amphotericin-b and Cat-Diseases

Feline sporotrichosis has been reported in Malaysia since the 1990's. Since then, studies have revealed that clinical clade D, Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, of a single clonal strain is the most common cause of this disease in Malaysia. The prevalence of a single clonal strain from a clinical clade was never before reported in Asia in a specific geographical niche. This raises the possibility of a process of purifying selection and subsequent clonal proliferation. While agricultural practices may serve as the selective pressure, direct causality has yet to be established. Studies into the thermo-tolerability of the Malaysian clonal strain of S. schenckii sensu stricto revealed that a small minority of clinical isolates have the capacity to grow at 37℃, while the majority displayed low susceptibility to commonly used antifungals in clinical practice, such as itraconazole (ITZ) and terbinafine (TRB). Despite unestablished breakpoints, suspected resistance (MIC > 4 mg/mL) towards amphotericin B (AMB) and fluconazole (FLC) was recorded in the isolates. This explains the often lack of clinical response in feline patients treated with recommended doses of antifungals, including ITZ. Coupled with the potential zoonotic transmission to clients and veterinarians, protracted treatment period, and subsequent cost of treatment, prognosis of feline sporotrichosis is often regarded to be poor. The use of a higher dose of ITZ has been reported, and an adoption of this high-dose treatment regime is reported in this manuscript, with complete cure achieved in cases of recalcitrant and/or unresponsive feline sporotrichosis, which would otherwise be euthanized.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fluconazole; Humans; Itraconazole; Malaysia; Naphthalenes; Prevalence; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Terbinafine; Zoonoses

Feline sporotrichosis, which is caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is endemic to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 4000 cases of the disease were diagnosed at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil, between 1998 and 2012. Sporotrichosis in cats has been reported in several countries, but nowhere has an outbreak of animal sporotrichosis been as large as that seen in Brazil. The clinical manifestations of the disease range from an isolated skin lesion that can progress to multiple skin lesions and even fatal systemic involvement. Nodules and ulcers are the most common types of lesions, and respiratory signs and mucosa involvement are frequent. The definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the etiologic agent in culture. Cytology, histopathology, and serology are useful tools for preliminary diagnosis. Severe pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, high fungal load, and extension of lesions to mucosa, cartilage, and bone in the nose of cats are indicative of an agent of high virulence in this endemic region. Itraconazole is the drug of choice, while, in refractory cases, amphotericin B or potassium iodide might be alternative treatments; however, recurrence after discharge may occur. Sporotrichosis persists as a neglected disease in Rio de Janeiro, and the treatment of cats remains a challenging and long-term endeavor.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Endemic Diseases; Itraconazole; Potassium Iodide; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis

Fungal pathogens are becoming increasingly important for human and small animal medicine. This article highlights many standards-of-care and new agents for treatment of these pathogens for small animals and people.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Caspofungin; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Echinocandins; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Lipopeptides; Mycoses; Naphthalenes; Peptides; Peptides, Cyclic; Terbinafine

Mycotic pneumonias are common problems seen in small companion animals because of the wide environmental distribution of fungi and their use of airborne spores for reproduction. This article outlines the important clinical features and pathogenesis of mycotic pneumonias and includes a detailed discussion of the therapeutic approach to patients with these infections.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Histoplasmosis; Ketoconazole; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Pneumonia

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cryptococcosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Flucytosine; Male

