Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Black Piedra

Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon species.

Synonyms(3)

Synonym
White Piedra
Black Piedra
Piedra

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"White piedra is a fungal infection of the hair shaft caused by species of Trichosporon."( Antaya, RJ; Davis, A; Imaeda, S; Kiken, DA; Sekaran, A; Silverberg, NB, 2006)
"White piedra is emerging as a commonly seen hair and scalp infection in the northeastern United States."( Antaya, RJ; Davis, A; Imaeda, S; Kiken, DA; Sekaran, A; Silverberg, NB, 2006)
"White piedra is a fungal infection characterized by nodules comprised of Trichosporon species and restricted to the extrafollicular portion of the hair shaft."( Barbosa, Rdo N; de Lima-Neto, RG; Inácio, CP; Macêdo, DP; Neves, RP; Oliveira, NT; Rocha, AP; Silva, JC, 2016)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Ten strains were isolated from untreated genital white piedra lesions and 12 were from the same patients following treatment failure with imidazole compounds."( Kalter, DC; McBride, ME; Wolf, JE, 1988)

Research

Studies (25)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199011 (44.00)23.3326
1990's4 (16.00)12.5806
2000's3 (12.00)18.1394
2010's5 (20.00)28.8240
2020's2 (8.00)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
salicylic acid0low60
methanol0low10
clotrimazole0low40
econazole0low20
fluconazole0low20
ketoconazole0low60
miconazole0low10
tellurous acid0low10
itraconazole0low20
povidone-iodine0low10
terbinafine0low30
amphotericin b0low20
sulfur0low10
tellurium0low10
ribose0low10
nystatin a10low10
exudates0low10

