Target type: biologicalprocess
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. [GOC:ma, PMID:26404467, Wikipedia:Ribosome_biogenesis]
Ribosome biogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. It involves the assembly of ribosomal subunits, the primary machinery for translating genetic information into proteins. This process begins in the nucleolus, a specialized region within the nucleus.
The first step involves the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes by RNA polymerase I. This produces a large precursor rRNA molecule, which undergoes extensive processing and modification. Simultaneously, ribosomal proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm are imported into the nucleolus.
The rRNA precursor is cleaved and trimmed by various nucleases, and specific modifications are introduced, including methylation and pseudouridylation. These modifications are crucial for rRNA structure and function.
The modified rRNA molecules then associate with ribosomal proteins in a step-wise manner. The assembly process is facilitated by a number of chaperone proteins and small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs).
The initial assembly of ribosomal subunits occurs in the nucleolus. The smaller 40S subunit is formed from the 18S rRNA and a set of ribosomal proteins. The larger 60S subunit is assembled from the 5.8S, 25S, and 5S rRNAs, and another set of ribosomal proteins.
The mature ribosomal subunits are then exported from the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the two subunits associate to form a complete ribosome, ready to initiate protein synthesis.
This complex process is tightly regulated, ensuring that ribosomes are produced in the correct amounts and with the appropriate quality control. Errors in ribosome biogenesis can lead to various cellular dysfunctions and diseases.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| 30S ribosomal protein S4 | A small ribosomal subunit protein uS4 that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P0A7V8] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| 30S ribosomal protein S10 | A small ribosomal subunit protein uS10 that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P0A7R5] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| Cullin-4A | A cullin-4A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13619] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 40S ribosomal protein S28 | A small ribosomal subunit protein eS28 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62857] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Glutamine synthetase | A glutamine synthetase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15104] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 | A eukaryotic-type large ribosomal subunit protein uL10 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05388] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Exportin-1 | An exportin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| coumarin | 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative | coumarins | fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| prednisolone | prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| chloramphenicol | Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| framycetin | framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
| osthol | osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source | botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins | metabolite |
| herniarin | herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7. herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure | coumarins | fluorochrome |
| erythromycin | erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus). erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| neamine | neamine : 2-Deoxy-D-streptamine glycosylated at the 4-oxygen with a 6-amino-alpha-D-glucosaminyl group. neamine: fragment of NEOMYCIN B; structure in first source | 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucoside; aminoglycoside | antibacterial agent |
| florfenicol | florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture. florfenicol: structure given in first source | organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone | antimicrobial agent |
| antibiotic g 418 | antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea | ||
| paromomycin | paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES. | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| puromycin | puromycins | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor | |
| netilmicin | Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. | ||
| linezolid | acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone | antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor | |
| zithromax | azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| tiamulin | tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae. tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer | carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antibacterial drug |
| 4-pyridin-4-yl-2-sulfanylidene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-quinoline-3-carbonitrile | bipyridines | ||
| hmr 3647 | |||
| josamycin | acetate ester; aldehyde; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; macrolide antibiotic; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antibacterial drug; metabolite | |
| albocycline | albocycline: macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces bruneogriseus nov. sp. MCRL-0129; specifically anti-staphylococcal, including antibiotic-resistant strains; structure | macrolide | |
| ci 940 | leptomycin : A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19. | hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leptomycin | antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite |
| evernimicin | |||
| gentamicin sulfate | |||
| gentamicin sulfate | |||
| pristinamycin iib | virginiamycin M2: structure in first source | ||
| cem 101 | solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source | ||
| kpt-185 | KPT-185: binds CRM1 to inhibit nuclear export; has antineoplastic activity | ||
| tetracycline | tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis. | ||
| eravacycline | eravacycline: has antibacterial activity | tetracyclines | |
| selinexor | selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1 | ||
| PF-06446846 | PF-06446846 : A triazolopyridine that is 3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridine substituted by a 4-{(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)[(3R)-piperidin-3-yl]carbamoyl}phenyl group at position 3. It is a potent inhibitor of PCSK9. PF-06446846: inhibits translation of PCSK9 ;structure in first source | benzamides; monochloropyridine; piperidines; tertiary carboxamide; triazolopyridine | antilipemic drug; EC 3.4.21.61 (kexin) inhibitor |