Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids. [GOC:go_curators]
Negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process is a complex and essential biological process that involves a variety of molecular mechanisms aimed at reducing the rate of fatty acid metabolism. This process plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating lipid storage, and preventing the accumulation of excess fatty acids, which can have detrimental effects on cellular function and overall health.
The negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process can be achieved through various means, including:
1. **Transcriptional Regulation:** Key enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), are transcriptionally regulated. Transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARĪ±) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) can modulate the expression of these enzymes in response to various signals, such as insulin and nutritional status.
2. **Post-translational Modifications:** Enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism can be subject to post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, which can alter their activity. For example, phosphorylation of ACC by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits its activity, reducing the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, a key substrate for fatty acid synthesis.
3. **Allosteric Regulation:** Certain enzymes in fatty acid metabolism are regulated allosterically, meaning their activity is modulated by the binding of specific molecules at sites other than the active site. For example, malonyl-CoA, the product of ACC, acts as an allosteric inhibitor of CPT1, preventing the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation.
4. **Hormonal Control:** Hormones such as insulin and glucagon play a critical role in regulating fatty acid metabolism. Insulin promotes fatty acid synthesis and storage, while glucagon stimulates fatty acid breakdown. These hormones achieve their effects by modulating the activity of key enzymes and transcription factors involved in fatty acid metabolism.
5. **Dietary Factors:** The composition of the diet can significantly influence fatty acid metabolism. A high-carbohydrate diet promotes fatty acid synthesis, while a high-fat diet stimulates fatty acid breakdown.
6. **Cellular Stress:** Cells can respond to stress conditions, such as hypoxia or nutrient deprivation, by inhibiting fatty acid metabolism. This response aims to conserve energy and prevent the accumulation of toxic metabolites.
The negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process is a dynamic and interconnected process involving multiple regulatory pathways. It is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preventing the detrimental consequences of excessive fatty acid metabolism. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying this process is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.'
"
Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8 | A UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9HAW9] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 | A nuclear receptor corepressor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O75376] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
ci 994 | tacedinaline : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid with one of the amino groups of 1,2-phenylenediamine. An oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem-cells. Also used in combination therapy for selected tumors including non-smoll cell lung, pancreatic, breast, and colorectal cancers. tacedinaline: oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells & normal stem-cells | acetamides; benzamides; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
propofol | propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS. | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
vorinostat | vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME. | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
ezogabine | ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults. ezogabine: structure in first source | carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline | anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator |
scutellarin | scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein. scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone | glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor |
mycophenolic acid | mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION. | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic |
scutellarein | scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7. scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein | tetrahydroxyflavone | metabolite |
irilone | irilone : A hydroxyisoflavone that is 6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. irilone: structure in first source | hydroxyisoflavone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle | antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator; metabolite |
naloxone | naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
romidepsin | depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating. | cyclodepsipeptide; heterocyclic antibiotic; organic disulfide | antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
naltrexone | naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
morphine-3-glucuronide | morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer | morphinane alkaloid | |
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide | |||
mocetinostat | mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
azumamide e | azumamide E: a natural cyclic tetrapeptide isolated from marine sponge Mycale izuensis; histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source |