diclofenac and Pregnancy studies

Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.
diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"This prospective, randomized study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HnBB) in cases of second trimester pregnancy termination."	9.22	Analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine N-butylbromide in second trimester pregnancy termination: a prospective randomized study. ( Arslan, S; Ayaz, R; Senturk, M; Tanir, HM; Velipasaoglu, M, 2016)
" The incidence of sore throat, as assessed 12, 24 and 48 hours after using the patch was significantly lower in the diclofenac patch group than in the placebo patch group, with p values 0."	9.14	Effects of diclofenac epolamine patch on postoperative sore throat in parturients after cesarean delivery under endotracheal general anesthesia. ( Makarem, J; Rahimi, M, 2009)
"To assess the safety of diclofenac during pregnancy."	9.14	First trimester diclofenac exposure and pregnancy outcome. ( Berkovitch, M; Cassina, M; Cesari, E; Clementi, M; De Santis, M; Di Gianantonio, E; Eleftheriou, G; Raffagnato, F; van Eijkeren, M, 2010)
"To evaluate rectal diclofenac in the relief of perineal pain after trauma during childbirth."	9.11	Rectal analgesia for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomised controlled trial of diclofenac suppositories. ( Crowther, CA; Dodd, JM; Hedayati, H; Hotham, N; Pearce, E, 2004)
"This double-blind randomized control study was conducted to evaluate whether a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) could act as an effective pain control method during first trimester suction abortion, and whether co-treatment of NSAID with misoprostol will decrease the efficacy of the cervical ripening effect of misoprostol."	9.10	A study of co-treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with misoprostol for cervical priming before suction termination of first trimester pregnancy. ( Chan, CP; Ho, PC; Li, CF; Wong, CY, 2003)
"We included randomised, double-blind studies that compared a single dose of analgesic plus caffeine with the same dose of the analgesic alone in the treatment of acute pain."	8.90	Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. ( Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA, 2014)
"Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic so that exposure during pregnancy may frequently occur."	7.88	Safety of diclofenac use during early pregnancy: A prospective observational cohort study. ( Dathe, K; Hultzsch, S; Linsenmeier, V; Meister, R; Meixner, K; Padberg, S; Schaefer, C; Tissen-Diabaté, T, 2018)
"To determine the frequency of perineal pain after childbirth after a single dose of diclofenac rectal suppository."	7.83	Diclofenac rectal suppository: an effective modality for perineal pain. ( Baloch, R; Memon, NY; Naz, S; Sattar, A, 2016)
" Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate the hazard of miscarriage in women exposed to diclofenac/misoprostol in early pregnancy."	7.83	Diclofenac/misoprostol during early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a Danish nationwide cohort study. ( Andersen, JT; Andersen, NL; Broedbaek, K; Cejvanovic, V; Jimenez-Solem, E; Mastrogiannis, D; Nielsen, TK; Petersen, M; Poulsen, HE, 2016)
"The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like diclofenac in the third trimester of pregnancy can cause severe side effects, in particular oligohydramnios, premature closure of ductus arteriosus, and fetal kidney damage."	7.81	Reversible oligohydramnios in the second trimester of pregnancy in two patients with long-term diclofenac exposure. ( Entezami, M; Kayser, A; Schaefer, C; Scherneck, S; Schöpa, FL; Weber-Schoendorfer, C, 2015)
"To investigate the individual effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on pregnancy outcome."	7.79	Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study. ( Nezvalová-Henriksen, K; Nordeng, H; Spigset, O, 2013)
" The mother was unaware of her pregnancy until she presented in labor, and she had taken diclofenac medication in the preceding months."	7.79	Maternal diclofenac medication in pregnancy causing in utero closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and hydrops. ( Abdulkarim, D; Clarke, P; Shastri, AT, 2013)
"We describe a case of severe pulmonary hypertension and transient right-sided hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a neonate, caused by premature closure of ductus arteriosus after short-term maternal use of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren)."	7.72	Maternal diclofenac sodium ingestion and severe neonatal pulmonary hypertension. ( Lee, WH; Siu, KL, 2004)
" This report describes a term newborn with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension due to premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following a 5 day maternal treatment with diclofenac two weeks before delivery."	7.70	Severe pulmonary hypertension in a neonate caused by premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal treatment with diclofenac: a case report. ( Klinge, J; Krüger, C; Scharf, J; Singer, H; Zenker, M, 1998)
"Diclofenac is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in women of reproductive age."	6.69	A study on placental transfer of diclofenac in first trimester of human pregnancy. ( Lau, TK; Siu, SS; Yeung, JH, 2000)
" Indomethacin was superior to celecoxib for pain score at rest at 8-12 h and celecoxib + parecoxib, diclofenac, and ketorolac for pain score on movement at 48 h."	5.41	Comparison of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cesarean section: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. ( Blake, L; Carvalho, B; Carver, AL; Desai, N; Murdoch, I; O'Carroll, JE; Onwochei, DN; Sultan, P, 2023)
"(1) Renal colic is an acute syndrome involving unilateral flank pain, linked to an obstruction in the upper urinary tract."	5.35	Renal colic in adults: NSAIDs and morphine are effective for pain relief. ( , 2009)
"Postoperative pain was relieved by using a continuous epidural infusion, transcutaneous nerve stimulation and diclofenac."	5.29	Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with myotonic dystrophy receiving warfarin therapy. ( Campbell, AM; Thompson, N, 1995)
"This prospective, randomized study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HnBB) in cases of second trimester pregnancy termination."	5.22	Analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine N-butylbromide in second trimester pregnancy termination: a prospective randomized study. ( Arslan, S; Ayaz, R; Senturk, M; Tanir, HM; Velipasaoglu, M, 2016)
"To assess the safety of diclofenac during pregnancy."	5.14	First trimester diclofenac exposure and pregnancy outcome. ( Berkovitch, M; Cassina, M; Cesari, E; Clementi, M; De Santis, M; Di Gianantonio, E; Eleftheriou, G; Raffagnato, F; van Eijkeren, M, 2010)
" The incidence of sore throat, as assessed 12, 24 and 48 hours after using the patch was significantly lower in the diclofenac patch group than in the placebo patch group, with p values 0."	5.14	Effects of diclofenac epolamine patch on postoperative sore throat in parturients after cesarean delivery under endotracheal general anesthesia. ( Makarem, J; Rahimi, M, 2009)
"Co-treatment with NSAID and misoprostol does not interfere with the action of mifepristone and/or misoprostol to induce uterine contractions and pregnancy expulsion in medical abortion."	5.11	The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol at 13-22 weeks gestation. ( Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Stephansson, O; Swahn, ML, 2005)
"The aim of this prospective trial was to evaluate and compare paracervical block with diclofenac for pain relief during manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) for surgical termination of pregnancy."	5.11	A randomized trial of pain relief in termination of pregnancy in South Africa. ( Moodley, J; Owolabi, OT, 2005)
"To evaluate rectal diclofenac in the relief of perineal pain after trauma during childbirth."	5.11	Rectal analgesia for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomised controlled trial of diclofenac suppositories. ( Crowther, CA; Dodd, JM; Hedayati, H; Hotham, N; Pearce, E, 2004)
"This double-blind randomized control study was conducted to evaluate whether a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) could act as an effective pain control method during first trimester suction abortion, and whether co-treatment of NSAID with misoprostol will decrease the efficacy of the cervical ripening effect of misoprostol."	5.10	A study of co-treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with misoprostol for cervical priming before suction termination of first trimester pregnancy. ( Chan, CP; Ho, PC; Li, CF; Wong, CY, 2003)
" In this study, a very small dose of intrathecal morphine, in association with intramuscular diclofenac, proved effective for controlling pain after cesarean delivery, with a low incidence of morphine-induced pruritus."	5.08	Small doses of intrathecal morphine combined with systemic diclofenac for postoperative pain control after cesarean delivery. ( Amaro, AR; Cappelli, EL; Cardoso, MM; Carvalho, JC; Prado, AA, 1998)
" It was suggested that the new diclofenac/HPβCD formulation gives a rapid and effective response to acute pain and, furthermore, has pharmacokinetic and efficacy/safety profiles comparable to other medicinal products not containing cyclodextrins."	4.93	Efficacy and Safety Profile of Diclofenac/Cyclodextrin and Progesterone/Cyclodextrin Formulations: A Review of the Literature Data. ( Bonagura, AC; Cenami, R; Cimmaruta, D; Fiorentino, S; Fossati, T; Rossi, F; Scavone, C; Torella, M, 2016)
"We included randomised, double-blind studies that compared a single dose of analgesic plus caffeine with the same dose of the analgesic alone in the treatment of acute pain."	4.90	Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. ( Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA, 2014)
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	4.21	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; 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Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used by the general population and, although generally contraindicated during pregnancy, it is also used by some pregnant women."	3.96	Prenatal diclofenac exposure delays pubertal development and induces behavioral changes in rats. ( Curi, TZ; da Silva, GN; Dos Santos, AC; Grechi, N; Hey, GS; Krebs Ribeiro, DC; Martino-Andrade, AJ; Meldola, H; Passoni, MT; Ramos, ATA; Souza, RIC; Spercoski, KM; Tolouei, SEL, 2020)
"Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic so that exposure during pregnancy may frequently occur."	3.88	Safety of diclofenac use during early pregnancy: A prospective observational cohort study. ( Dathe, K; Hultzsch, S; Linsenmeier, V; Meister, R; Meixner, K; Padberg, S; Schaefer, C; Tissen-Diabaté, T, 2018)
"To determine the frequency of perineal pain after childbirth after a single dose of diclofenac rectal suppository."	3.83	Diclofenac rectal suppository: an effective modality for perineal pain. ( Baloch, R; Memon, NY; Naz, S; Sattar, A, 2016)
" Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate the hazard of miscarriage in women exposed to diclofenac/misoprostol in early pregnancy."	3.83	Diclofenac/misoprostol during early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a Danish nationwide cohort study. ( Andersen, JT; Andersen, NL; Broedbaek, K; Cejvanovic, V; Jimenez-Solem, E; Mastrogiannis, D; Nielsen, TK; Petersen, M; Poulsen, HE, 2016)
