1.47
"Low-dose sacubitril/valsartan might also be effective and safe in HF patients."( Efficacy and safety of low-dose sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, WW; Dang, HQ; Gao, J; Jiang, J; Li, YM; Liu, YL; Zhang, XZ, 2023)		1.61
" Key safety endpoints were the incidences of adverse events during hospitalization and during follow-up planned at 1 month, 3-6 months and 12-18 months after discharge."( Safety and feasibility of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in real-world patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Angelini, F; Coppini, L; Ferraro, I; Giordana, F; Musumeci, G; Rossini, R; Ruffino, E; Tizzani, E; Valente, E; Varbella, F, 2023)		0.91
"In-hospital initiation of sacubitril/valsartan treatment in real-world ADHF patients may be a safe and feasible treatment option."( Safety and feasibility of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in real-world patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Angelini, F; Coppini, L; Ferraro, I; Giordana, F; Musumeci, G; Rossini, R; Ruffino, E; Tizzani, E; Valente, E; Varbella, F, 2023)		1.21
"Sacubitril/Valsartan therapy in HFrEF patients is safe and moderately tolerated among the Pakistani population."( Safety and tolerability of Sacubitril/Valsartan in heart failure patient with reduced ejection fraction.
Ashraf, T; Balouch, IJ; Bashir, S; Bhatti, UH; Karim, M; Khan, MN; Moazzam, A; Naseeb, K; Rauf, R; Soomro, NA, 2023)		2.65
" Safety assessments included all adverse events and serious adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/allisartan for the treatment of primary hypertension: a phase 2 randomized, double-blind study.
Chen, SX; Ge, Q; He, SY; Li, JF; Li, Y; Lu, XH; Wang, JG; Xu, WJ; Yan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, W, 2023)		1.22
"CIS-induced cardiotoxicity and L-NNA co-administered group showed significant increases in cardiac enzymes, toxic histopathological features, elevated heart weights, angiotensin II (Ang II), neprilysin, malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammatory mediators, blood pressure (BP) and caspase 3 expressions, but there are significant decreases in the antioxidant parameters, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)."( Sacubitril/valsartan cardioprotective effect against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity via modulation of VEGF/eNOS and TLR4/TNFα/IL6 signalling pathways.
Ahmed Rifaai, R; Bayoumi, AMA; Mahmoud Refaie, MM; Shehata, S, 2023)		2.35

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of single ascending doses (SAD) and multiple ascending doses (MAD) of S086 in healthy Chinese volunteers."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single, and multiple dose-escalation Phase I clinical trial to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of oral S086, a novel angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, in health
He, S; Hu, Y; Li, J; Li, X; Li, Y; Mai, J; Sun, J; Wu, M; Xu, W; Yan, J; Yang, L; Zhang, H, 2022)		0.72
" However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic properties of SAC/VAL in HD patients with HF remain uncertain."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients with Heart Failure.
Apaer, R; Che, H; Chen, J; Dou, X; Feng, Z; Fu, L; Fu, X; He, C; Huang, R; Ke, G; Kong, Y; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Z; Liang, X; Lin, T; Liu, S; Ma, J; Mei, L; Shi, W; Su, X; Tang, B; Tao, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wen, F; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiong, Y; Xu, L; Xue, Z; Ye, Z; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.99

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The drugs potentiating them interact pharmacodynamically, resulting in adverse consequences."( An Overview of Clinically Imperative and Pharmacodynamically Significant Drug Interactions of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Blockers.
Balasubramanian, R; Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, N; Muthusamy, S; Nallasamy, V, 2022)		0.72
" To avoid adverse implications, prescribers and pharmacists must be aware of the drugs that interact with RAAS blockers."( An Overview of Clinically Imperative and Pharmacodynamically Significant Drug Interactions of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Blockers.
Balasubramanian, R; Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, N; Muthusamy, S; Nallasamy, V, 2022)		0.72
" Here, we have performed robust virtual screening combined with biased-force pulling molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to predict high-affinity GPR17 modulators followed by experimental validation."( Bias-force guided simulations combined with experimental validations towards GPR17 modulators identification.
Kandhavelu, M; Kari, S; Kidambi, S; Marimuthu, P; Murugesan, A; Razzokov, J; Selvaraj, C; Thiyagarajan, R, 2023)		0.91
"This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nifedipine controlled-release tablets combined with sacubitril valsartan in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients with hypertension."( Therapeutic improvements of nifedipine controlled-release tablets combined with sacubitril valsartan on patients with diabetic nephropathy complicated with hypertension.
Hu, L; Liu, G; Wei, Y, 2023)		1.35

