phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids. [ISBN:0198506732]
The phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process is a crucial step in the synthesis of various essential lipids, including phospholipids, triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols. These lipids play vital roles in membrane structure, signaling pathways, and energy storage. The process begins with the activation of glycerol, a three-carbon molecule, by attaching a phosphate group. This activated glycerol, known as glycerol-3-phosphate, serves as the backbone for the subsequent reactions. The next step involves the addition of two fatty acid chains, one at a time, to the glycerol-3-phosphate molecule. This process, known as acylation, is catalyzed by enzymes called acyltransferases. The resulting molecule is known as phosphatidic acid (PA), a key intermediate in lipid biosynthesis. PA can be further metabolized to produce various other lipid molecules. For instance, it can be phosphorylated to form diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP), which serves as a precursor for the synthesis of phosphoinositides, important signaling molecules. Alternatively, PA can be dephosphorylated to form diacylglycerol (DAG), which plays a role in activating protein kinase C, a key signaling enzyme. In addition, PA can be further acylated to generate triacylglycerols (TAGs), the major form of energy storage in the body. The phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate levels of lipid biosynthesis are maintained. This regulation involves a complex interplay of factors such as the availability of substrates, the activity of enzymes, and the cellular environment. Dysregulation of this process has been implicated in various diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.'
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Proteins (9)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Phospholipase D1 | A phospholipase D1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13393] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase | A dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15228] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta | A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15120] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phospholipase D2 | A phospholipase D2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O14939] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phospholipase D1 | A phospholipase D1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13393] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Diacylglycerol kinase alpha | A diacylglycerol kinase alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P23743] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase | A dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15228] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta | A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15120] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phospholipase D2 | A phospholipase D2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O14939] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (25)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| r 59022 | R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist | diarylmethane | |
| dioctanoyl ethylene glycol | |||
| 1-NA-PP1 | pyrazolopyrimidine | tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| raloxifene | raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| ritanserin | ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action. Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure. | organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine | antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist |
| chloramphenicol | Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| carbenicillin | carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain. Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function. | penicillin; penicillin allergen | antibacterial drug |
| 4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol | stilbenoid | ||
| halopemide | halopemide: structure | ||
| 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine | 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine: structure in first source | ||
| 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine | 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone | ||
| cochlioquinone a | cochlioquinone A: from Helminthosporium sativum; competitive inhibitor of ivermectin binding; RN from Chem Abstract Index Guide 1990; structure given in first source | oxanes | |
| nsc 674495 | NSC 674495: structure in first source | ||
| afimoxifene | afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen. | phenols; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite |
| r 59949 | R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor | diarylmethane | |
| tamoxifen | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator | |
| 1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol | 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified. Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid | 1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol | plant metabolite |
| stemphone | stemphone: structure given in first source | ||
| ct-32228 | CT-32228: CT-32212 is the inactive isomer of CT-32228 used as a control; structure in first source | ||
| 5-fluoro-2-indolyldeschlorohalopemide | benzimidazoles | ||
| N-[2-[4-(2-oxo-3H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxamide | naphthalenecarboxamide | ||
| vu0155069 | |||
| ml298 | |||
| tetracycline | tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis. | ||
| ml299 | ML299: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source |