"The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like diclofenac in the third trimester of pregnancy can cause severe side effects, in particular oligohydramnios, premature closure of ductus arteriosus, and fetal kidney damage."	3.81	Reversible oligohydramnios in the second trimester of pregnancy in two patients with long-term diclofenac exposure. ( Entezami, M; Kayser, A; Schaefer, C; Scherneck, S; Schöpa, FL; Weber-Schoendorfer, C, 2015)
"Diclofenac sodium (DS) can cross the placental barrier and affect the fetus, and its consumption during pregnancy may cause developmental malformation of embryos."	3.81	Effects of prenatally exposed diclofenac sodium on rat heart tissue: a stereological and histological study. ( Fikret, G; Hüseyin, A; Mikail, K; Murat Cetin, R, 2015)
" If given during pregnancy, diclofenac sodium (DS), an NSAID, is given during the pregnancy, may also affect the development of the central nervous system (CNS) or related structures."	3.79	The effect of prenatal exposure of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the optic nerve of female rats: a stereological, histological, and electron microscopic study. ( Aktaş, A; Altunkaynak, ME; Eşrefoglu, M; Gül, M; Kaplan, S; Onger, ME; Ragbetli, MÇ; Ulkay, MB, 2013)
" The mother was unaware of her pregnancy until she presented in labor, and she had taken diclofenac medication in the preceding months."	3.79	Maternal diclofenac medication in pregnancy causing in utero closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and hydrops. ( Abdulkarim, D; Clarke, P; Shastri, AT, 2013)
"To investigate the individual effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on pregnancy outcome."	3.79	Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study. ( Nezvalová-Henriksen, K; Nordeng, H; Spigset, O, 2013)
" Both mothers had been administered diclofenac during pregnancy."	3.78	Maternal ingestion of diclofenac leading to renal failure in newborns. ( Bhardwaj, S; Kanhere, S; Phadke, V; Sahoo, B, 2012)
"We aimed to investigate the possible postnatal effects on the lung tissues of the rat offspring treated with diclofenac sodium (DS) during pregnancy."	3.77	A histological investigation concerning the effects of diclofenac sodium to the lung in 4- and 20-week-old rats treated prenatally. ( Aydinlioğlu, A; Ilhan, F; Kara, M; Ragbetli, C; Ragbetli, MC, 2011)
"Diclofenac sodium (DS) may affect the number of Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum since DS can easily be transported from the maternal to the fetal physiological system during the pregnancy."	3.76	Prenatal diclofenac sodium administration increases the number of Purkinje cells in female rats: a stereological study. ( Aslan, H; Cihan, OF; Kaplan, S; Odaci, E; Ragbetli, MC, 2010)
"We report a case of neonatal transient renal failure after maternal ingestion of diclofenac, paracetamol, and nimesulide during pregnancy."	3.72	In utero exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: neonatal renal failure. ( Benini, D; Cuzzolin, L; Fanos, V; Tatò, L, 2004)
"We describe a case of severe pulmonary hypertension and transient right-sided hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a neonate, caused by premature closure of ductus arteriosus after short-term maternal use of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren)."	3.72	Maternal diclofenac sodium ingestion and severe neonatal pulmonary hypertension. ( Lee, WH; Siu, KL, 2004)
" This report describes a term newborn with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension due to premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following a 5 day maternal treatment with diclofenac two weeks before delivery."	3.70	Severe pulmonary hypertension in a neonate caused by premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal treatment with diclofenac: a case report. ( Klinge, J; Krüger, C; Scharf, J; Singer, H; Zenker, M, 1998)
"Anaphylaxis due to diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) is rare."	3.70	[Anaphylactic shock after diclofenac sodium (Voltaren)]. ( Hadar, A; Holcberg, G; Mazor, M, 2000)
" Two transcervical intra-uterine insertions of 216 mg of quinacrine, carried out at an interval of one month and associated with 50 mg of intra-uterine diclofenac and 150 mg of intra-muscular diclofenac resulted in a pregnancy rate after 12 months of 2."	3.68	[Non-surgical female sterilization using quinacrine: efficacy of two insertions of quinacrine pellets]. ( Rivera, M; Trujillo, V; Viel, B; Zipper, J, 1993)
"To measure postoperative pain relief following the use of rectal diclofenac combined with intramuscular pentazocine compared with intramuscular pentazocine alone in patients undergoing a caesarean delivery."	3.11	Pentazocine with rectal diclofenac versus pentazocine alone for pain relief following caesarean delivery in Enugu, Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial. ( Awkadigwe, FI; Eleje, GU; Enebe, JT; Enyinna, PC; Ezugwu, FO; Nevo, CO; Ofor, IJ; Ofor, NE; Omeke, CA; Onyia, CN, 2022)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by visual analogue scale at end of surgery and 2, 12 and 24 h after surgery."	2.82	PENTAZOCINE VERSUS PENTAZOCINE WITH RECTAL DICLOFENAC FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN RELIEF AFTER CESAREAN SECTION- A DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMIZED PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIAL IN A LOW RESOURCE AREA. ( Adenekan, AT; Adetoye, AO; Ajenifuja, KO; Faponle, AF; Olateju, SO; Olowookere, SA; Olufolabi, AJ; Owojuyigbe, AM, 2016)
"Diclofenac sodium was a more effective analgesic than indomethacin suppositories for right mediolateral episiotomy pain."	2.77	Comparison of diclofenac sodium with indomethacin suppositories for mediolateral episiotomies. ( Altungül, AC; Kale, A; Sapmaz, E, 2012)
"The mean postoperative pain relief at 24 hours in the study group was better than that in the control group (3."	2.77	A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of single-dose intravenous diclofenac for pain relief after a cesarean section. ( Chongsomchai, C; Kemthong, W; Thienthong, S, 2012)
"Diclofenac alone was safe and effective for the majority of the patients and it decreased the opioid requirements in the remaining patients."	2.74	Postoperative pain control after cesarean section: can diclofenac sodium be used instead of meperidine? ( Biberoglu, K; Bozkurt, N; Kurdoglu, M; Kurdoglu, Z; Kutlusoy, F, 2009)
"Punctate mechanical hyperalgesia surrounding the wound and presence of residual pain after 1 and 6 months were also assessed."	2.73	Postoperative analgesic effects of continuous wound infiltration with diclofenac after elective cesarean delivery. ( De Kock, MF; Lavand'homme, PM; Roelants, F; Waterloos, H, 2007)
"Celecoxib was associated with a slightly lower VAS pain score at rest and less upper gastrointestinal symptoms were reported when compared to diclofenac."	2.73	Oral celecoxib versus oral diclofenac for post-perineal repair analgesia after spontaneous vaginal birth: a randomised trial. ( Lim, SS; Omar, SZ; Sockalingam, JK; Tan, PC, 2008)
"Morphine was used significantly less in the group of patients who had diclofenac intramuscular single dose in post operative Caesarean section but the level of pain was not significantly different."	2.71	Diclofenac intramuscular single dose to decrease pain in post operative Caesarean section: a double blind randomized controlled trial. ( Bourlert, A, 2005)
"We investigated postoperative pain and sensory sensitization in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-dose comparison of the monoaminergic and micro -opioid agonist tramadol, 100 mg, and diclofenac 75 mg given IM in combination or alone in 120 patients who had elective cesarean delivery."	2.71	Postoperative sensitization and pain after cesarean delivery and the effects of single im doses of tramadol and diclofenac alone and in combination. ( Coetzee, E; Dyer, RA; Hill, L; Torr, G; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2003)
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that nonselectively inhibits constitutive and inducible isoenzymes of cyclooxygenase."	2.44	[Prenatal tolerability evaluation of diclofenac]. ( Burdan, F; Kiś, J; Przybylski, P, 2007)
"Acute hydronephrosis is one of the most common causes of severe flank pain in pregnancy."	2.39	Non-traumatic rupture of kidney in pregnancy--case report and review. ( Friedman, S; Hod, M; Kaplan, B; Ovadia, J; Peled, Y; Royburt, M, 1994)
"Prochlorperazine injection has been upgraded to a highly recommended level because of the rich clinical experience for this treatment."	1.72	2022 Taiwan Guidelines for Acute Treatment of Migraine. ( Lau, CI; Wang, YF, 2022)
"Melatonin (Mel) has strong antioxidant properties since it is a direct scavenger of oxygen-based free radicals and related species."	1.48	The neuroprotective effect of melatonin on the hippocampus exposed to diclofenac sodium during the prenatal period. ( Kaplan, S; Kıvrak, EG; Yurt, KK, 2018)
"A case of sciatic neuropathy that developed after intramuscular injection, with patient in prolonged lithotomy position and under sedation, is described."	1.43	Sciatic neuropathy developed after injection during curettage. ( Altıntaş, A; Gözübatık Çelik, G; Gündüz, A; Kantarcı, F; Kızıltan, ME; Koçer, N, 2016)
" An ibuprofen dosage of 1,600 mg/day did not induce LUF syndrome either at continuous periovulatory or discontinuous exposure."	1.37	Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome increased by inactive disease and selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in women with inflammatory arthropathies. ( Micu, MC; Micu, R; Ostensen, M, 2011)
"(1) Renal colic is an acute syndrome involving unilateral flank pain, linked to an obstruction in the upper urinary tract."	1.35	Renal colic in adults: NSAIDs and morphine are effective for pain relief. ( , 2009)
" The transplacental pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the time profiles of the drug concentrations in the effluent and placenta to obtain transplacental pharmacokinetic parameters."	1.35	Transplacental pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in perfused human placenta. ( Fujii, T; Hori, S; Nagata, H; Nakano, H; Ohtani, H; Satoh, S; Sawada, Y; Shintaku, K; Taketani, Y; Tsujimoto, M; Tsukimori, K, 2009)
" Immunophenotyping analysis using flow cytometry (FCM) indicated that the proportion and number of CD45RA(+) cells increased, and the proportion of CD3(-) NKR-P1A(+) cells decreased in males when dosed with IND at 1."	1.34	Effect of prenatal administration of NSAIDs on the immune response in juvenile and adult rats. ( Fujiwara, M; Furusawa, S; Kushima, K; Oda, K; Sakuma, S, 2007)
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, commonly used by reproductive age women for the treatment of a variety of conditions."	1.31	A study of diclofenac-induced teratogenicity during organogenesis using a whole rat embryo culture model. ( Chan, LY; Chiu, PY; Lau, TK; Siu, SS, 2001)
"Postoperative pain was relieved by using a continuous epidural infusion, transcutaneous nerve stimulation and diclofenac."	1.29	Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with myotonic dystrophy receiving warfarin therapy. ( Campbell, AM; Thompson, N, 1995)
" To define the relationship between OT sensitivity and uterine PG production, we measured uterine sensitivity to OT by a quantitative dose-response procedure in rats on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22 of pregnancy and monitored uterine and placental tissue concentrations of PGF2 alpha and PGE2."	1.27	Uterine and placental prostaglandins and their modulation of oxytocin sensitivity and contractility in the parturient uterus. ( Chan, WY, 1983)