Dosage Studied

Early use or high dosage of sacubitril/valsartan medication is associated with an improvement in clinical outcome. The mean dosage of azilsartan was 30 ± 10 mg/day at baseline and that of Sacub itril/Valsartan after 3 months of treatment was 204 ±-64 mg per day.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" We conducted a systematic review of articles published between January 2014 and May 2019 that described dosing patterns and factors associated with non-use and sub-target dosing of HFrEF therapies in clinical practice."( Factors associated with non-use and sub-target dosing of medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Bernauer, M; Butler, J; Greene, SJ; Tan, X; Yang, M; Yeh, YC; Zaidi, O, 2022)		0.72
" Our objective was to describe the sacubitril/valsartan initiation rate, associated characteristics, and 6-month follow-up dosing among veterans with HFrEF who are renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) naïve."( Sacubitril/Valsartan Initiation Among Veterans Who Are Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitor Naïve With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.
Alba, PR; Bress, AP; Choi, ME; Cook, J; Dodson, JA; Fang, JC; He, T; Herrick, JS; King, JB; Levitan, EB; Mohanty, AF; Obi, EN; Patterson, OV; Russo, PA; Vardeny, O, 2021)		2.34
" These issues have been linked to significant gaps in the usage and dosing of guideline-directed medical therapy with ARNI in patients with HFrEF."( Acute Tubular Necrosis Associated with Angiotensin Receptor-neprilysin Inhibitor.
Jang, HN; Kang, MG; Kim, MJ; Lee, JS; Song, HN, 2022)		0.72
" During follow-up, 27% of patients increased their dosage to 49/50 mg twice daily, 68% of patients were taking 24/26 mg twice daily, and 5% of the patients were still taking 12/13 mg twice daily."( Sacubitril/Valsartan in the Treatment of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Real-world Study.
Fu, G; Lu, J; Shen, C; Xiong, C; Yang, Y, 2022)		2.16
" Participants were initially instructed to take SV 50 mg twice daily, and the dosage was gradually increased up to 100 mg twice daily."( Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan on resistant hypertension and myocardial work in hemodialysis patients.
Ding, XX; Liu, BC; Tang, HX; Wang, B; Wang, GH; Zhang, XL; Zheng, J, 2022)		1.11
"This study aims to investigate the dosage pattern, efficacy, and safety of sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) in Chinese heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients regarding real-world settings."( Efficacy and Dosage Pattern of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Chinese Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Patients.
Cheang, I; Dai, C; Li, X; Liao, S; Lu, Q; Lu, X; Shi, S; Su, X; Wang, J; Xu, D; Yuan, F; Yuan, J; Zhang, M; Zhao, Y; Zhou, J; Zhu, X, 2022)		1.24
"Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were pretreated by daily angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB; 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally), Sacubitril/Valsartan (ARNI; 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or the same dosage of physiological saline for 1 week."( The impact of Sacubitril/Valsartan on cardiac fibrosis early after myocardial infarction in hypertensive rats.
Chen, S; Kang, L; Liu, Y; Si, J; Xu, B; Zhong, C, 2022)		1.29
" Up-titration was defined as an increase in dosage above 24/26 mg BID beyond 12 weeks after the initiation of sacubitril/valsartan."( Up-Titration of Sacubitril/Valsartan Among Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction.
Ijichi, T; Matsumura, K; Miho, M; Morimoto, J; Nakazawa, G; Takabayashi, K; Takase, T; Ueno, K; Ueno, M; Yagi, E, )		0.69
" The mean dosage of azilsartan was 30 ± 10 mg/day at baseline and that of sacubitril/valsartan after 3 months of treatment was 204 ± 64 mg/day."( Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan after switching from azilsartan in hemodialysis patients with hypertension.
Fukushima, H; Horio, T; Ishimitsu, T; Iwashima, Y; Rai, T, 2023)		1.45
" Sacubitril/valsartan was started at a dosage of 12/13 mg in 52 (43%) patients, 24/26 mg in 61 (50%) patients and 49/51 mg in 8 (7%) patients."( Safety and feasibility of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in real-world patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Angelini, F; Coppini, L; Ferraro, I; Giordana, F; Musumeci, G; Rossini, R; Ruffino, E; Tizzani, E; Valente, E; Varbella, F, 2023)		1.82
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of different initial timing and dosage of sacubitril/valsartan in AMI patients."( The initial timing and dosage pattern of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Gu, J; Wang, CQ; Wang, Y; Zhang, JF, 2023)		1.39
" After a median follow-up of 38 months, early use or high dosage of sacubitril/valsartan was associated with an improvement in primary endpoint as well as the incidence of new-onset HF."( The initial timing and dosage pattern of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Gu, J; Wang, CQ; Wang, Y; Zhang, JF, 2023)		1.41
"Early use or high dosage of sacubitril/valsartan medication is associated with an improvement in clinical outcome."( The initial timing and dosage pattern of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Gu, J; Wang, CQ; Wang, Y; Zhang, JF, 2023)		1.47
"5 mg/day and the mean dosage was increased to 84."( The efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients with hypotension.
Ako, J; Eda, Y; Fujita, T; Iida, Y; Ikeda, Y; Ishii, S; Koitabashi, T; Nabeta, T; Oikawa, J; Takigami, Y; Yazaki, M, 2023)		1.21
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
biphenylsBenzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1542152Invivo inhibition of NEP in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in PANP level at 30 mg/kg, po measured after 15 mins2020ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-13, Volume: 11, Issue:2
Structure-Guided Design of Substituted Biphenyl Butanoic Acid Derivatives as Neprilysin Inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (339)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's339 (100.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 119.18

