allopurinol and Bacterial-Infections

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Digestive System; Humans; Inflammation; Milk; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Bacterial Infections; Citrates; Crystallization; Cystinuria; Diphosphates; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperparathyroidism; Magnesium; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Mucoproteins; Oxalates; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sarcoidosis; Solubility; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi; Vitamin D; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Allopurinol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cystinuria; Diet; Female; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hyperparathyroidism; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium Oxide; Male; Medullary Sponge Kidney; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Methylene Blue; Penicillamine; Phosphates; Urinary Calculi; Xanthine Oxidase

With an incidence of 1.5-1.8/1 million inhabitants per year, toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare but life threatening disease. It is almost always drug-induced and its lethality is pronounced with up to 50 %. Several therapeutic options are described in literature; however, there is still lack of a universally accepted and specific therapy of toxic epidermal necrolysis.. This survey considers 8 cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis diagnosed and treated in our clinic from 2003 to 2007. The epidermal sloughing was > 30 % of the body surface in each case.. After immediately discontinuing the drug suspected of being responsible for toxic epidermal necrolysis, we treated with systemic corticosteroids in an initial dose of up to 1.5 mg/kg. Moreover, special emphasis was put on basic measures such as control of vital parameters. With this treatment we reached good results; none of the patients died. conclusions: Immediate beginning of therapy is essential for a successful treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Besides systemic therapy with corticosteroids, certain basic measures such as isolation of patients at adequate room temperature to prevent hypothermia, strict control of circulation, temperature and laboratory parameters, daily smears of skin and mucous membranes and a diet rich in calories due to the catabolic metabolic status are very important for successful outcome.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Allopurinol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticonvulsants; Bacterial Infections; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Combinations; Female; Folic Acid; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Lidocaine; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Prednisone; Pyridoxine; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Superinfection; Survival Rate; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

It is well known that antioxidants and reactive oxygen species play an important role in carcinogenesis. In this study, we attempted to evaluate antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in cancerous bladder tissue and to determine their relationship with bacterial infection. Bacterial culture was made from all urine samples using Blood and Eosin Methylene Blue agars for checking the presence of bacterial infections. We measured thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and activities of xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) in cancerous tissues of 25 bladder cancer patients, in noncancerous adjacent bladder tissues of 13 out of these 25 patients, and in control bladder tissues of 15 patients with a non-neoplastic genitourinary disease. TBARs levels increased and XO, SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT activities decreased significantly in cancerous bladder tissues. TBARS, XO, and SOD levels were not significantly different between noncancerous adjacent tissue and control bladder tissue. Statistically significantly lower GSH-PX and higher CAT activities were observed in noncancerous adjacent bladder tissue compared with cancerous tissue. GSH-PX level of tumor tissue was correlated significantly with tumor grade (r=-0.425, P=0.034). Results suggested that pathway activity of free radicals were accelerated in the cancerous human bladder tissues via increased TBARs levels and decreased enzyme activities of XO, SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT, which implicated a severe exposure of cancerous tissues to oxidative stress.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antioxidants; Bacterial Infections; Case-Control Studies; Catalase; Female; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Middle Aged; Statistics, Nonparametric; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Tract Infections; Xanthine Oxidase

The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that the substrates of xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine and hypoxanthine, are consumed while the milk is stored in the gland between milkings, and to explore how XO activity responds to bacteria commonly associated with subclinical infections in the mammary gland. Freshly secreted milk was obtained following complete evacuation of the gland and induction of milk ejection with oxytocin. In bacteria-free fresh milk xanthine and hypoxanthine were converted to uric acid within 30 min (T1/2 approximately 10 min), which in turn provides electrons for formation of hydrogen peroxide and endows the alveolar lumen with passive protection against invading bacteria. On the other hand, the longer residence time of milk in the cistern compartment was not associated with oxidative stress as a result of XO idleness caused by exhaustion of its physiological fuels. The specific response of XO to bacteria species and the resulting bacteria-dependent nitrosative stress further demonstrates that it is part of the gland immune system.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Female; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hypoxanthine; Mammary Glands, Animal; Milk; Oxytocics; Oxytocin; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Staphylococcus aureus; Substrate Specificity; Time Factors; Uric Acid; Xanthine; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Allopurinol; Bacterial Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Knee; Male