Research

Studies (159)

Authors

Clinical Trials (27)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	9 (5.66)	18.7374
1990's	33 (20.75)	18.2507
2000's	54 (33.96)	29.6817
2010's	51 (32.08)	24.3611
2020's	12 (7.55)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Ofor, IJ	1
Enebe, JT	1
Ofor, NE	1
Onyia, CN	1
Omeke, CA	1
Nevo, CO	1
Enyinna, PC	1
Awkadigwe, FI	1
Eleje, GU	1
Ezugwu, FO	1
Kutlu, M	1
Doğan, H	1
Alkan, H	1
Serbester, U	1
Kutlu, HR	1
Lau, CI	1
Wang, YF	2
Dos Santos, CS	2
Silva, PV	2
Castelo, R	2
Tiago, J	2
Ali, MA	2
Abdelhady, SA	2
Yacout, DM	2
Kandil, LS	2
Elblehi, SS	1
El-Mas, MM	2
Hooda, R	1
Malik, N	1
Pathak, P	1
More, H	1
Singh, V	1
Murdoch, I	1
Carver, AL	1
Sultan, P	1
O'Carroll, JE	1
Blake, L	1
Carvalho, B	1
Onwochei, DN	1
Desai, N	1
Essawy, MM	1
Krebs Ribeiro, DC	1
Passoni, MT	1
Meldola, H	1
Curi, TZ	1
da Silva, GN	1
Tolouei, SEL	1
Hey, GS	1
Grechi, N	1
Dos Santos, AC	1
Souza, RIC	1
Spercoski, KM	1
Ramos, ATA	1
Martino-Andrade, AJ	1
Nese, M	1
Riboli, G	1
Brighetti, G	1
Sassi, V	1
Camela, E	1
Caselli, G	1
Sassaroli, S	1
Borlimi, R	1
Aucoin, M	1
Cooley, K	1
Saunders, PR	1
Carè, J	1
Anheyer, D	1
Medina, DN	1
Cardozo, V	1
Remy, D	1
Hannan, N	1
Garber, A	1
Velayos, M	1
Muñoz-Serrano, AJ	1
Estefanía-Fernández, K	1
Sarmiento Caldas, MC	1
Moratilla Lapeña, L	1
López-Santamaría, M	1
López-Gutiérrez, JC	1
Li, J	2
Zhang, J	4
Shen, S	1
Zhang, B	3
Yu, WW	1
Toyoda, H	1
Huang, DQ	1
Le, MH	1
Nguyen, MH	1
Huang, R	1
Zhu, L	1
Wang, J	6
Xue, L	1
Liu, L	2
Yan, X	2
Huang, S	3
Li, Y	6
Xu, T	1
Li, C	2
Ji, F	1
Ming, F	1
Zhao, Y	2
Cheng, J	1
Wang, Y	3
Zhao, H	2
Hong, S	1
Chen, K	2
Zhao, XA	1
Zou, L	1
Sang, D	1
Shao, H	1
Guan, X	1
Chen, X	2
Chen, Y	5
Wei, J	1
Zhu, C	1
Wu, C	1
Moore, HB	1
Barrett, CD	1
Moore, EE	1
Jhunjhunwala, R	1
McIntyre, RC	1
Moore, PK	1
Hajizadeh, N	1
Talmor, DS	1
Sauaia, A	1
Yaffe, MB	1
Liu, C	3
Lin, Y	1
Dong, Y	1
Wu, Y	1
Bao, Y	1
Yan, H	2
Ma, J	1
Fernández-Cuadros, ME	1
Albaladejo-Florín, MJ	1
Álava-Rabasa, S	1
Usandizaga-Elio, I	1
Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D	1
Peña-Lora, D	1
Neira-Borrajo, I	1
López-Muñoz, MJ	1
Rodríguez-de-Cía, J	1
Pérez-Moro, OS	1
Abdallah, M	1
Alsaleh, H	1
Baradwan, A	1
Alfawares, R	1
Alobaid, A	1
Rasheed, A	1
Soliman, I	1
Wendel Garcia, PD	1
Fumeaux, T	1
Guerci, P	1
Heuberger, DM	1
Montomoli, J	2
Roche-Campo, F	1
Schuepbach, RA	1
Hilty, MP	1
Poloni, TE	1
Carlos, AF	1
Cairati, M	1
Cutaia, C	1
Medici, V	1
Marelli, E	1
Ferrari, D	1
Galli, A	1
Bognetti, P	1
Davin, A	1
Cirrincione, A	1
Ceretti, A	1
Cereda, C	1
Ceroni, M	1
Tronconi, L	1
Vitali, S	1
Guaita, A	1
Leeds, JS	1
Raviprakash, V	1
Jacques, T	1
Scanlon, N	1
Cundall, J	1
Leeds, CM	1
Riva, A	1
Gray, EH	1
Azarian, S	1
Zamalloa, A	1
McPhail, MJW	1
Vincent, RP	1
Williams, R	1
Chokshi, S	1
Patel, VC	1
Edwards, LA	1
Alqarawi, W	1
Birnie, DH	1
Golian, M	1
Nair, GM	1
Nery, PB	1
Klein, A	1
Davis, DR	1
Sadek, MM	1
Neilipovitz, D	1
Johnson, CB	1
Green, MS	1
Redpath, C	1
Miller, DC	1
Beamer, P	1
Billheimer, D	1
Subbian, V	1
Sorooshian, A	1
Campbell, BS	1
Mosier, JM	1
Novaretti, JV	1
Astur, DC	1
Cavalcante, ELB	1
Kaleka, CC	1
Amaro, JT	1
Cohen, M	1
Huang, W	1
Li, T	1
Ling, Y	1
Qian, ZP	1
Zhang, YY	1
Huang, D	1
Xu, SB	1
Liu, XH	1
Xia, L	1
Yang, Y	5
Lu, SH	1
Lu, HZ	1
Zhang, R	2
Ma, JX	1
Tang, S	1
Li, CM	1
Wan, J	1
Wang, JF	1
Ma, JQ	1
Luo, JJ	1
Chen, HY	2
Mi, SL	1
Chen, SY	1
Su, YG	1
Ge, JB	1
Milheiro, SA	1
Gonçalves, J	1
Lopes, RMRM	1
Madureira, M	1
Lobo, L	1
Lopes, A	1
Nogueira, F	1
Fontinha, D	1
Prudêncio, M	1
M Piedade, MF	1
Pinto, SN	1
Florindo, PR	1
Moreira, R	1
Castillo-Lora, J	1
Delley, MF	1
Laga, SM	1
Mayer, JM	1
Sutjarit, N	1
Thongon, N	1
Weerachayaphorn, J	1
Piyachaturawat, P	1
Suksamrarn, A	1
Suksen, K	1
Papachristou, DJ	1
Blair, HC	1
Hu, Y	2
Shen, P	1
Zeng, N	1
Wang, L	5
Yan, D	1
Cui, L	1
Yang, K	2
Zhai, C	1
Yang, M	1
Lao, X	1
Sun, J	2
Ma, N	1
Wang, S	1
Ye, W	1
Guo, P	1
Rahimi, S	1
Singh, MP	1
Gupta, J	1
Nakanishi, I	1
Ohkubo, K	1
Shoji, Y	1
Fujitaka, Y	1
Shimoda, K	1
Matsumoto, KI	1
Fukuhara, K	1
Hamada, H	1
van der Boom, T	1
Gruppen, EG	1
Lefrandt, JD	1
Connelly, MA	1
Links, TP	1
Dullaart, RPF	1
Berry, JD	1
Bedlack, R	1
Mathews, D	1
Agnese, W	1
Apple, S	1
Meloncelli, S	1
Divizia, M	1
Germani, G	1
Adefegha, SA	1
Bottari, NB	1
Leal, DB	1
de Andrade, CM	1
Schetinger, MR	1
Martínez-Velasco, A	1
Perez-Ortiz, AC	1
Antonio-Aguirre, B	1
Martínez-Villaseñor, L	1
Lira-Romero, E	1
Palacio-Pastrana, C	1
Zenteno, JC	1
Ramirez, I	1
Zepeda-Palacio, C	1
Mendoza-Velásquez, C	1
Camacho-Ordóñez, A	1
Ortiz Bibriesca, DM	1
Estrada-Mena, FJ	1
Martin, BL	1
Thompson, LC	1
Kim, YH	2
Snow, SJ	1
Schladweiler, MC	1
Phillips, P	1
Harmon, M	1
King, C	1
Richards, J	1
George, I	1
Haykal-Coates, N	1
Gilmour, MI	1
Kodavanti, UP	1
Hazari, MS	1
Farraj, AK	1
Shen, Z	1
Zou, Y	1
Gao, K	1
Lazar, S	1
Wurtzel, JGT	1
Ma, P	1
Goldfinger, LE	1
Vukelic, M	1
Laloo, A	1
Kyttaris, VC	1
Chen, R	1
Chen, J	2
Xun, J	1
Hu, Z	1
Huang, Q	2
Steinhart, C	1
Shen, Y	1
Lu, H	1
Mansuri, A	1
Lokhande, K	1
Kore, S	1
Gaikwad, S	1
Nawani, N	1
Swamy, KV	1
Junnarkar, M	1
Pawar, S	1
Shaheen, MY	1
Basudan, AM	1
Niazy, AA	1
van den Beucken, JJJP	1
Jansen, JA	1
Alghamdi, HS	1
Gao, Q	2
Guo, X	1
Cao, Y	1
Jia, X	1
Xu, S	1
Lu, C	2
Zhu, H	2
Melku, M	1
Abebe, G	1
Teketel, A	1
Asrie, F	1
Yalew, A	1
Biadgo, B	1
Kassa, E	1
Damtie, D	1
Anlay, DZ	1
Ahmed, MFE	1
Ramadan, H	1
Seinige, D	1
Kehrenberg, C	1
Abd El-Wahab, A	1
Volkmann, N	1
Kemper, N	1
Schulz, J	1
Hu, MY	1
Wu, YN	1
McEvoy, MP	1
Cong, WL	1
Liu, LP	1
Li, XX	1
Zhou, CL	1
Chen, WM	1
Wei, KL	1
Tung, SY	1
Shen, CH	1
Chang, TS	1
Yen, CW	1
Hsieh, YY	1
Chiu, WN	1
Hu, JH	1
Lu, SN	1
Hung, CH	1
Alakavuklar, MA	1
Fuqua, C	1
Luo, KL	1
Underwood, RS	1
Greenwald, I	1
Elashiry, MM	1
Elashiry, M	1
Zeitoun, R	1
Elsayed, R	1
Tian, F	1
Saber, SE	1
Elashry, SH	1
Tay, FR	1
Cutler, CW	1
O'Dowd, A	1
Maciel, M	1
Poole, ST	1
Jobling, MG	1
Rollenhagen, JE	1
Woods, CM	1
Sincock, SA	1
McVeigh, AL	1
Gregory, MJ	1
Maves, RC	1
Prouty, MG	1
Holmes, RK	1
Savarino, SJ	1
Mor, MK	1
Palevsky, PM	1
Kaufman, JS	1
Thiessen Philbrook, H	1
