allopurinol and Cat-Diseases

There is limited information about feline leishmaniosis (FeL) management in clinical practice. Leishmania infantum is the species of Leishmania most frequently reported in both dogs and cats in countries of the Mediterranean region (henceforth 'Mediterranean countries'), Central and South America, and Iran. This study was conducted to provide veterinary clinicians with an updated overview of evidence-based information on leishmaniosis in cats.. A review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Case reports of FeL caused by L. infantum were sought for the period 1912 to 1 June 2021.. Sixty-three case reports are included in this review. Fifty-nine out of the 63 cats were from Europe, mostly from Mediterranean countries (88.9%). Most of them were domestic short-haired cats (90%) with a mean age of 7.9 years, and had access to the outdoors (77.3%). Sixty-six percent of the cats had comorbidities, of which feline immunodeficiency virus infection was the most frequent (37.7%). Dermatological lesions (69.8%) was the most frequent clinical sign, and hyperproteinemia (46.3%) the most frequent clinicopathological abnormality. Serology was the most performed diagnostic method (76.2%) and was positive for 93.7% of cats. Medical treatment was applied in 71.4% of cats, and allopurinol was the most used drug (74.4%). Survival time was greater for treated cats (520 days; 71.4% of cats) than non-treated cats (210 days; 25.4%).. The majority of the cats had comorbidities, of which feline immunodeficiency virus was the most frequent. Dermatological lesions were frequently reported, and systemic clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities were also common. Serology may be useful for the diagnosis of FeL in clinical practice, and a positive titer of ≥ 1/40 may be a useful cut-off for sick cats. The reported treatments and dosages varied, but there was a good clinical response and longer survival in most of the cats treated with allopurinol monotherapy.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis; Leishmaniasis, Visceral

Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is an important zoonotic disease transmitted by sand flies with a high prevalence of infection in dogs and cats in regions whereby transmission occurs. Clinical disease is systemic with variable presenting signs and degrees of severity. It affects the skin, lymph nodes, eyes, bone marrow, kidneys, and other organs. The clinical findings in dogs and cats with L. infantum infection are generally similar. Subclinical infection of canines and felines in endemic areas is frequent. Long-term treatment of the disease with allopurinol, or combination of allopurinol with meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine, is needed, and clinical relapse is probable.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis

Diagnostic and therapeutic drugs may enhance urolithiasis in one or a combination of ways, including: (1) alteration of urine pH in such fashion as to create an environment that increases the solubility of some lithogenic substances, (2) alteration of glomerular filtration rate, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion of drugs of endogenous substances so as to enhance promoters or impair inhibitors of urolithiasis, and (3) precipitation (e.g., drugs or their metabolites) to form a portion or all of a urolith.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anticonvulsants; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fluoroquinolones; Primidone; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Calculi; Xanthine Oxidase

A 9-year-old domestic cat, positive for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), was brought to a veterinary clinic with alopecia, ulcerative skin lesions, and upper respiratory tract (URT) signs. This was after being treated for suspected allergic dermatitis, without clinical improvement, for 2 y. Biopsy of the skin and fine-needle aspirates of the spleen and of the lymph nodes were taken which detected the presence of

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Allopurinol; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Follow-Up Studies; Leishmaniasis; Meglumine Antimoniate

In the present study, we reported the natural infection by Leishmania sp. in a domestic cat, in which the amastigote forms of the parasite were observed within a lesion on its ear-tip. Fragment of the lesion was obtained and cultured in NNN medium, and PCR-RFLP analysis of the isolated sample was performed, which revealed that the profile was compatible with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. This is the first proven case of a cat infected by L. (L.) amazonensis reported in Belém city, Pará state, northern Brazil.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Azithromycin; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Leishmania mexicana; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Skin Diseases; Trypanocidal Agents

A 5-year-old castrated male Domestic Shorthair cat presented for evaluation of chronic history of nasal discharge and nasal stridor. On computed tomography (CT), a destructive ill-defined mass of soft tissue attenuation was occupying the right nasal cavity and extending into the left nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and rostral cranial cavity. Histopathology of the rhinoscopically excised samples consisted with destructive granulomatous rhinitis secondary to Leishmania spp. Chronic granulomatous rhinitis with intracranial and nasopharyneal extension secondary to Leishmania spp. infection should be included as a differential diagnosis for a destructive nasal mass of soft tissue attenuation, especially in endemic regions for leishmaniasis.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Leishmaniasis; Male; Rhinitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

We report an unusual case of leishmaniosis with the involvement of mammary glands in an old cat with what seems to be a concurrent regressive feline leukemia virus infection. Leishmania donovani complex parasites were identified for the first time in inflammatory breast fluid during a clinical recurrence manifested about 4 years after the first diagnosis of feline leishmaniosis. Combined treatment with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate resulted in clinical cure of mammary lesion and a concurrent uveitis.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Leishmania donovani; Leishmaniasis; Leukemia Virus, Feline; Leukemia, Feline; Mammary Glands, Animal; Meglumine Antimoniate; Portugal; Uveitis

