allopurinol and Prediabetic-State

We aimed examining apple polyphenols' effect on uricemia and endothelial function in a sample of overweight subjects.. This was a two-phased study. In vitro experiment aimed to evaluate apple polyphenols' ability to lower uric acid in comparison with allopurinol. In vivo study consisted in a randomized, double-blind, parallel placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 62 overweight volunteers with suboptimal values of fasting plasma glucose (100 mg/dL≤FPG≤125 mg/dL), randomized to 300 mg apple polyphenols or placebo for 8 weeks. Apple polyphenols extract inhibited xanthine oxidase activity, with an IC50 = 130 ± 30 ng/mL; reducing uric acid production with an IC50 = 154 ± 28 ng/mL. During the trial, after the first 4 weeks of treatment, FPG decreased in the active treated group (-6.1%, p < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed regarding the other hematochemistry parameters. After 4 more weeks of treatment, active-treated patients had an improvement in FPG compared to baseline (-10.3%, p < 0,001) and the placebo group (p < 0,001). Uric acid (-14.0%, p < 0.05 versus baseline; p < 0.05 versus placebo) and endothelial reactivity (0.24±0.09, p = 0.009 versus baseline; p < 0.05 versus placebo) significantly improved too.. In vivo, apple polyphenols extract has a positive effect on vascular oxidative stress and endothelium function and reduce FPG and uric acid by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, as our In vitro experiment attests.

Topics: Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cells, Cultured; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Endothelium, Vascular; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Male; Malus; Overweight; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Prediabetic State; Uric Acid; Vascular Diseases; Vascular Resistance; Xanthine Oxidase

Individuals with impaired lipid and glucose metabolism are at increased risk for postprandial oxidative stress. Acute exercise can attenuate the rise in both blood triglyceride (TAG) and glucose, and increase antioxidant enzyme activity after food intake, which may decrease the oxidative stress response. This study investigated the effect of acute exercise on blood TAG and oxidative stress biomarkers in prediabetic women. Sixteen prediabetic women (30 +/- 3 years of age; fasting blood glucose, 107 +/- 3 mg x dL(-1); body mass index, 32 +/- 2 kg x m(-2)) consumed a high-fat meal with and without a session of aerobic exercise 15 minutes preceding the meal (45-minute duration, 65% heart rate reserve), in a random order cross-over design. Blood samples were collected premeal (fasted) and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postmeal and assayed for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), TAG, and glucose. No interaction or condition main effects were noted (P > 0.05). However, time main effects were noted for XO, H2O2, MDA, and TAG (P < 0.0001), with values higher from 1 to 6 hours postmeal compared with premeal, and for TEAC (P = 0.05), with values lower at 4 hours postmeal. Glucose remained relatively unchanged (P > 0.05). Acute exercise, performed at the intensity and duration of the present study, does not influence postprandial TAG and oxidative stress in obese prediabetic women. Such individuals may need a greater volume of exercise for measurable effects.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anthropometry; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Exercise; Exercise Test; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Malondialdehyde; Obesity; Oxidative Stress; Postprandial Period; Prediabetic State; Surveys and Questionnaires; Triglycerides; Xanthine Oxidase

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme associated with purine metabolism. The relationship between XO levels and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not clear yet or little is known so far. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the association of XO levels with T2D in a Bangladeshi adult cohort. A total of 325 participants (234 males and 91 females) were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into three groups; diabetic (n = 173), prediabetic (n = 35), and non-diabetic control (n = 117). Serum levels of XO were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other biochemical parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum uric acid (SUA), and lipid profile markers measured by colorimetric methods. Participants with T2D were confirmed according to the definition of the American Diabetic Association. The association between serum XO levels and T2D was determined by logistic regression models. The mean level of serum XO was significantly higher in females (6.0 ± 3.7 U/L) compared to male (4.0 ± 2.8 U/L) participants (p < 0.001). In contrast, males had a higher mean level of SUA (6.1 ± 1.9 mg/dL) than female (4.4 ± 1.9 mg/dL) participants (p < 0.001). The mean level of XO was significantly higher in the diabetic group (5.8 ± 3.6 U/L) compared to the prediabetic (3.7 ± 1.9 U/L) and control (2.9 ± 1.8 U/L) groups (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the mean SUA concentration was significantly lower in the diabetic group than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). A significant increasing trend was observed for FBG levels across the XO quartiles (p < 0.001). A decreasing trend was found for SUA levels in the XO quartiles (p < 0.001). Serum levels of XO and SUA showed a positive and negative correlation with FBG, respectively. In regression analysis, serum XO levels showed an independent association with T2D. In conclusion, this study reports a positive and independent association between XO levels and T2D in Bangladeshi adults. Monitoring serum levels of XO may be useful in reducing the risk of T2D. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of the association between elevated XO levels and T2D.

Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Male; Prediabetic State; Uric Acid; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Bone Diseases; Clofibrate; Diet Therapy; Dietary Carbohydrates; Femur Head Necrosis; Humans; Humerus; Hyperlipidemias; Joint Prosthesis; Knee Joint; Lipoproteins; Male; Necrosis; Prediabetic State; Triglycerides; Uric Acid