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index119.18 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.96 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index215.59 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (119.18)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials38 (10.95%)5.53%
Reviews62 (17.87%)6.00%
Case Studies13 (3.75%)4.05%
Observational19 (5.48%)0.25%
Other215 (61.96%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		3.1410monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.2510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4110alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.4110uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		7.4110benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.2821chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		7.610catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		7.610C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		8.37403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		4.776011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.610L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		7.610alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.920fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		7.4110benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
4-toluic acid
4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.		2.4110methylbenzoic acid
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.2510metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.4110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		19.7628635biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		2.920
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.2510inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		5.0360D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.2510carbene;
methanediyl
methotrexate
[no description available]		7.610dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		2.4110aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		6.2632biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		7.7620amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.4110
omapatrilat
omapatrilat: structure in first source		3.8620dipeptide
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		2.4110
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.3110dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		6.5843azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		10.92125dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
fimasartan
fimasartan: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist		8.2310biphenyls
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		5.2171aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
vorapaxar
vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.		2.610carbamate ester;
lactone;
naphthofuran;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines		cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		6.1522
empagliflozin
[no description available]		9.5430aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.4110
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		4.7270polypeptide
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		6.5131
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		7.610
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		4.7211
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.4110glycoside
allisartan isoproxil
allisartan isoproxil: structure in first source		3.5110
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.1130
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		11.7216polypeptide
vericiguat
vericiguat: a guanylate cyclase stimulator; FDA approved for the treatment of chronic heart failure.. vericiguat : A pyrazolopyridine that is 5-fluoro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine in which the amino hydrogen at position 1 has been substituted by a 2-fluorobenzyl group and the hydrogen at position 3 has been substituted by a 4,6-diamino-5-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]pyrimidin-2-yl group. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator which is used for treatment of chronic heart failure.		7.451aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazolopyridine		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		2.4110
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		8.9911
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.92203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		3.3310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azilsartan
azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.		7.6101,2,4-oxadiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		020.431541
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		03.3740
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		125.1463082
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		03.3740
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		06.8191
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		06.8191
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		09.39132
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		09.39132
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		08.19212
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		05.6322
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		17.6322
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		05.5570
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		05.5570
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		012.39365
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		012.39365
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4110
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.8220
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		09.44153
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		113.81306
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.6960
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.0730
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.0730
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.6960
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		011.11375
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		113.11375
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		07.85151
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		07.85151
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.8220
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.0230
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.5860
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.5860
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.5860
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.5860
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.3310
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		09.94102
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.94102
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		07.7863
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		19.7863
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.4110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.4110
Asystole
[description not available]		02.4110
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.4110
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.9911
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.1330
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.7420
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		04.1330
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		07.4110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.6960
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.6960
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.4110
Carditis
[description not available]		02.4110
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.4110
Congenitally Corrected Transposition
[description not available]		03.6550
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries
[description not available]		03.6550
Transposition of Great Vessels
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.		03.6550
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		03.3310
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		03.3310
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.9830
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.9830
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		08.68131
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		09.89143
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		09.89143
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		04.2120
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		04.2120
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		04.2821
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		03.2230
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		15.2230
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.7620
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.4110
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.4110
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		02.4110
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		07.7620
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.4110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.4110
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.2840
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.4110
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.4110
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		07.4110
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.4110
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		06.5360
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		06.5360
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.7620
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.8220
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.4110
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.4110
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.7420
Debility
[description not available]		06.0421
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.7420
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.4110
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.8220
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.4110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.1630
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.1630
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.4110
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.4110
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.4110
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.6820
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.6820
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.4110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.4110
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.4110
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.4110
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		07.4110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.9911
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		08.9911
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.9911
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4110
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.920
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.920
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.610
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.610
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.610
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.610
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.610
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.5240
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.5240
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.5240
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.5240
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.750
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.750
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.0120
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.0120
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.610
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.610
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		05.221
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.6831
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.421
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.421
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.6831
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		14.610
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.8220
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		07.610
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.610
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.610
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		14.610
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		03.5210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.9911
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.2121
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		08.9911
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.2310
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.3110
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.3110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.3110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.3110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.4110