We have studied the oxidative status of 155 semen samples, 95 originating from healthy individuals and 60 from infertile patients, which were subdivided into two groups: (a) normozoospermic with genitourinary tract infection (GTI); and (b) with pathological spermiogram and GTI. Several phases of infection were observed: with bacterial presence only, bacteria and leukocytes, and leukocytes only, following the routine inflammatory pattern. Leukocyte numbers, bacterial strains, pro- and anti-oxidants, and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha) were studied. Additionally, two oxido-sensitive indices were created (SOD/XO and CAT/XO) in order to follow particular phases of semen infection in two subgroups of patients. Different patterns of activities of pro- and anti-oxidant substances, as well as cytokines, were observed in the studied populations. It was reflected mainly by elevated XO activity in a group of patients with a pathological spermiogram while, in a group of patients with GTI and normozoospermia, xanthine oxidase was normal. In the latter group, oxido-sensitive indices were elevated in favour of anti-oxidants; similarly, this occurred with IL-6 levels in comparison to healthy controls. It appears therefore that normozoospermic semen recovers better after infection than pathological semen. Perhaps, IL-6 secretion might be helpful in the observed recovery?

Topics: Antioxidants; Bacterial Infections; Catalase; Cytokines; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Infertility, Male; Leukocyte Count; Male; Semen; Superoxide Dismutase; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Adenosine; Allopurinol; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Glutathione; Immunosuppressive Agents; Insulin; Intestine, Small; Isotonic Solutions; Male; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Pregnatrienes; Raffinose; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Ringer's Lactate; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Gender is currently not a criterion in the allocation of scarce donor organs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gender on patient and graft survival, incidence of rejection, and postoperative complications after orthotopic liver transplantation.. During a 10-year period, 1138 liver transplants were performed on 1010 adult patients at Baylor University Medical Center. In this study, 994 patients with at least 6 months of posttransplant follow-up were reviewed. The four combinations of gender match and mismatch included: group 1, donor female to recipient female (n=229); group 2, donor female to recipient male (n= 126); group 3, donor male to recipient female (n=247); and group 4, donor male to recipient male (n=392). These groups were evaluated for patient survival, graft survival, episodes of rejection, incidence of chronic rejection, and postoperative complications.. All groups were similar with respect to recipient age, underlying medical condition, incidence of bacterial and viral infections, postoperative biliary complications, and the incidence of chronic rejection. Female recipients had the highest incidence of early rejection (0-6 months, 70%) compared with male recipients (60%, P<0.039). Postoperative vascular complication (10%) was highest in group 3 (P<0.01). The two-year graft survival rate for groups 1, 3, and 4 was 76.2%, 75.6%, and 73.5%, respectively. Group 2, donor female to recipient male, had a 2-year graft survival rate of 55.9% (P<0.0001). This finding is not explained by the incidence of early rejection. Chronic rejection does not appear to be contributory. The mean donor age for groups 1, 3, and 4 was 35.7, 25.8, and 30.4 years, respectively. The mean donor age for group 2 was slightly older, at 41.6 years (P<0.0001). This difference, while statistically significant, is of unknown clinical relevance. A multivariate analysis controlling for donor age confirmed the decreased graft and patient survival rates in the donor female to recipient male group.. The decreased graft survival rate in male recipients of female livers warrants further study and may argue for modifying the current management of adult male liver transplant recipients.

Topics: Adenosine; Adult; Allopurinol; Bacterial Infections; Biliary Tract Diseases; Female; Gender Identity; Glutathione; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Health Status; Humans; Hypertonic Solutions; Incidence; Insulin; Liver Diseases; Liver Transplantation; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Male; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Racial Groups; Raffinose; Sex Characteristics; Survival Rate; Tissue Donors; Treatment Outcome; Virus Diseases

Several factors, including uncontrolled inflammation, gut barrier failure, and sepsis, have been implicated in the development of multiple organ failure. To investigate the relative importance and interrelationships among some of these factors, increasing doses of the inflammatory agent zymosan were used to induce a systemic inflammatory state in mice. At nonlethal doses (0.1 and 0.5 mg/g body weight), zymosan caused injury to the intestinal mucosa, increased intestinal xanthine oxidase activity, and promoted bacterial translocation in a dose-dependent fashion. Inhibition or inactivation of xanthine oxidase activity was effective in reducing mucosal injury and bacterial translocation when zymosan was injected at 0.1 mg/g but not at 0.5 mg/g body weight. At a dose of 1 mg/g, the lethal effects of zymosan appeared to be related to gut-origin sepsis, since cefoxitin (1 mg/g) reduced the seven-day mortality rate from 100% to 20% (p less than 0.01). However, at a zymosan dose of 2 mg/g, antibiotics did not improve survival. Zymosan thus induced gut barrier failure and systemic infection in a dose-dependent fashion. Additionally, the mechanism of zymosan-induced bacterial translocation and the relationship of gut-origin sepsis to survival appeared to be related to the magnitude of the inflammatory insult (the dose of zymosan).