Protein Targets (381)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain A, HADH2 protein1001
Chain B, HADH2 protein1001
Chain A, Cruzipain1001
interleukin 81001
phosphopantetheinyl transferase1001
GLS protein2002
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]6006
farnesoid X nuclear receptor4004
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta2002
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor2002
tumor necrosis factor1001
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA4004
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 15005
peripheral myelin protein 225005
lamin isoform A-delta105005
Cytochrome P450 1A20303
Cytochrome P450 3A40709
Cytochrome P450 2D60404
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0538
Cytochrome P450 2C190404
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma1001
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20303
Aurora kinase B0101
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20101
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE1001
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A2002
Chain A, Ferritin light chain1001
Luciferase1001
endonuclease IV1001
glp-1 receptor, partial2002
thioredoxin reductase2002
15-lipoxygenase, partial1001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit2002
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma3003
SMAD family member 21001
ATAD5 protein, partial1001
Fumarate hydratase4004
USP1 protein, partial4004
NFKB1 protein, partial1001
PPM1D protein3003
SMAD family member 31001
TDP1 protein3003
GLI family zinc finger 33003
Microtubule-associated protein tau1001
Thrombopoietin1001
AR protein3003
Smad32002
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)1001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor2002
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)2002
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 33003
progesterone receptor2002
regulator of G-protein signaling 42002
isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, partial1001
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 45005
EWS/FLI fusion protein4004
nonstructural protein 11001
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 14004
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha5005
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha2002
pregnane X nuclear receptor5005
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha5005
G5005
cytochrome P450 2D64004
polyprotein4004
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B1001
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma1001
arylsulfatase A1001
alpha-galactosidase1001
pyruvate kinase1001
heat shock protein 900011
IDH12002
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 22002
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
calcineurin A1, putative0011
aryl hydrocarbon receptor2002
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a2002
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor1001
activating transcription factor 63003
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor1001
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a3003
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)2002
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 22002
Histone H2A.x2002
Caspase-71001
beta-2 adrenergic receptor0011
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 11001
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 12002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 11001
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor2002
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor2002
chromobox protein homolog 12002
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 22002
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d3003
caspase-31001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 25005
heat shock protein beta-12002
huntingtin isoform 21001
mitogen-activated protein kinase 11001
flap endonuclease 11001
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20003
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor2002
plasminogen precursor2002
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor2002
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 13003
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I1001
geminin5005
survival motor neuron protein isoform d2002
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 13003
M-phase phosphoprotein 81001
streptokinase A precursor0011
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M11001
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi3003
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0202
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B3003
Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 40101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40606
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit2002
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 20202
Bile salt export pump0606
Epidermal growth factor receptor0303
Chymotrypsinogen A0505
Beta-lactamase0505
Carbonic anhydrase 20303
Interferon beta6006
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 5005
Glucocorticoid receptor0202
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 10101
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-20303
Cellular tumor antigen p535005
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase0606
Integrin beta-31001
Histidine-rich protein PFHRP-II0101
Estrogen receptor0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0303
Heme oxygenase 1 0404
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10707
Epoxide hydrolase 10003
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1010010
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20808
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40606
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10707
Integrin alpha-IIb1001
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0606
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor010010
Adenosine receptor A30606
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10606
Aromatase0505
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0606
D(2) dopamine receptor0606
Androgen receptor0606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-13003
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0606
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0808
Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta3003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-23003
Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0606
Glutamate receptor 22002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-53003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-33003
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30606
Glycine receptor subunit beta0202
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10707
Substance-K receptor0808
D(1A) dopamine receptor0606
D(4) dopamine receptor0606
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 30101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Acetylcholinesterase0404
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-13003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-23003
Heme oxygenase 20404
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 010010
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30202
Thromboxane-A synthase 0404
Histamine H2 receptor0808
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 10101
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0606
Substance-P receptor0606
Platelet-activating factor receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0606
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-43003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-33003
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0606
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10303
Adenosine receptor A2a0606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-63003
Vasopressin V2 receptor0101
Adenosine receptor A10606
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0808
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20303
Histamine H1 receptor0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0606
D(3) dopamine receptor0606
Alpha-synuclein1001
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic0505
Delta-type opioid receptor0808
Kappa-type opioid receptor0606
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0606
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0606
Histamine H2 receptor3003
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60606
C-C chemokine receptor type 40101
Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase0101
Spike glycoprotein3003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-13003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-33003
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-23003
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Cytochrome P450 1440055
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0055
Cytochrome P450 1300022
Cytochrome P450 1300022
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0055
Mycocyclosin synthase0044
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0044
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0808
TAR DNA-binding protein 432002
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 0202
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0628
Sterol 14-alpha demethylase0022
Estrogen receptor beta0011
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 20303
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 42002
GABA theta subunit3003
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 15005
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 51001
Bile acid receptor0101
14-alpha sterol demethylase 0022
Ataxin-21001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon3003
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 10202
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial5005
HSP40, subfamily A [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7]0001
heat shock protein 90, putative0003
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase1001
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Matrix metalloproteinase-90101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10303
Cannabinoid receptor 10404
Nitric oxide synthase, brain 0202
Melanocortin receptor 50404
Melanocortin receptor 30404
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 20202
Cholinesterase0202
Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 10202
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10404
Chain A, BCL-2-RELATED PROTEIN A10011
acetylcholinesterase1001
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
unnamed protein product0101
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)2002
bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 10011
Histone deacetylase 30101
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30202
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40202
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 31001
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0112
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial0202
Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial0202
Histone deacetylase 40101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0011
Histone deacetylase 10101
Sterol 14-alpha demethylase0112
Histone deacetylase 70101
Histone deacetylase 20101
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10202
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
Histone deacetylase 80101
Histone deacetylase 60101
Histone deacetylase 90101
Histone deacetylase 50101
likely tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase0101
GALC protein1001
Estrogen receptor beta0102
25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial0101
25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial0202
Cytochrome P450 26A10101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0101
Bile salt export pump0202
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 0101
Camphor 5-monooxygenase0001
Phospholipase A2, major isoenzyme0101
Cytochrome P450 2C11 0101
Steroid 21-hydroxylase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase 0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150101
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0101
Cytochrome P450 2A20101
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial 0101
Translocator protein0101
Cytochrome P450 7A1 0101
Estrogen receptor0102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0101
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor0112
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor0101
Cytochrome P450 4F20101
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial0202
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial0101
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0101
Cytochrome P450 7A10101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase 0202
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK11001
Vpr1001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60101
Cytochrome P450 1A20101
Cytochrome P450 1A2 0101
Aromatase0011
Melanocortin receptor 40202
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor0202
Beta-lactamase TEM0101
methionyl-tRNA synthetase, putative0101
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase1001
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog1001
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A11001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 11001
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 11001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Polyphenol oxidase 20102
Carbonic anhydrase 120101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Carbonic anhydrase 10202
Albumin0101
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
High mobility group protein B10011
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10103
Carbonic anhydrase 40101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 60101
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10001
Carbonic anhydrase 90101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 150101
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20001
Carbonic anhydrase 140101
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator0101
C-8 sterol isomerase0101
Squalene monooxygenase 0101
Squalene monooxygenase0202
3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]