Weisbord, SD	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparison Between Ultrasound Guided Transversalis Fascia Plane Block and Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Postoperative Recovery in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section Surgery[NCT05999981]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-08-24	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Preoperative Anxiety Effects of Brachial Plexus Block and General Anesthesia for Orthopedic Upper Extremity Surgery[NCT05476198]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-05	Completed
The Effect of Anxiety on Perioperative Pain: Patient and Provider Perception : A Prospective Observational Study[NCT04363281]		193 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-02-25	Completed
Efficacy of a Single-shot Wound Infiltration With Bupivacaine/Adrenalin During Cesarean Section in Reducing Postoperative Pain. A Randomized Prospective Controlled Trial[NCT03395912]		288 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-25	Completed
Effectiveness of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Quadratus Lumborum Technique in Patients After Cesarean Section[NCT02804126]	Phase 4	232 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-01	Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Tramadol-ondansetron on Recovery After Caesarean Section. A Prospective, Observational and Non-inferiority Study Against Epidural Analgesia.[NCT05879536]		312 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-05-23	Recruiting
An Evaluation of the Paracervical Block for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01094366]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Efficacy of Continuous Infusion of Levobupivacaine to the Surgical Wound Following Cesarean[NCT01458431]	Phase 3	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section[NCT01015807]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine and Epinephrine for Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section Postoperative Analgesia[NCT02852720]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-15	Completed
Efficacy of the Ultrasound-guidedTransversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block on Postoperative Pain Control in Open Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm Repair Surgery[NCT02292667]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
Analgesic Efficacy of Ultrasound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block After Cesarean Delivery in Patients With a BMI > 30[NCT01217580]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to The study was not feasible to perform at one institution with the amount of subjects that were needed to complete it.)
Randomized, Prospective, Double Blind Study Comparing Single Shot Versus Continuous Transverses Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Postoperative Analgesia After Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy[NCT02475031]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block After Lumbar Spine Surgery Through Anterior Approach (Anterior Lumbar or Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion): a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study[NCT02778178]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-02	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Gynaecological Laparotomies - a Comparison of Ultrasound-guided Block and Blind Technique[NCT00972920]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With or Without Magnesium for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy With or Without Salpingo-oophorectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02680626]	Phase 4	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Pfannenstiel hysterectomies are now rarely performed so cannot recruit eligible patients)
The Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Varied Concentrations of Ropivacaine Used for the Transverse Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block After Cesarean Delivery[NCT01170702]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Effect of Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block and the Perioperative Stress Response: Randomized Control Trial in Patient Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Pakistan[NCT03443271]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-17	Completed
Decreased Neuraxial Morphine and Adjunctive Peripheral Nerve Blockade to Reduce Severity of Side Effects and Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery[NCT04279054]	Early Phase 1	87 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-09	Active, not recruiting
Effect of a Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Operative Wound Healing, Stress, and Immune Response After a Cesarean Delivery[NCT05840406]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Quality of Recovery Following Administration of Transverse Abdominus Plane (TAP) Catheter as Compared to Intrathecal Morphine After Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia: a Prospective, Randomized Trial[NCT01593280]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Recruiting
Transversus Abdominis Bilateral Plane Block in Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy : A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01596660]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Recruiting
CRAMPS Trial: Controlled Randomized Trial Assessing Maternal Post-partum Pain With Suppositories[NCT01271855]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-22	Completed
Urinary Symptoms and the Omission of the Bladder Flap at the Time of Primary Cesarean Delivery[NCT02967913]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Intrauterine Cleaning After Placental Delivery at Cesarean Section: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02152735]		206 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Bladder Flap vs.None[NCT00470288]		123 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Recruiting
The Bladder Flap at Cesarean Delivery: Establishing Evidence for Practice[NCT00918996]		258 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Determine which of three different TAP formulations (Placebo, TAP, Clo-TAP) has the most beneficial effect on the postoperative area of hyperalgesia 48hrs after the start of the cesarean section. The smaller the area of WHA, assessed in cm2, the better the outcome. Area sizes may range from 0 to any size. (NCT01015807)
Timeframe: 48hrs after CS