Leishmania infection in cats is being increasingly reported in endemic areas. Nevertheless, only a few clinical cases have been described in cats, and even fewer have provided information on the response to treatment and a proper follow-up. Here we report a case of feline leishmaniosis not associated with any other disease or co-infection and document its response to allopurinol treatment and long-term follow-up data.. A 6-year-old domestic shorthair female cat was referred for nodular blepharitis, mucocutaneous ulcerative lesions of the mouth and lymph node enlargement. The cat was moderately anaemic, hyperglobulinaemic and tested negative for feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus. Fine needle aspirates of nodules and mucocutaneous lesions showed the presence of numerous amastigote forms of Leishmania. Leishmania infection was further confirmed by serology (IFAT test, 1:640) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) on blood and conjunctival swabs. The cat was treated with allopurinol (20 mg/kg SID), which was clinically effective, although the cat remained Leishmania-positive in serology and RT-PCR on blood and conjunctival swabs. Allopurinol treatment was interrupted after seven months because of the healing of all lesions and lack of compliance by the owner. After two years, the cat relapsed displaying almost the same clinical signs and clinicopathological alterations. On this occasion, the parasite was isolated by culture and identified as belonging to L. infantum. Allopurinol treatment was started again but was interrupted several times because of the itching side effect observed. The cat worsened progressively and died two months after the relapse without any chance to shift the treatment to another molecule (e.g. meglumineantimoniate or miltefosine).. Out of all documented cases of feline leishmanosis, the present case has the longest follow-up period and it is one of the few in which the parasite was isolated and identified. It further confirms the potential progression of Leishmania infection to disease in cats even in the absence of comorbidities. Veterinarians practicing in endemic areas should be aware of this susceptibility, properly include feline leishmaniosis in the differential diagnosis and propose preventative measures to those cats at risk.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Treatment Outcome; Trypanocidal Agents

A case of leishmaniasis with predominantly ocular signs in a cat living in Switzerland and it's treatment is reported. The cat was imported from Spain 4 years earlier and was initially presented with chronic uveitis. Laboratory test results were negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and Toxoplasma gondii, as well as for Bartonella haenselae and Leishmania spp. Twenty-one months later the cat was presented again because of development of keratitis and granulomatous blepharitis. Blood cell count revealed severe Pancytopenia; Cytology of fine needle aspirates of granulomatous lesions on both upper eyelids and of a corneal smear revealed intracytoplasmatic microorganisms. A preliminary diagnosis of leishmaniasis was supported by positive polymerase chain reaction from bone marrow and eyelid samples for Leishmania infantum DNA and by a high serum antibody titer for Leishmania spp. Treatment with Allopurinol (10 mg/kg, BID) orally led to rapid improvement of ocular signs, general condition and blood cell count with complete remission of lid and corneal lesions within 2 months of treatment.. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt eine in der Schweiz lebende und an Leishmaniose erkrankte Katze mit vorwiegend Augenveränderungen und deren Behandlung. Die Katze wurde 4 Jahre zuvor aus Spanien importiert und wurde initial mit chronischer Uveitis vorgestellt. Blutuntersuchungen ergaben negative Resultate für das Feline Immunschwäche Virus (FIV), für Feline Infektiöse Peritonitis (FIP), für das Feline Leukämie Virus (FeLV), sowie für Toxoplasma gondii, Bartonella haenselae und Leishmania spp. Einundzwanzig Monate später wurde die Katze erneut vorgestellt, diesmal mit Keratitis und Blepharitis. Das Differentialblutbild zeigte eine schwere Panzytopenie. Die zytologische Untersuchung der Feinnadelaspirate der granulomatösen Veränderungen an den beiden Oberlidern und des Hornhautabstriches zeigte intrazytoplasmatische Mikroorganismen. Die Verdachtsdiagnose Leishmaniose wurde durch den Nachweis von Leishmania infantum DNA mittels Polymerase-Kettenreaktion in Proben des Knochenmarkes und der Lider und durch hohe Serumantikörpertiter gegen Leishmania spp. bestätigt. Eine orale Behandlung mit Allopurinol (10 mg/kg, BID) führte zu einer raschen Verbesserung der Augensymptome, des Allgemeinzustandes und des Differentialblutbildes mit vollständiger Remission der Lid- und Hornhautveränderungen innerhalb 2 Monate nach Therapiebeginn.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Blepharitis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Keratitis; Leishmaniasis

We report a case of disseminated feline leishmaniasis in a FIV-seropositive 14-year-old male cat (Felis catus) living in the Alpes-Maritimes (south of France). The cat presented with erythematous ulcerated papules on the head and withers, and with an ulcerated proliferative lesion on the left pinnae. The condition was diagnosed, along with a squamous cell carcinoma of the pinnae, after histopathological examination of the cutaneous lesions. Total remission of the cutaneous lesions was obtained after oral administration of 100 mg of allopurinol once a day for four months. Necropsic samples revealed that the parasite was still present in the organism after six months of treatment. This case discusses of the cat sensibility to the leishmaniasis pathology and of his potential ability of being a reservoir host.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Allopurinol; Animals; Antimetabolites; Cat Diseases; Cats; Fatal Outcome; France; Leishmaniasis; Male; Skin; Treatment Failure

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Erythropoietin; Euthanasia, Animal; Female; Ferrous Compounds; Interferon alpha-2; Interferon-alpha; Leishmaniasis; Male; Recombinant Proteins