amdinocillin pivoxil profile

Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	115163
CHEMBL ID	1650818
CHEMBL ID	1616433
CHEMBL ID	1525183
CHEBI ID	51210
SCHEMBL ID	33907
SCHEMBL ID	33908
MeSH ID	M0000877

Synonym
pivmecillinamum
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl 6beta-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate
[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-[(azepan-1-ylmethylidene)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
CHEBI:51210 ,
pivmecilinamo
BRD-K67100011-003-03-0
BSPBIO_001006
D02889
coactabs (tn)
amdinocillin pivoxil (usan)
32886-97-8
pivmecillinam (inn)
BPBIO1_001108
PRESTWICK2_001053
NCGC00179344-01
PRESTWICK3_001053
AB00514713
amdinocillin, pivaloyloxymethyl ester
pivmecillinam
amdinocillin pivoxil
DB01605
hydroxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-(((hexahydro-1h-azepin-1-yl)methylene)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylate pivalate (ester)
einecs 251-276-6
ro 10-9071
pivmecilinamo [inn-spanish]
amdinocillin pivoxil [usan]
pivmecillinamum [inn-latin]
coactabs
4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 6-(((hexahydro-1h-azepin-1-yl)methylene)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-, (2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)methyl ester, (2s-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-
PRESTWICK1_001053
SPBIO_002933
PRESTWICK0_001053
2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-(azepan-1-ylmethylideneamino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
CHEMBL1650818
ro-10-9071
1wam1oq30b ,
unii-1wam1oq30b
pivmecillinam [inn]
pivmecillinam [mart.]
4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 6-(((hexahydro-1h-azepin-1-yl)methylene)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-, (2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)methyl ester, (2s-(2.alpha.,5.alpha.,6.beta.))-
amdinocillin pivoxil [mi]
hydroxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-[[(hexahydro-1h-azepin-1-yl)methylene]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate pivalate (ester)
pivmecillinam [jan]
pivmecillinam [who-dd]
SCHEMBL33907
SCHEMBL33908
DTXSID7048538
CHEMBL1616433
CHEMBL1525183
HY-B0810
SR-01000838842-2
pivmecillinam, >=98% (hplc)
(2s,6r)-pivaloyloxymethyl 6-((e)-azepan-1-ylmethyleneamino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
BCP07843
Q418086
NCGC00179344-07
gtpl10922
NCGC00179344-04
ro-109071
A918810
[(2s,5r,6r)-6-{[(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carbonyloxy]methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate
EN300-19766372
AKOS040750399

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In late pregnancy (39-40 weeks of gestation) the plasma mean peak concentration (Cmax = (29 +/- 14 micrograms ml-1) after parenteral administration of 200 mg mecillinam was slightly lower and the volume of distribution (V = 65 +/- 29."	( The pharmacokinetics of mecillinam and pivmecillinam in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Erkkola, R; Heikkilä, A; Iisalo, E; Pyykkö, K, 1992)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of amdinocillin and pivamdinocillin were studied in 12 normal volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of amdinocillin and pivamdinocillin in normal volunteers. Christenson, JG; Francke, EL; Neu, HC; Ortiz-Neu, C; Srinivasan, S, 1983)	0.27
" Both methods were applied to a pharmacokinetic study of pivmecillinam and mecillinam after oral administration of 400 mg pivmecillinam hydrochloride tablets in healthy Chinese subjects."	( LC-MS/MS methods for determination of unstable pivmecillinam and mecillinam in acidified human plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, L; Gao, HY; Qian, XP; Sun, LN; Sun, SY; Wang, Y; Wang, YQ; Yang, YL; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The results of three separate studies aimed at evaluating the efficacy of long-term, low-dose treatment with pivmecillinam alone, and in combination with pivampicillin, in patients prone to recurrent bacteriuria, are presented."	( Long-term, low-dose treatment with pivmecillinam alone and in combination with pivampicillin in patients prone to recurrent bacteriuria. Barclay, RP; Mejlhede, A; Nilsson, LB, 1982)	0.26
"3 patients with salmonella infections who continued to excrete salmonella in fecal samples for more than 6 months were treated with pivmecillinam alone or in combination with pivampicillin."	( Treatment of Salmonella carriers with pivmecillinam alone or in combination with pivampicillin: experience with three patients. Bruun, JN; Bøe, J; Digranes, A; Maeland, A, 1983)	0.27

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The bioavailability of amdinocillin was not altered when amdinocillin pivoxil was ingested 1 h before a standard breakfast, and it increased by 20% when amdinocillin pivoxil was ingested with or 1 h after a standard breakfast."	( Influence of food on bioavailability of amdinocillin pivoxil. Bornemann, LD; Castellano, S; Enthoven, D; Lin, AH; Patel, IH, 1988)	0.79
" There was a tendency for the new PA tablets to produce a higher peak serum level as well as greater bioavailability of mecillinam."	( Gastroscopic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a new pivmecillinam tablet. Andersen, JT; Frederiksen, HJ; Hey, H, 1982)	0.26
" Bioavailability was 45 percent after the 250 mg dose and 38 percent after the 500 mg dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of amdinocillin and pivamdinocillin in normal volunteers. Christenson, JG; Francke, EL; Neu, HC; Ortiz-Neu, C; Srinivasan, S, 1983)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetics were studied in 8 volunteers (CAE versus ampicillin), relative bioavailability and tolerance were studied in 100 volunteers (CAE versus pivmecillinam and CAE versus pivampicillin), and tolerance alone was studied in 50 volunteers (CAE versus ampicillin)."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of cefuroxime axetil in volunteers during repeated dosing. Harding, SM; Sommers, DK; Van Wyk, M; Williams, PE, 1984)	0.27

