Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Inadequate Velopharyngeal Closure

Failure of the SOFT PALATE to reach the posterior pharyngeal wall to close the opening between the oral and nasal cavities. Incomplete velopharyngeal closure is primarily related to surgeries (ADENOIDECTOMY; CLEFT PALATE) or an incompetent PALATOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER. It is characterized by hypernasal speech.

Synonyms(4)

Synonym
Inadequate Velopharyngeal Closure
Palatopharyngeal Incompetence
Velopharyngeal Incompetence
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Velopharyngeal insufficiency is a common problem in the cleft palate population that may require a pharyngeal flap."( Griner, D; Overmeyer, CL; Sargent, LA, 2013)

Research

Studies (156)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199028 (17.95)23.3326
1990's40 (25.64)12.5806
2000's45 (28.85)18.1394
2010's26 (16.67)28.8240
2020's17 (10.90)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
glycerol0low20
nitrous oxide0low10
phenytoin0low10
acetaminophen0low10
fluoxetine0low10
methylphenidate0medium11
apnea0low10
phenobarbital0low10
propofol0low10
saccharin0low20
trihexyphenidyl0low10
prednisone0low30
lysine0low10
methionine0low10
valine0low10
methylprednisolone0low10
pyridostigmine bromide0low10
durapatite0low40
tantalum0low30
titanium0low10
barium sulfate0low70
calcium hypochlorite0low10
trolamine salicylate0low40
cortisone0low10
inositol 3-phosphate0low130
cocaine0low10
mycophenolic acid0low10
phenylephrine hydrochloride0medium972
oxycodone0low10
phosphorus0low10
pituitrin0low10
jaw0low10
nad0low10
cellulose0low10

Protein Targets (444)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma8008
ATAD5 protein, partial3003
GLS protein4004
Microtubule-associated protein tau3003
Smad31001
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A16006
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor2002
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 38008
progesterone receptor7007
EWS/FLI fusion protein1001
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 18008
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha8008
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha120012
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha120012
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma5005
aryl hydrocarbon receptor3003
chromobox protein homolog 16006
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 27007
peripheral myelin protein 224004
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 14004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi4217
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30505
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40505
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Carbonic anhydrase 120202
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90003
Bile salt export pump0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit3003
Bile salt export pump0808
Cytochrome P450 2B10001
Cytochrome P450 1A10001
Carbonic anhydrase 10303
Carbonic anhydrase 20303
Myoglobin0101
Cytochrome P450 1A10012
Cytochrome P450 1A20001
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 30202
Cytochrome P450 3A40202
Cytochrome P450 2D60303
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0303
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-14217
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta4217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-24217
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60001
Glutamate receptor 23104
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-54217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-34217
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0002
Carbonic anhydrase 40202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10303
Carbonic anhydrase 60202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-14217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-24217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-44217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-34217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-64217
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20001
Carbonic anhydrase 70202
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma2002
Cytochrome P450 2J20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-14217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-34217
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-24217
Carbonic anhydrase 90202
GABA theta subunit4217
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10505
Carbonic anhydrase 150101
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon4217
Carbonic anhydrase 140202
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0202
toxin B0001
thioredoxin reductase6006
TDP1 protein8008
arylsulfatase A2002
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2110011
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 14004
D(1A) dopamine receptor4004
lamin isoform A-delta10100010
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase4004
GLI family zinc finger 3100010
AR protein120012
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]8008
pregnane X nuclear receptor8008
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator0101
DNA polymerase beta1001
short transient receptor potential channel 6 isoform 10011
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40606
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M206110
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40417
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10316
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30215
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40215
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50215
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50619
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20216
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M106110
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10001
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30619
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0606
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Histamine H2 receptor1002
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70101
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH 0001
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0112
Chain A, CHIMERA OF IG KAPPA CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain B, CHIMERA OF IG GAMMA-1 CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain H, Fab M82G2, Heavy chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82G2, Light chain0011
Chain H, Fab M82g2, Heavy Chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82g2, Light Chain0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0303
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, heart0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0404
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10415
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10314
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20415
D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0202
Liver carboxylesterase 10001
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0819
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0505
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30415
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50314
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0628
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0506
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30314
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20314
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20314
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40314
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0303
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0617
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20606
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60314
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0303
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0303
Transporter0303
Chain A, HADH2 protein3003
Chain B, HADH2 protein3003
endonuclease IV4004
dopamine D1 receptor1001
pregnane X receptor2002
regulator of G-protein signaling 44004
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta6006
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor7007
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a4004
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)4004
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 12002
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor2002
heat shock protein beta-12002
flap endonuclease 12002
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 18008
geminin100010
survival motor neuron protein isoform d2002
M-phase phosphoprotein 83003
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M13003
Glucocorticoid receptor0617
Sex hormone-binding globulin0011
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10606
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0101
Glycine receptor subunit beta0606
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20606
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30606
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10011
TAR DNA-binding protein 432002
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10101
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease2002
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)3003
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 43003
G4004
cytochrome P450 2D61001
caspase-32002
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a6006
Histone H2A.x3003
Caspase-71001
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
caspase-31001
huntingtin isoform 21001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor2002
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 11001
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter0101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20101
Interferon beta4004
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 4004
Albumin0011
Cellular tumor antigen p537007
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10404
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10101
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0101
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0202
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0202
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0303
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0202
Cytochrome P450 2C190101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0303
D(1A) dopamine receptor1001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60202
Spike glycoprotein3003
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor 0101
Cytochrome P450 1B10101
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10101
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
Transporter0101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 0202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 14004
Ataxin-24004
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10101
Histamine H3 receptor0101
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial4004
Chain B, EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E0011
activating transcription factor 64004
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a3003
Chymotrypsinogen A0101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase3003
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE2002
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0101
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 31001
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0203
Cholinesterase0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0101
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast0101
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast0101
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0202
Cationic amino acid transporter 30101
Chain A, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase0011
Chain A, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase0011
Chain A, Aminopeptidase0101
Chain A, Methionine aminopeptidase0101
S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase0101
Adenylate cyclase type 50001
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-10001
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-20001
Fatty acid synthase0101
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10202
acetylcholinesterase3003
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit1001
PPM1D protein1001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)4004
nonstructural protein 11001
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B1001
IDH12002
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 21001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 23003
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 11001
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Androgen receptor0202
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 52002
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Chain A, Inosine-5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase 20101
glp-1 receptor, partial2002
SMAD family member 21001
SMAD family member 31001
farnesoid X nuclear receptor2002
67.9K protein1001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 12002
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor1001
plasminogen precursor1001
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor1001
lethal factor (plasmid)1001
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 20202
Glutamate receptor 10101
Glutamate receptor 30101
Glutamate receptor 40101
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 0202
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma0011
Alpha-synuclein1001
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase0102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A70001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A100001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A80002
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Kappa-type opioid receptor0011
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0112
Delta-type opioid receptor0011
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0011
Mu-type opioid receptor0011
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0202
GALC protein1001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor1001
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-10011
Vpr1001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-41001
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-21001
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0101
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor1001
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 13003
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Inositol monophosphatase 11001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE1001
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA1001
Chain A, Ferritin light chain1001
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
USP1 protein, partial1001
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)1001
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20001
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Chain A, Beta-lactamase1001
alpha-galactosidase1001
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A1001
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor1001
Cholinesterase0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Taste receptor type 2 member 310011
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family 0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Delta carbonic anhydrase0101
RmtA0101
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 10101
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Arginase 10101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]