A domestic cat was presented with nodular lesions on the nose/muzzle and pinnae. Protothecosis was diagnosed through cytological and histopathological examination, and culture. Molecular identification confirmed Prototheca wickerhamii infection. Intralesional application of amphotericin B in conjunction with oral terbinafine resulted in a significant reduction of the nasal lesion and complete resolution of the pinnal lesion, without adverse effects.. 一只家猫的鼻子/口周和耳廓出现结节性病变。通过细胞学、组织病理学检查和培养，诊断出原藻病。分子鉴定证实了魏氏原壁菌感染。应用两性霉素B联合特比萘芬口服，病灶内可见鼻腔病变显著减少，并完全消除耳廓病变，无不良药物反应。.. Un chat domestique est présenté avec des lésions nodulaires sur le nez/museau et le pavillon auriculaire. La protothécose est diagnostiquée par un examen cytologique et histopathologique, ainsi que par une culture. L'identification moléculaire confirme l'infection par Prototheca wickerhamii. L'application intralésionnelle d'amphotéricine B, associée à la terbinafine orale, permet une réduction significative de la lésion nasale et une résolution complète de la lésion du pavillon auriculaire, sans effets indésirables.. Eine Hauskatze wurde mit knotigen Läsionen auf der Nase/dem Maul und an den Pinnae vorgestellt. Mittels zytologischer und histopathologischer Untersuchung und einer Kultur wurde eine Protothekose diagnostiziert. Mittels molekularer Identifizierung wurde eine Infektion mit Prototheca wickerhamii bestätigt. Eine intraläsionale Verabreichung von Amphotericin B in Kombination mit Terbinafin per os resultierte in einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Nasenläsionen und einer völligen Abheilung der Läsionen an den Pinnae, ohne dass Nebenwirkungen auftraten.. 鼻/マズルおよび耳介に結節性病変を有する家猫が受診した。細胞学的検査、病理組織学的検査および培養検査によりProtothecosisと診断した。分子生物学的同定によりPrototheca wickerhamii感染が確認された。アムホテリシンBの鼻腔内投与およびテルビナフィンの経口投与を併用した結果、鼻病変は有意に縮小し、耳介病変は副作用なく完全に消失した。.. Um gato doméstico foi apresentado com lesões nodulares no nariz/focinho e pavilhões auriculares. Prototecose foi diagnosticada por exame citológico e histopatológico, e cultura. A identificação molecular confirmou a infecção por Prototheca wickerhamii. Aplicação intralesional de anfotericina B associada à terbinafina por via oral resultou em redução significativa da lesão nasal e resolução total da lesão na orelha, sem efeitos adversos.. Un gato doméstico se presentó con lesiones nodulares en la nariz/hocico y orejas. Se diagnosticó prototecosis mediante examen citológico, histopatológico y cultivo. La identificación molecular confirmó la infección por Prototheca wickerhamii. La aplicación intralesional de anfotericina B junto con terbinafina oral dio como resultado una reducción significativa de la lesión nasal y una resolución completa de la lesión auricular, sin efectos adversos.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Prototheca; Skin; Skin Diseases, Infectious

Feline sporotrichosis caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex is a global subcutaneous mycosis, having higher prevalence in Latin America and Malaysia. However, its etiological agents have not been elucidated in Thailand, a neighboring country of Malaysia, where the cases are increasing. This study identified 38 feline isolates of S. schenckii from Southern Thailand, collected between 2018 and 2021, using phenotypic characterization and molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing of partial calmodulin (CAL) and ß-tubulin (Bt2) genes. Phenotypic characteristics proved that the isolates were S. schenckii sensu lato, with low thermotolerance. Based on partial CAL and Bt2-PCR sequencing, all isolates were identified as S. schenckii sensu stricto. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolates were clustered with S. schenckii sensu stricto isolated from the cats in Malaysia. A low degree of genetic diversity was observed among the Thai feline isolates. The antifungal susceptibility of these isolates to antifungal agents, including itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KTC), fluconazole (FLC), and amphotericin B (AMB), was investigated according to the M27-A3 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results showed low ITC, KTC, and AMB activities against S. schenckii sensu stricto isolates, with high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 1-8, 1-8, and 2-16 μg/ml, respectively, whereas FLC exhibited MICs of 64 and > 64 μg/ml. This study indicated that S. schenckii sensu stricto is the causative agent responsible for feline sporotrichosis in Southern Thailand. Their phenotypic characteristics and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles will help to improve our understanding of this mycosis in Thailand.. Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto is a causative agent of feline sporotrichosis in Southern Thailand identified by PCR-sequencing of calmodulin and ß-tubulin genes. Phenotypic tests are not recommended for species identification. All isolates showed low susceptibility to commonly used antifungals.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Calmodulin; Cat Diseases; Cats; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Thailand; Tubulin

Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as an important cause of sporotrichosis, particularly associated with feline and zoonotic cases. Owing to the paucity of data on antifungal activity against this species, the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis in the mycelial and yeast phases to itraconazole (ITZ), terbinafine (TRB), and amphotericin B (AMB). Thirty-five isolates from an outbreak of feline sporotrichosis in Southern Brazil were used. All of them were assessed in the yeast and filamentous phases using the broth microdilution technique in accordance with the respective reference protocols M27-A3 and M38-A2 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In our study, TRB was the most active antifungal against both the filamentous and yeast phases, showing GM of the MIC of 0.343 μg/ml and 0.127 μg/ml, respectively. In the yeast phase, the GM of the MIC for TRB was significantly lower than that for both ITZ (P = .009) and AMB (P < .001). However, in the filamentous phase, the GM of the MIC for TRB was significantly lower than that of AMB (P < .001), but not different from that of ITZ (P = .091). AMB was the antifungal with the highest GM of the MIC for both phases (1.486 μg/ml for the filamentous phase and 0.660 μg/ml for the yeast). Our results may contribute to a better understanding of antifungal susceptibility profiles of clinical isolates of S. brasiliensis in the mycelial and yeast phases in further studies.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Itraconazole; Life Cycle Stages; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycelium; Naphthalenes; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Terbinafine