Average Pain Scores

Intervention	cm^2 (Mean)
Placebo	1.07
TAP (Bupi)	1.27
Clo-TAP (Bupi + Clon)	0.74

Post- operative VAS pain scores (range of 0-10. 0 being no pain and 10 being worst pain) will be recorded at 1,12, 24, 36,48 and 60 hours. The values at each time points were combined and averaged. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: up to 60 hours

Nausea Scores at 48 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Group (TAP-S)	5.31
Active Group (TAP-C)	5.06

Post-operative nausea scores will be recorded at 48 hours. Range of nausea score is 0-3. 0= None, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours

Secondary Endpoints Measured Will be Total Narcotic Usage at 60 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Group (TAP-S)	0.34
Active Group (TAP-C)	0.34

All narcotic usage will be recorded at 1,12,24,36,48, and 60 hours. All narcotics will be converted to morphine equivalent for statistical calculation. These values reflect the total amount of narcotic used after combining all the data collected from each time point. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: up to 60 hours

Sedation Scores at 48 Hours

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Placebo Group (TAP-S)	14.31
Active Group (TAP-C)	14.40

Post-operative sedation scores will be recorded at 48 hours. Range of score is 0-3. 0=Awake and Alert, 1=Quietly Awake, 2=Asleep and Arousable, 3=Deep sleep. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Total Narcotic Usage at 48 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Group (TAP-S)	0.2
Active Group (TAP-C)	0.06