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Pivmecillinam was given in dosage of 400 mg (potency) per day which was one-fifth the dose of amoxicillin 2,000 mg (potency) per day."	( Clinical evaluation of pivmecillinam in intractable urinary-tract infections with complications. A comparative study with amoxicillin by a randomized double-blind technique. Akita, Y; Hara, S; Hikosaka, K; Hirooka, K; Ishigami, J; Kaneda, K; Kataoka, N; Kobayashi, M; Kuroda, K; Kuroda, M; Mita, T; Miyazaki, S; Nakatsuka, E; Okano, H; Ono, S; Suemitsu, H; Sugimoto, M; Takahashi, Y; Tanaka, K; Tanikaze, S; Terasoma, K; Tomioka, S; Ueharaguchi, H; Yasumuro, T, 1977)	0.26
" The dosage of pivamdinocillin in adults was 400 to 800 mg, every 6 hours, for 10 to 16 days; dosage in children was half this amount for 11 to 15 days."	( Management of enteric fever with amdinocillin. Ball, AP; Geddes, AM, 1983)	0.27
"In a multi-centre study in general practice, 292 female patients with acute urinary tract infection received a 5-day course of pivmecillinam at a dosage of either 200 mg or 400 mg twice-daily."	( A general practice evaluation of pivmecillinam given twice daily as a treatment for acute urinary tract infection. Sheldon, MG; Skinner, JL; Venables, TL, 1984)	0.27
" Bacteriological cure rates observed in these trials were consistently >85%, and studies of different dosing regimens suggested that a 3 day course was appropriate."	( Pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Nicolle, LE, 2000)	0.31
" coli from 155 women with community-acquired lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) randomized to one of three dosing regiments of pivmecillinam and aimed to identify associations between the presence of 29 virulence factor genes (VFGs), phylogenetic groups and biofilm formation and the course of infection during follow-up visits at 8-10 and 35-49 days post-inclusion, respectively."	( Characteristics of Escherichia coli causing persistence or relapse of urinary tract infections: phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and biofilm formation. Ejrnæs, K; Ferry, S; Frimodt-Møller, N; Holm, SE; Lundgren, B; Monsen, T; Reisner, A; Stegger, M, )	0.13
" low dosage comparisons (mean difference 0, 95% confidence interval -0."	( Optimal dosage and duration of pivmecillinam treatment for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jensen, K; Kranz, J; Kunath, F; Naber, K; Pinart, M; Proctor, T; Schmidt, S; Wagenlehner, F, 2017)	0.46
" There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship."	( Prenatal exposure to nitrofurantoin and risk of childhood leukaemia: a registry-based cohort study in four Nordic countries. Broe, A; Hargreave, M; Hemmingsen, CH; Hjorth, S; Leinonen, MK; Nörby, U; Nordeng, H; Pottegård, A, 2022)	0.72
" The lack of a dose-response relationship and a clear biological mechanism to explain the findings suggests against a causal association."	( Prenatal exposure to nitrofurantoin and risk of childhood leukaemia: a registry-based cohort study in four Nordic countries. Broe, A; Hargreave, M; Hemmingsen, CH; Hjorth, S; Leinonen, MK; Nörby, U; Nordeng, H; Pottegård, A, 2022)	0.72