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Cefoxitin; Colony Count, Microbial; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Inflammation; Intestines; Liver; Male; Mice; Tungsten; Xanthine Oxidase; Zymosan

This work uses cecal perforation on the rat as a model of intra-abdominal sepsis. Under these conditions, various antibiotics were tested alone or in association with free radical scavengers, such as allopurinol and catalase. It can be concluded that the scavengers were not effective alone, but when combined with antibiotics they rendered good results in the majority of the groups when given postsepsis. Further studies are needed to determine the real role of agents like the free radical scavengers in infectious situations such as the one discussed here.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Catalase; Cecal Diseases; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Intestinal Perforation; Leukocyte Count; Peritonitis; Rats

It has been documented that endotoxin could induce gut origin infection. Consequently, experiments were performed to correlate endotoxin-induced gut origin infection with changes in intestinal mucosal structure and xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activity. Bacteria infection from the intestines to extraintestinal organs in 70% of the mice receiving endotoxin. Endotoxin injured primarily the ileal and cecal mucosa and increased ileal and hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase and cecal oxidase activities (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that xanthine oxidase-induced mucosal damage plays a role in endotoxin-induced gut origin infection.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cecum; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli; Female; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mesentery; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Xanthine Dehydrogenase; Xanthine Oxidase

The primary functions of the gut are to absorb nutrients and exclude bacteria and their products. However, under certain circumstances the gut may lose its barrier function and serve as a reservoir for systemic microbial infections. These experiments were performed to determine the mechanisms whereby endotoxin causes bacteria to escape (translocate) from the gut. Bacteria translocated from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice challenged with nonlethal doses of Escherichia coli 026:B6 or E. coli 0111:B4 endotoxin. Physical disruption of the gut mucosal barrier appears to be the primary mechanism whereby endotoxin promotes bacterial translocation. Mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation were reduced by inhibition (allopurinol) or inactivation (tung-sten diet) of xanthine oxidase activity (P less than 0.01), but were not affected by the platelet-activation factor antagonists, SRI 63-441 or BN 52021. Because the inhibition or inactivation of xanthine oxidase activity reduced both the extent of mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation, the effect of endotoxin on the gut appears to be mediated, at least to some degree, by xanthine oxidase-generated, oxygen-free radicals.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli; Gentamicins; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Polymyxin B; Quinolinium Compounds; Tungsten; Tungsten Compounds; Xanthine Oxidase

In clinical oncology emergency situations are either manifestations of the underlying disease or effects of the treatment. The successful treatment of emergency situations is not only important in diseases in which cure is possible. It contributes also essentially to an optimal palliation for not curable disease states in oncology. Some special examples from the point of view of internal medicine are briefly discussed.

Topics: Allopurinol; Bacterial Infections; Bleomycin; Cyclophosphamide; Emergencies; Fever; Fluid Therapy; Granulocytes; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Leukopenia; Lymphoma; Neoplasms; Spinal Cord Compression; Spinal Injuries; Spinal Neoplasms; Tetracyclines

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Guinea Pigs; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodides; Legionella; Oxygen; Peroxidase; Virulence; Xanthine Oxidase

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Neutrophils; Xanthine Oxidase

The xanthine oxidase increase in mice liver as response to infection was studied as a possible parameter useful for a better understanding of theimmunosuppression due to cyclophosphamide and cortisone. An impact of cortisone but not of cyclophosphamide on this mechanism was found; this may be useful in order to discriminate between the two different types of immunosuppressive drugs.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Cortisone; Cyclophosphamide; Enzyme Activation; Immunosuppressive Agents; Liver; Male; Mice; Time Factors; Xanthine Oxidase

The quality of life in leukaemia is as important as its quantity. In fifty-one patients the quality and quantity of life were improved by less aggressive treatment than is usual. By not trying to induce complete remission at all costs, the mobidity and early mortality were reduced and at least an equivalence in survival was obtained.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Bacterial Infections; Cytarabine; Daunorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Focal Infection, Dental; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Length of Stay; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Philosophy; Quality of Life; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Allopurinol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Child; Cytarabine; Daunorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Metabolic Diseases; Prednisone; Remission, Spontaneous; Thioguanine; Uric Acid; Vincristine