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antifungal Agents; Blindness; Cat Diseases; Cats; Fluconazole; Male; Meningitis, Cryptococcal; Prednisolone

Feline sporotrichosis is common in Malaysia. Thermosensitivity and effects of azole treatment on fungal susceptibility are unknown.. To evaluate thermotolerance and antifungal susceptibility of feline Malaysian Sporothrix isolates, compare microdilution (MD) and E-test results, and investigate changes in susceptibility during azole therapy.. Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto was isolated from 44 cats. Thermotolerance was determined via culture at 37°C for 7 days. Susceptibility to itraconazole (ITZ), ketoconazole (KTZ) and terbinafine (TRB) was assessed in 40 isolates by MD; to amphotericin B (AMB), KTZ, ITZ, fluconazole (FLC) and posaconazole (POS) by E-test. Results were statistically compared by Pearson's Product Moment. In eight ketoconazole treated cats, susceptibility testing to itraconazole and ketoconazole was repeated every two months for six months.. Thermotolerance was observed in 36 of 44 (82%) isolates. Assuming that isolates growing at antifungal concentrations ≥4 mg/mL were resistant, all were resistant on E-test to FLC and AMB, 11 (28%) to POS, 6 (15%) to ITZ and 1 (3%) to KTZ. On MD, 27 of 40 (68%) were resistant to TRB, 2 (5%) to ITZ and 3 (8%) to KTZ. There was no correlation between E-test and MD results (KTZ r = 0.10, P = 0.54, and ITZ r = 0.11, P = 0.48). MD values for ITZ and KTZ did not exceed 4 mg/L during KTZ therapy.. The majority of feline isolates in Malaysia are thermosensitive. Lack of correlation between E-test and MD suggests that the E-test is unreliable to test antifungal susceptibility for Sporothrix spp. compared to MD. KTZ was the antifungal drug with the lowest MIC. Prolonged KTZ administration may not induce changes in antifungal susceptibility.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; In Vitro Techniques; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Malaysia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Naphthalenes; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Terbinafine; Triazoles

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of intralesional amphotericin B in localised lesions for the treatment of 26 cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with sporotrichosis refractory to oral itraconazole. DESIGN Uncontrolled intervention study. METHOD The 26 cats in this study were diagnosed with sporotrichosis, confirmed by isolation of Sporothrix schenckii, and presented residual localised skin lesions refractory to treatment with oral itraconazole for a minimum period of 8 weeks. The animals received weekly applications of intralesional amphotericin B in conjunction with oral itraconazole. In cases of owner unavailability, a maximum of 2 weeks between the infiltrations was accepted. RESULTS Twenty-two (84.6%) of the 26 treated cats achieved clinical remission, 16 (72.7%) of which were cured, and in the remaining six (27.3%) the lesions recurred at the same site. Lack of clinical response was observed in one animal and three owners abandoned treatment. CONCLUSION The proposed therapeutic regimen is an adjunctive treatment option for cats with sporotrichosis presenting as residual skin lesions refractory to itraconazole.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Injections, Intralesional; Itraconazole; Male; Sporotrichosis; Treatment Outcome

The present report concerns a case of sporotrichosis in a 3-year-old male crossbred cat. After 9 months of oral itraconazole (20mg/kg) therapy, all skin lesions had resolved with the exception of a single nodular lesion located on the bridge of the nose. Therefore, a combined therapy that included intralesional (IL) amphotericin B (1mg/kg) was started. The lesion resolved completely after three weekly administrations of IL amphotericin B, given in concert with oral itraconazole. The cat remains well 1 year after discontinuing therapy, with no signs of recurrence.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Injections, Intralesional; Male; Nose Diseases; Sporotrichosis; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dermatomycoses; Female; Injections, Intralesional; Male

Aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant etiological agent of sino-orbital aspergillosis in humans and animals. Here we report for the first time A. udagawae, a previously recognised but rare opportunistic pathogen causing fatal orbital aspergillosis in a cat. Identification of this isolate was secured by comparative sequence based analyses of the ITS and the beta tubulin region. Antifungal susceptibility testing results revealed that this isolate had high in vitro MIC to amphotericin B (AMB) that correlated with in vivo failure of therapy with AMB.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fatal Outcome; Female; Fungal Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Orbital Diseases; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Treatment Failure; Tubulin