Role	Description
antiinfective agent	A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.
antibacterial drug	A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
prodrug	A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
penicillanic acid ester
penicillin	Any member of the group of substituted penams containing two methyl substituents at position 2, a carboxylate substituent at position 3 and a carboxamido group at position 6.
pivaloyloxymethyl ester	A acetal obtained from a carboxylic acid by replacement of the hydrogen attached to the carboxy group by a pivaloyloxymethyl group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.6159	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624032
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.3981	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	15.8489	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID567465	Antimicrobial activity against xtended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli obtained from urinary tract infection patient assessed as percent susceptible isolates by Etest	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Oral treatment options for ambulatory patients with urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID567466	Antimicrobial activity against xtended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli obtained from urinary tract infection patient by Etest	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9	Oral treatment options for ambulatory patients with urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	119 (51.07)	18.7374
1990's	36 (15.45)	18.2507
2000's	29 (12.45)	29.6817
2010's	36 (15.45)	24.3611
2020's	13 (5.58)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	89 (37.08%)	5.53%
Reviews	10 (4.17%)	6.00%
Case Studies	11 (4.58%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.83%)	0.25%
Other	128 (53.33%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Mecillinam for Treatment of Genital Chlamydia Infection in Asymptomatic Men [NCT02083276]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to Treatment failure on study medication observed)
Pivmecillinam Hydrochloride Tablets Versus Fosfomycin Tromethamine Granules for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women -A Randomized, Double-blind, Double Simulation, Positive Drug Parallel-controlled, Multi Center Phase III Clinical Trial in Chin [NCT05545137]	Phase 3	320 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-29	Recruiting
Pivmecillinam With Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid for Step Down Oral Therapy in Febrile UTIs Caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (PACUTI) [NCT05224401]	Phase 3	330 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-29	Recruiting
Clinical Effectiveness and Bacteriological Eradication of Three Different Short-course Antibiotic Regimens and Single-dose Fosfomycin for Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Women. [NCT04959331]	Phase 4	1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-02	Recruiting
The Efficacy and Safety of Pivmecillinam in Treating Bacteriemic Urosepsis Caused by E.Coli [NCT03282006]	Phase 4	53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-29	Completed
The Effect of Rectal Swab Culture-guided Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Men Undergoing Prostate Biopsy on Infectious Complications and Cost of Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial in the Netherlands. [NCT03228108]	Phase 4	1,538 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-03	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
carnitine [no description available]	6.48	14	1	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	3.75	2	1	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	3.37	1	1
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	6.34	6	2	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.02	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.96	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.07	4	2	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.49	2	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
nalidixic acid [no description available]	6.13	7	5	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	5.82	6	4	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.44	2	2	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	3.76	2	1	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	5.82	8	3	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	7.71	16	12	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	8.23	25	13	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	1.96	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	10.74	50	28	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
pivalic acid pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.	4.62	6	1	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2.55	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	10.35	78	37	penicillanic acids
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.02	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2.17	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	5.18	6	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	10.57	47	25	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	6.7	11	6	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	15.94	63	27	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	3.34	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.6	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.11	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination: combination of trimethoprim & sulfadiazine	3.35	1	1
kasugamycin kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.	2.02	1	0
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	6.77	7	3	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
bacmecillinam bacmecillinam: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.34	1	1
talampicillin Talampicillin: An ester of AMPICILLIN which is readily hydrolyzed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin.. talampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-phthalidyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	1.95	1	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
carbenicillin indanyl carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)	1.95	1	0	penicillin
miraxid Miraxid: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of respiratory infections	5.52	6	3
carbapenems [no description available]	2.06	1	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	4.52	1	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	2.05	1	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	8.9	19	11
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	1.99	1	0
bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.	1.95	1	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.8	3	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.21	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	4.12	3	1	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
s 1108 S 1108: structure given in first source; an oral cephem antibiotic and prodrug of S-1006	4.52	1	1
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	4.32	2	2	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	6.43	15	3	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
tebipenem tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	4.54	5	1
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.15	1	0
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.35	1	1
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	3.35	1	1
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.35	1	1
cefuroxime axetil [no description available]	1.96	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
E coli Infections [description not available]	9.87	36	11
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	9.87	36	11
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	15.07	115	43
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.41	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	9.47	21	5
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	9.6	20	10
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	9.6	20	10
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.33	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	9.09	19	10
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.6	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	4.19	3	1
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	6.73	12	2
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	6.73	12	2
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	6.46	10	5
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	9.47	24	19
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	6.46	10	5
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Maternal Obesity [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	5.21	6	2
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	5.21	6	2
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.48	1	1
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	8.98	34	21
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	7.72	11	4
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.13	1	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.97	1	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	7.91	11	8
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	5.93	5	2
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	7.91	11	8
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	3.81	2	1
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3.78	2	1
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.06	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.33	16	8
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	2.06	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	6.53	11	5
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	6.53	11	5
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	3.39	1	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.02	1	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.02	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.42	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.02	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.04	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	2.36	2	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	4.6	6	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	1.96	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	1.96	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.3	2	2
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.31	2	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.3	2	2
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	3.34	1	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.36	2	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	4.44	5	1
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	1.96	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.96	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	5.36	5	3
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.36	5	3
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.35	1	1
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	6.16	6	6
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	3.35	1	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	4.32	2	2
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.96	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	1.98	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.98	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.38	1	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.38	1	1
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	3.76	2	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	3.38	1	1
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	3.39	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	3.39	1	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.39	1	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	1.95	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	1.95	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1.95	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	1.95	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	3.34	1	1
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	1.95	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	1.95	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.34	1	1
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.98	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	1.98	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.98	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.97	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.97	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.97	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	1.97	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	1.97	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	1.97	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	4.96	3	3
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	5.44	4	4
Sinus Infections [description not available]	4.96	3	3
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	4.96	3	3
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	5.44	4	4
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	4.96	3	3
Sore Throat [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	3.35	1	1
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	3.35	1	1

amdinocillin pivoxil

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (63)

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (25)

Research

Studies (233)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 18.00

Study Types

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

amdinocillin pivoxil

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (63)

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (25)

Research

Studies (233)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 18.00

Study Types

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (61)

Related Conditions (149)