The primary endpoint of this study will be narcotic requirement at 48 hours (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Morphine Equivalents 0-24 Hours (Mgs)

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Placebo Group (TAP-S)	2.44
Active Group (TAP-C)	2.88

Total dose of morphine equivalents (IV equivalent of morphine) taken by the participant 0-24 hours after completion of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Morphine Equivalents 24-72 Hours (Mgs)

Intervention	Morphine equivalents (mg) (Median)
Group 1	54
Group 2	38
Group 3	32
Group 4	45

Total dose of morphine equivalents (IV equivalent of morphine) taken by the participant 24-72 hours after completion of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 24-72 hours

Morphine Equivalents Total (Mgs)

Intervention	Morphine equivalents (mgs) (Median)
Group 1	67
Group 2	60
Group 3	67
Group 4	67

Total dose of morphine equivalents (IV equivalent of morphine) taken by the participant 0-72 hours after completion of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Pain Burden at Rest

Intervention	Morphine equivalents (mgs) (Median)
Group 1	120
Group 2	96
Group 3	98
Group 4	112

Pain burden at rest calculated as area under the pain score * time (hr) curve 0-72 hours. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Pain Burden With Movement

Intervention	score on scale * (hr) (Median)
Group 1	129
Group 2	79
Group 3	79
Group 4	151

Pain burden with movement calculated as area under the pain score * time (hr) curve 0-72 hours. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Time to First PCA Request

Intervention	pain score * time (hr) curve 72 hours (Median)
Group 1	265
Group 2	202
Group 3	233
Group 4	327

The elapsed time in minutes of the first PCA (patient controlled analgesia) request in time (minutes) from the end of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: Elapsed time in minutes

Pain Scores at Rest

Intervention	Minutes (Mean)
Group 1	90
Group 2	118
Group 3	126
Group 4	83

Pain scores at rest ( 0 low 10 high) using an 11 point VRS (verbal pain scale) at the following hour time points, at the first request for patient controlled analgesia (PCA) then at 2,6,24,and 74 hours after the first request for PCA (patient controlled analgesia). (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: Request for first patient controlled analgesia then at 2,6,24,72 hours after initial PCA request

Pain Scores With Movement

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	At first PCA request	2 hous after first PCA request	6 hours after first PCA request	24 hours after first PCA request	72 hours after first PCA reqest
Group 1	3	3	3	2	1
Group 2	3	1	2	1	.5
Group 3	2	0	2	1	1
Group 4	2	2	2	3	1

Pain scores with movement ( 0 low 10 high) using an 11 point VRS (verbal pain scale) at the first request for patient controlled analgesia (PCA) then at 2,6,24,and 74 hours after the first request for PCA (patient controlled analgesia). (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: First PCA request then at 2,6,24,72 hours after first PCA request.

Pain Level Twenty Four Hours After Delivery

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	At first PCA request	2 hous after first PCA request	6 hours after first PCA request	24 hours after first PCA request	72 hours after first PCA reqest
Group 1	5	4	4	4	3.5
Group 2	3.5	2	4	3	2
Group 3	3.5	3	5	4	3
Group 4	4	3	4	5	4

The primary outcome is pain measured at 24-hours after delivery. Patients will be asked to report a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score at 24-hours after delivery. This scale ranges from 0 to 10 (0=no pain and 10=worst pain). (NCT01271855)
Timeframe: Twenty-four hours

Patient Satisfaction

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Glycerin Suppository	1
Belladonna and Opioid Suppository	2

Patients' satisfaction with their pain control is recorded at the time of discharge using a five point scale ranging from 1 (Not Satisfied) to 3 (Okay) to 5 (Very Satisfied). (NCT01271855)
Timeframe: Discharge

Article	Year
Comparison of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cesarean section: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Korean journal of anesthesiology, 2023, Volume: 76, Issue:6 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Celecoxib; Cesarean Section; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; In	2023
Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain;	2022
Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Dec-11, Issue:12 Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Pain; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Caffeine; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Di	2014
Efficacy and Safety Profile of Diclofenac/Cyclodextrin and Progesterone/Cyclodextrin Formulations: A Review of the Literature Data. Drugs in R&D, 2016, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; beta-Cyclodextrins; Biological Availability; Cyclodextrins; Diclo	2016
Prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal diclofenac application. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2004, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cesarean Section; Contraindications; Cyclooxygenase	2004
[Prenatal tolerability evaluation of diclofenac]. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:129 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anuria; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Diclofenac; Duc	2007
Non-traumatic rupture of kidney in pregnancy--case report and review. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 1994, Volume: 73, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Kidney Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregna	1994
Antirheumatic medication during lactation. British journal of rheumatology, 1985, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aspirin; Breast Feeding; Diclofenac; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Indoleacet	1985