An 8-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of signs of depression, circling, and visual deficits.. The cat had no cutaneous lesions, and results of an ophthalmologic examination and thoracic radiography were within reference limits. Computed tomography of the brain revealed a mass lesion involving the right parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes; the mass was in broad-based contact with the skull and smoothly marginated and had strong homogenous enhancement after contrast agent administration. During craniectomy, samples of the mass were collected for cytologic and histopathologic evaluations and microbial culture. A diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis-associated meningoencephalitis with secondary pyogranulomatous inflammation was made.. Amphotericin B (0.25 mg/kg [0.11 mg/lb], IV) was administered on alternate days (cumulative dose, 1.75 mg/kg [0.8 mg/lb]). To minimize the risk of nephrotoxicosis, assessments of serum biochemical variables (urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations) and urinalyses were performed at intervals. The third dose of amphotericin B was postponed 48 hours because the cat became azotemic. The cat subsequently received fluconazole (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) for 5.5 months. Six months after discontinuation of that treatment, the cat appeared healthy and had no signs of relapse.. Brain infection with B dermatitidis is typically associated with widespread disseminated disease. The cat of this report had no evidence of systemic disease. Blastomycosis of the CNS should be considered as a differential diagnosis for brain lesions in cats from areas in which B dermatitidis is endemic.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Blastomycosis; Brain Diseases; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Male; Meningoencephalitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome

To determine the outcome of therapy in cats and dogs with naturally occurring cryptococcosis. Design Retrospective study of 59 cats and 11 dogs at the University Veterinary Centre Sydney from 1986 to 2004.. Following detailed analysis of case notes potential associations between patient characteristics, cryptococcal species, retroviral status (cats), disease severity and type of therapy were examined in relation to duration and success of therapy. Treatment protocols based on amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole were compared.. Seventy-six percent of feline patients were successfully treated. For cats, the presence of central nervous system disease was the only factor found to influence outcome. Cats with neurological involvement, disseminated disease or refractory disease treated with amphotericin B containing protocols did as well, on average, as cats with less severe disease treated with azole monotherapy. Amphotericin B was thus an effective agent for treating severe cases of cryptococcosis. The median cumulative dose of amphotericin B for cats cured at the first attempt was 16 mg/kg (range 7 to 23 mg/kg). The median duration of treatment required to effect a cure at first attempt was significantly shorter for fluconazole (4 months; range 1 to 8 months) than for itraconazole (9 months; range 3 to 24 months; P = 0. 0191; Mann Whitney U test). The success rate for treatment of canine cases was 55%. No factor appeared to influence disease outcome in dogs. Large cumulative doses of amphotericin B could be administered via the subcutaneous route in both species and generally with minimal nephrotoxicity. Recrudescence occurred in a significant proportion of animals, in some cases despite a reduction of serum latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test to zero.. Although the prognosis of cryptococcosis should be described as guarded, a majority of the canine and especially feline patients can be expected to be cured, although treatment is protracted and expensive.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cryptosporidiosis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Male; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

To determine clinical and pathologic findings associated with an outbreak of cryptococcosis in an unusual geographic location (British Columbia, Canada).. Retrospective study.. 1 pink-fronted cockatoo, 2 ferrets, 20 cats, and 15 dogs.. A presumptive diagnosis of cryptococcosis was made on the basis of serologic, histopathologic, or cytologic findings, and a definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of culture or immunohistochemical staining.. No breed or sex predilections were detected in affected dogs or cats. Eleven cats had neurologic signs, 7 had skin lesions, and 5 had respiratory tract signs. None of 17 cats tested serologically for FeLV yielded positive results; 1 of 17 cats yielded positive results for FIV (western blot). Nine of 15 dogs had neurologic signs, 2 had periorbital swellings, and only 3 had respiratory tract signs initially. Microbiologic culture in 15 cases yielded 2 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii (serotype A) and 13 isolates of C. neoformans var gattii (serotype B); all organisms were susceptible to amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Serologic testing had sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 98%.. Serologic titers were beneficial in identifying infection in animals with nonspecific signs, but routine serum biochemical or hematologic parameters were of little value in diagnosis. Most animals had nonspecific CNS signs and represented a diagnostic challenge. Animals that travel to or live in this region and have nonspecific malaise or unusual neurologic signs should be evaluated for cryptococcosis.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Bird Diseases; British Columbia; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cockatoos; Colony Count, Microbial; Cryptosporidiosis; Disease Outbreaks; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Ferrets; Ketoconazole; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

