allopurinol and Cerebral-Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease and is associated with a high global health burden. Long noncoding RNAs are involved in the pathological damage of ICH. Febuxostat, one of the xanthine oxidase inhibitors, is commonly used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and has been studied in different pathological processes, and its protective effects have been proven in different organs. This study was conducted to investigate whether febuxostat protects brain via regulating long noncoding RNAs after ICH. The modified neurological severity score, wire hanging test, Evans blue perfusion and immunofluorescence were performed to test the protective effects of febuxostat in a mouse model of ICH. Whole transcriptome sequencing was conducted to identify the lncRNAs affected by febuxostat and their functions were analyzed. Febuxostat ameliorated behavioral abnormalities and protected the blood-brain barrier after ICH. Fifteen lncRNAs regulated by febuxostat after ICH were detected. These 15 lncRNAs were associated with 83 gene ontology items. In total, 35 genes, 15 mRNAs and 202 miRNAs were regarded as potential targets for the 15 lncRNAs; 183 co-expressed genes were identified for these 15 lncRNAs and the co-expression network was constructed. Potential binding between lncRNAs and mRNAs was also studied. Enrichment analysis revealed that the functions of the 15 lncRNAs were related to maintaining the blood-brain barrier. This study demonstrated febuxostat protected brain after ICH. Fifteen lncRNAs were regulated and were associated with the effects of febuxostat on BBB integrity after ICH.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Enzyme Inhibitors; Febuxostat; Mice; RNA, Long Noncoding; Xanthine Oxidase

The levels of oxidants xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GRD) were determined in plasma within 24 h after onset of hemorrhagic stroke in 17 patients (9 men and 8 women, aged 60.7+/-11.5 yr) and in 20 healthy controls (12 men and 8 women, aged 62.5+/-8.3 yr). Compared to controls, the plasma SOD and total superoxide scavenger activities (TSSA) were significantly lower and the NO levels were significantly higher among the stroke patients. XO showed a slight, nonsignificant increase in the patients, but the levels of MDA, NSSA, GRD, and GSH-Px did not show any significant differences between the two groups. The hemorrhage volume was negatively correlated with the initial score of the Glasgow Coma Scale and a positive correlation with lethal outcome, but it did not correlate significantly with any of the measured parameters. The results suggest that free radicals might play a role in the development of brain injury following brain hemorrhage.

Topics: Aged; Antioxidants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Reductase; Humans; Male; Malondialdehyde; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Superoxide Dismutase; Xanthine Oxidase

Description a new case--the most precociously diagnosed in medical literature--of Xanthinuria, with the peculiarity of having débuted with cerebral haemorraging without lithiasis at any time. Metabolism of purines, characteristics of the disease in general and of the case concerned, and published cases are reviewed.

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant, Newborn; Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Purines; Xanthine Oxidase; Xanthines

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Allopurinol; Antineoplastic Agents; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Child; Emergencies; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocytes; Muramidase; Prednisone