Article	Year
Post-mating diclofenac vs. carprofen treatment on serum progesterone levels and reproductive outcomes in Hungarian-Merino ewes during the non-breeding season. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene, 2022, Volume: 57, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Diclofenac; Female; Hungary; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Reproduction; Seasons; Sheep; Sheep,	2022
2022 Taiwan Guidelines for Acute Treatment of Migraine. Acta neurologica Taiwanica, 2022, Jun-30, Volume: 31(2) Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antiemetics; Aspirin; Caffeine; Calcitonin G	2022
Premature closure of ductus arteriosus after a single dose of diclofenac during pregnancy. Drug and therapeutics bulletin, 2022, Volume: 60, Issue:11 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Ductus Arteriosus; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; F	2022
Gestational NSAIDs distinctly reprogram cardiac injury in preeclamptic rats: Roles of cyclooxygenase, apoptotic and autophagic trails. Life sciences, 2022, Dec-01, Volume: 310 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhi	2022
The suppression of MAPK/NOX/MMP signaling prompts renoprotection conferred by prenatal naproxen in weaning preeclamptic rats. Scientific reports, 2023, 10-15, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Celecoxib; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Naproxen; P	2023
Prenatal diclofenac exposure delays pubertal development and induces behavioral changes in rats. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2020, Volume: 96 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Behavior, Animal; Diclofenac; Female; Male; Matern	2020
Premature closure of ductus arteriosus after a single dose of diclofenac during pregnancy. BMJ case reports, 2021, Jun-24, Volume: 14, Issue:6 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Ductus Arteriosus; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; F	2021
Prenatal exposure to low-dose diclofenac sodium does not affect total neuron numbers in spinal segment T13 in rats. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy, 2018, Volume: 87 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Female; Motor Neurons; Pregnancy; Pren	2018
The neuroprotective effect of melatonin on the hippocampus exposed to diclofenac sodium during the prenatal period. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy, 2018, Volume: 87 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Diclofenac; Female; Hippocampus; Mal	2018
Safety of diclofenac use during early pregnancy: A prospective observational cohort study. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2018, Volume: 77 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Congenital Abnormalities; Diclofenac; Female; Germany; Huma	2018
Effects of preoperative anxiety on postcesarean delivery pain and analgesic consumption: general versus spinal anesthesia. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2020, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anti-Inflammatory Ag	2020
Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2013, Volume: 120, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cohort Studies; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Ibuprofe	2013
Stereological and histopathological evaluation of ovary and uterine horns of female rats prenatally exposed to diclofenac sodium. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Female; Ovary; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exp	2013
Prenatal exposure of diclofenac sodium affects morphology but not axon number of the median nerve of rats. Folia neuropathologica, 2013, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Axons; Diclofenac; Female; Male; Median Nerve; Pre	2013
The effect of prenatal exposure of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the optic nerve of female rats: a stereological, histological, and electron microscopic study. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2013, Volume: 26, Issue:18 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female;	2013
Diclofenac-induced intrauterine ductal closure. Fetal diagnosis and therapy, 2013, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Echocardiogra	2013
Effects of prenatal exposure to diclofenac sodium and saline on the optic nerve of 4- and 20-week-old male rats: a stereological and histological study. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission, 2014, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Axons; Diclofenac; Female; Male; Myelin Sheath; Op	2014
Ibuprofen does not seem to increase global malformation risk but NSAID use in late pregnancy remains a concern. Evidence-based medicine, 2014, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Ibuprofen; Naproxen; Piroxicam;	2014
Introduction of a manual vacuum aspiration service: a model of service within a NHS Sexual Health Service. The journal of family planning and reproductive health care, 2015, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortion, Induced; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diclofenac; Female; Hu	2015
Evaluation of neuroprotection by melatonin against adverse effects of prenatal exposure to a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug during peripheral nerve development. International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 2015, Volume: 41 Topics: Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroida	2015
Abortion after deliberate Arthrotec® addition to food. Mass spectrometric detection of diclofenac, misoprostol acid, and their urinary metabolites. International journal of legal medicine, 2015, Volume: 129, Issue:4 Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortion, Induced; Chromatography, Liquid; Crime; Diclofenac; Fa	2015
NSAIDs and spontaneous abortions - true effect or an indication bias? British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 80, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Femal	2015
Effects of prenatally exposed diclofenac sodium on rat heart tissue: a stereological and histological study. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2015, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Female; Heart; M	2015
Reversible oligohydramnios in the second trimester of pregnancy in two patients with long-term diclofenac exposure. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2015, Volume: 58 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Diclofena	2015
A pH-triggered delayed-release chronotherapeutic drug delivery system of aceclofenac for effective management of early morning symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of microencapsulation, 2015, Volume: 32, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Carrageenan; Diclofenac; Drug Delivery Systems	2015
Effects of melatonin on diclofenac sodium treated rat kidney: a stereological and histopathological study. Renal failure, 2015, Volume: 37, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Diclofenac; Female; Kidney Glomerulu	2015
Prenatal constriction of the ductus arteriosus following maternal diclofenac medication in the third trimester. BMJ case reports, 2015, Oct-01, Volume: 2015 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Ascites; Cardiotocography; Cesarean	2015
Diclofenac/misoprostol during early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2016, Volume: 294, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Cohort Studies; Denmark; Diclofenac; Female; Humans	2016
Acute interstitial nephritis due to flecainide therapy in the 38(th) week of pregnancy. BMC nephrology, 2016, Mar-15, Volume: 17 Topics: Acute Disease; Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal;	2016
Effects of prenatal diclofenac sodium exposure on newborn testis: a histomorphometric study. Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission, 2016, Volume: 91, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Diclofenac; Female; Male; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Sertoli Cells	2016
Preoperative anxiety may increase postcesarean delivery pain and analgesic consumption. Minerva anestesiologica, 2016, Volume: 82, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anxiety; Cesarean Section; Cohort Studies; Diclofenac; Elective Surgical Procedur	2016
Sciatic neuropathy developed after injection during curettage. Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology, 2016, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diagnosis, Differential; Diclofenac; Dilatation and	2016
Diclofenac rectal suppository: an effective modality for perineal pain. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2016, Volume: 66, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cesarean Section; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional St	2016
Prenatal exposure to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or saline solution impairs sciatic nerve morphology: a stereological and histological study. International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 2008, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Axons; Cell Size; Diclofenac; Female; Image Cytome	2008
Decrease in protein binding and its effect on toxicokinetics (TK)/toxicodynamics (TD) of diclofenac and propranolol in pregnant rats. The Journal of toxicological sciences, 2008, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Diclofenac; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate;	2008
Transplacental pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in perfused human placenta. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2009, Volume: 37, Issue:5 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipyrine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diclofena	2009
Maternal satisfaction after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean deliveries. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pai	2009
Renal colic in adults: NSAIDs and morphine are effective for pain relief. Prescrire international, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:103 Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Clinic	2009
Prenatal diclofenac sodium administration increases the number of Purkinje cells in female rats: a stereological study. International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 2010, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Aging; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Diclofenac; Female; Photogrammetry; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure	2010
In ovo nanoinjection of triclosan, diclofenac and carbamazepine affects embryonic development of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Chemosphere, 2010, Volume: 79, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Carbamazepine; Diclofenac; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Injections; Maternal-Fetal Exc	2010
A histological investigation concerning the effects of diclofenac sodium to the lung in 4- and 20-week-old rats treated prenatally. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Dose-Response Relationshi	2011
Prediction and evaluation of fetal toxicity induced by NSAIDs using transplacental kinetic parameters obtained from human placental perfusion studies. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2012, Volume: 73, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipyrine; Di	2012
Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome increased by inactive disease and selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in women with inflammatory arthropathies. Arthritis care & research, 2011, Volume: 63, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Case-Control Studies; Chi-Square Distribution; Cyclo	2011
Maternal ingestion of diclofenac leading to renal failure in newborns. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2012, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anuria; Diclofenac; Fatal Outcome; Female; Gestation	2012
Case-crossover design: an alternative strategy for detecting drug-induced liver injury. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 2012, Volume: 65, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Case-Control Studies; Chemica	2012
Effect of prenatal exposure to diclofenac sodium on the male rat arteries: a stereological and histopathological study. Drug and chemical toxicology, 2013, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arteries; Diclofenac; Female; Fetus; Male; Neovasc	2013
Maternal diclofenac medication in pregnancy causing in utero closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and hydrops. Pediatric cardiology, 2013, Volume: 34, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Ductus Arteriosus; Echocardiography, Dop	2013
Reduced function of endothelial prostacyclin in human omental resistance arteries in pre-eclampsia. The Journal of physiology, 2002, 11-15, Volume: 545, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Arteries; Bradykinin; Cells, Cultured; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Diclofenac; Electrophysiolo	2002
Therapeutic effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors with different isoform selectivity in lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth in mice. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2003, Volume: 189, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Diclofenac; Femal	2003