The optimum method for isolating Campylobacter upsaliensis from stools has not been clearly defined. In a preliminary study, cefoperazone amphotericin teicoplanin (CAT) selective medium isolated six C. upsaliensis strains which were not detected using modified cefoperazone charcoal deoxycholate (mCCDA). In order to identify the factors that underlie the superiority of CAT over mCCDA for isolating C. upsaliensis, we examined the effect of incubation time and antibiotic content of culture media on the growth of C. upsaliensis isolates using semiquantitative methods. The recovery of a subgroup of C. upsaliensis isolates from seeded stool specimens was also evaluated. Differences in growth of C. upsaliensis on CAT and mCCDA were modest and were not explained by the antibiotic profiles of the two media. Recovery of C. upsaliensis from spiked human feces on CAT was superior to that on mCCDA at lower concentrations of organisms (10(3) CFU/ml). We conclude that although CAT is more suitable than mCCDA for the isolation of C. upsaliensis from stools, the superiority of CAT for detecting this organism is not accounted for by the antibiotic composition of the medium.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cefoperazone; Child; Culture Media; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rabbits; Teicoplanin

Six cases (3 cats, 3 dogs) of cryptococcosis were cured using combination chemotherapy that included amphotericin B. We developed a simple, practical and inexpensive method of administering amphotericin B as a subcutaneous infusion during the treatment of these patients. For this, the calculated dose of amphotericin B (0.5 to 0.8 mg/kg) was added to 400 mL, for cats, or to 500 mL, for dogs, of 0.45% saline containing 2.5% dextrose. These amounts were given subcutaneously 2 or 3 times weekly over several months, to a total cumulative dose of 8 to 26 mg/kg body weight. Subcutaneous infusions were generally well tolerated by the animals, although concentrations of amphotericin B in excess of 20 mg/L resulted in local irritation. This protocol enabled the administration of larger, and thus more effective, quantities of amphotericin B without producing marked azotaemia.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cryptococcosis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Flucytosine; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Triazoles

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Humans; Ketoconazole; Male; Potassium Iodide; Sporotrichosis; Zoonoses

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Ketoconazole; Leishmania; Mycoses; Pregnancy; Staphylococcus aureus

A protruding nasal mass in a domestic shorthair cat with nasal discharge and recurrent fever was determined to be caused by infection with the fungus Trichosporon pullulans, as determined by cytologic, histologic, and fungal culture methods. Initially, the cat was treated orally with ketoconazole and the mass decreased in size. When signs of hepatotoxicosis developed, treatment was reduced to an alternate-day basis. However, the nasal mass increased in size with this regimen, and therapy with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine was begun. It also was unsuccessful.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Ketoconazole; Mycoses; Nose Diseases; Trichosporon

Phycomycosis was confirmed by histologic examination of biopsy specimens from 15 dogs and at necropsy in 2 cats. The fungal infections occurred most frequently in young adult dogs (1-3 yr) of the larger breeds. The gastrointestinal tract was the organ most commonly involved. Treatment by surgical excision, amphotericin B, and sodium iodide alone or in combination was attempted in five cases. Mortality was 100%.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Fungi; Humans; Male; Mycoses; Radiography

Topics: Administration, Oral; Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cryptococcosis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Flucytosine; Injections, Intravenous

In a one-year period (July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976), 130 cases of suspected adverse drug reactions were reviewed in the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, Ca. Sixty-six of these cases had sufficient evidence to link the reaction to the medication administered. Most of the reactions were attributed to anti-infective agents (antibiotics and parasiticides) and to anesthetics and related drugs. In 28 (42.4%) of the cases, uncomplicated recovery occurred without supportive medication. Four animals (6.1%) died as a direct result of adverse drug reactions. It was concluded that a higher degree of adverse drug reaction awareness is needed in the veterinary profession to enable the accumulation of meaningful data.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloral Hydrate; Dextrans; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Droperidol; Drug Therapy; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Fentanyl; Fluorouracil; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ketamine; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Seizures; Sweating

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cryptococcosis; Female

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Arthritis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hip Dislocation; Mitosporic Fungi; Otitis Externa; Specimen Handling; Synovial Fluid; Technology, Radiologic

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Histoplasmosis; Mycoses; Sporotrichosis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus; Dura Mater; Male; Muscles; Penicillins; Streptomycin; Temporal Bone