NADPH oxidase and enhanced superoxide generation in intrauterine undernourished rats: involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Cardiovascular research, 2003, Sep-01, Volume: 59, Issue:3 Topics: Acetophenones; Angiotensin II; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Diclofenac; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fe	2003
In utero exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: neonatal renal failure. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2004, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Fema	2004
Maternal diclofenac sodium ingestion and severe neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 2004, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; H	2004
[Transient osteoporosis of the hip in pregnancy: a report of three cases]. Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica, 2004, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bed Rest; Diagnosis, Differential; Diclofenac; Femal	2004
Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2005, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cattle; Colostrum; Diclofenac; Female; Ileum; Inte	2005
Reversible constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus after maternal use of topical diclofenac and methyl salicylate. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2006, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Constriction, Pathologic; Diclofenac; Ductus Arterio	2006
It can take 10 days for the right fetal ventricle to recover after a temporary closure of the ductus arteriosus. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Ductus Arteriosus; Female; Humans; Infant, Newb	2006
Diclofenac and post-partum haemorrhage. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2006, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor Stage, Third;	2006
Role of prostanoids in the regulation of cerebral blood flow during normoxia and hypoxia in the fetal sheep. Pediatric research, 2006, Volume: 60, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxyge	2006
Effect of prenatal exposure to an anti-inflammatory drug on neuron number in cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus: a stereological study. Brain research, 2007, Jan-05, Volume: 1127, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cell Count; Cell Differentiation; Cel	2007
Effect of prenatal administration of NSAIDs on the immune response in juvenile and adult rats. Toxicology, 2007, Apr-11, Volume: 232, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibody Formation; Aspirin; Diclofenac; Enzyme-Li	2007
Effect of prenatal exposure to diclofenac sodium on Purkinje cell numbers in rat cerebellum: a stereological study. Brain research, 2007, Oct-12, Volume: 1174 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cell Count; Cerebellum; Diclofenac; Female; Male;	2007
Uterine and placental prostaglandins and their modulation of oxytocin sensitivity and contractility in the parturient uterus. Biology of reproduction, 1983, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Diclofenac; Dinoprost; Female; Labor, Obstetric; Oxytocin; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prostagland	1983
[New non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents]. La Revue du praticien, 1980, Apr-21, Volume: 30, Issue:23 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Child; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Male; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Phen	1980
Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with myotonic dystrophy receiving warfarin therapy. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; A	1995
The influence of prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors on collagen concentration in the rat uterine cervix. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 1995, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine; Animals; Cervix Uteri; Collagen; Cyclo	1995
Luteolytic action of RU486: modulation of luteal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in late pregnant rats. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 1995, Volume: 52, Issue:6 Topics: 20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase; 20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogen	1995
Action of diclofenac sodium on the reparation process of the surgically-perforated myometrium of pregnant albino rats: morphological and morphometrical evaluation. General pharmacology, 1994, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Collagen; Diclofenac; Female; Fibroblasts; Leukocyte Count; Myometrium; Pregnancy; Pregnanc	1994
[Non-surgical female sterilization using quinacrine: efficacy of two insertions of quinacrine pellets]. Revue francaise de gynecologie et d'obstetrique, 1993, Volume: 88, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Diclofenac; Drug Implants; Female; Fever; Headache; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Metror	1993
Determinants of placental drug transfer: studies in the isolated perfused human placenta. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1995, Volume: 84, Issue:9 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipyrine; Cimetidine; Diclofenac; Female; Histamine H2 An	1995
Comparison of the efficacy of intrauterine diclofenac and ibuprofen pellets as adjuvants to quinacrine nonsurgical female sterilization. Advances in contraception : the official journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception, 1995, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Ibuprofen; India; Pregnancy; Quinacrine; Sterilization, Reproductive; Ut	1995
Prostaglandin-induced changes and the influence of cyclo-and lipoxygenase inhibitors on the uterine collagen concentration in late pregnancy in rats. Endocrine research, 1996, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine; Animals; Collagen; Cyclooxygenase Inhi	1996
Study of post-natal effect of chemopreventive agents on ethylnitrosourea-induced transplacental carcinogenesis in rats. III. Inhibitory action of indomethacin, voltaren, theophylline and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Carcinogenesis, 1996, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Aminocaproic Acid; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Carcinogens; Central Nervous S	1996
Anti-implantation activity of luteal phase mifepristone administration is not mimicked by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor or prostaglandin analogue in the rhesus monkey. Contraception, 1997, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal; Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Diclofenac; Dose-Response Relation	1997
Participation of intraluteal progesterone and prostaglandin F2 alpha in LH-induced luteolysis in pregnant rat. The Journal of endocrinology, 1998, Volume: 156, Issue:2 Topics: 20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase; 20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogen	1998
Premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus after maternal use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. The Medical journal of Australia, 1998, Sep-07, Volume: 169, Issue:5 Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Australia; Diclofe	1998
Severe pulmonary hypertension in a neonate caused by premature closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal treatment with diclofenac: a case report. Journal of perinatal medicine, 1998, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Ductus Arteriosus; Female; Humans; Hypertension	1998
Combination of diclofenac and intrathecal morphine for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cesarean Section; Diclofenac; Female; H	1998
Premature in utero closure of the ductus arteriosus following maternal ingestion of sodium diclofenac. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 1999, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cesarean Section; Constriction, Pathologi	1999
Recovery of ejaculated spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection after anti-inflammatory treatment of an azoospermic patient with genital tract infection: a case report. Andrologia, 1999, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Doxycycline; Ejaculation; Female; Fertil	1999
Analgesia for termination of pregnancy. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1999, Volume: 89, Issue:8 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Ketorolac; P	1999
[Anaphylactic shock after diclofenac sodium (Voltaren)]. Harefuah, 2000, Feb-01, Volume: 138, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cesarean Section; Diclofenac; Female; H	2000
In vivo regulation of vasomotricity by nitric oxide and prostanoids during gestation. European journal of pharmacology, 2001, Sep-14, Volume: 427, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Diclofenac; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; NG-N	2001
A study of diclofenac-induced teratogenicity during organogenesis using a whole rat embryo culture model. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2001, Volume: 16, Issue:11 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Central Nervous Syste	2001
Placentally derived prostaglandin E2 acts via the EP4 receptor to inhibit IL-2-dependent proliferation of CTLL-2 T cells. Clinical and experimental immunology, 2002, Volume: 127, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Benzene Derivatives; Cell Division; Chorionic Villi; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inh	2002
[Pain relief in induced abortion--considerable differences between hospital departments]. Lakartidningen, 2002, Apr-18, Volume: 99, Issue:16 Topics: Abortifacient Agents; Abortion, Induced; Acetaminophen; Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analges	2002
[Observations on prostaglandin effects with myometrium strips of human gravid uterus in vitro. Influence of diclofenac on contractions induced by prostaglandin (author's transl)]. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie, 1978, Volume: 182, Issue:5 Topics: Diclofenac; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Phenylacetates; P	1978
Relationship between the uterotonic action of oxytocin and prostaglandins: oxytocin action and release of PG-activity in isolated nonpregnant and pregnant rat uteri. Biology of reproduction, 1977, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Diclofenac; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Ox	1977
Diclofenac for pain caused by gemeprost pessaries. Anaesthesia, 1992, Volume: 47, Issue:2 Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortion, Induced; Alprostadil; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Pain	1992
Patterns of secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin by superfused placental explants and the embryo--placental relationship following maternal use of medications. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 1992, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Chorionic Gonadotropin; Codeine; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Lorazepam; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Org	1992
Induction of labor and cervical maturation using mifepristone (RU 486) in the late pregnant rat. Influence of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (Diclofenac). Prostaglandins, 1991, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Cervix Uteri; Diclofenac; Dinoprostone; Electrophoresis, Cellulose Aceta	1991
[Can diclofenac sodium control the pain associated with uterine contraction after cesarean section?]. Ma zui xue za zhi = Anaesthesiologica Sinica, 1991, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Cesarean Section; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy; Uterine Contraction	1991
Decreased responsiveness to noradrenaline, but not to diclofenac, of the growth-retarded guinea pig placental vasculature. Journal of developmental physiology, 1990, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arteries; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Diclofenac; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Guinea	1990
Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors--induced changes in the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the pregnant rat uterine cervix. Prostaglandins, 1990, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine; Animals; Arachidonate Lipoxygenases; C	1990
Induction of cleft palate in mice by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Journal of craniofacial genetics and developmental biology, 1990, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cleft Palate; Diclofenac; Female; Indomethacin; In	1990
Effect of diclofenac on implantation and embryonic development in the rat. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 1988, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Blastocyst; Diclofenac; Embryo Implantation; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Place	1988
Antirheumatic medication in pregnancy. British journal of rheumatology, 1986, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Diclofenac; Female; Mice; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Rats; Teratogens	1986
Antirheumatic medication in pregnancy. British journal of rheumatology, 1985, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Mice; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rabbits; Rats; Rheuma	1985

diclofenac and Pregnancy