Page last updated: 2024-11-03

propofol and Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid

propofol has been researched along with Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid in 31 studies

Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Sixty adult patients with good grade subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography were prospectively randomized to receive either propofol (n = 30) or dexmedetomidine (n = 30) following ethics committee approval and informed consent."9.20A comparative study of dexmedetomidine and propofol as sole sedative agents for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography. ( Jena, S; Mittal, M; Reddy, M; Sriganesh, K; Umamaheswara Rao, GS, 2015)
"Agitation is common in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and sedation with midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine is essential in agitation management."8.12Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiling reveals divergent modulation of pentose phosphate pathway by midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study. ( A, JY; Ding, XS; Ge, WH; Li, YC; Liu, T; Na, SJ; Sun, RB; Wang, R, 2022)
"Propofol significantly reduces neurological dysfunction, BBB permeability, brain edema, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which were reversed by LY294002."7.91Propofol Reduces Inflammatory Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Involvement of PI3K/Akt Pathway. ( Chen, Q; Shi, SS; Tu, XK; Zhang, HB, 2019)
" She had taken prednisolone (3 mg x day(-1)) and methotrexate (MTX) (10 mg x week(-1)) for rheumatoid arthritis for the last 10 years."7.78[Anesthetic management of a patient with thrombocytopenia induced by methotrexate undergoing emergent clipping surgery]. ( Doi, A; Kurita, S; Morishima, K; Nagata, N; Nakanishi, M; Nakatani, K; Nishi, Y; Yagi, M; Yamama, Y, 2012)
"Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but frequently fatal condition."7.77Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as a marker of propofol infusion syndrome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Kumar, MA; Levine, JM; Pisapia, JM; Wendell, LC; Zager, EL, 2011)
" We used digital subtraction angiography to compare the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on the luminal diameter of cerebral vessels and on cerebral transit time in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH)."5.69Comparison of Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane on the Cerebral Vasculature Assessed by Digital Subtraction Angiographic Parameters in Patients Treated for Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm: A Preliminary Study. ( Ahuja, CK; Bhagat, H; Chauhan, R; Jain, C; Jangra, K; Joys, S; Kaloria, N; Luthra, A; Mahajan, S; Panda, NB; Regmi, S; Singh, N; Soni, SL; Tripathi, M, 2023)
"Sprague-Dawley rats underwent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by endovascular perforation then received treatment with propofol (10 or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle after 2 and 12 h of SAH."5.42Propofol Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. ( Chen, Y; Liang, RS; Shi, SS; Tu, XK; Wang, CH; Yang, WZ; Zhang, HB, 2015)
"The seizure was suppressed by the administration of thiamylal."5.31[Generalized tonic-clonic seizure induced by propofol in a patient with epilepsy]. ( Hazama, K; Iwasaki, F; Mimura, M; Namiki, A; Sato, Y; Yamazaki, Y, 2001)
"Sixty adult patients with good grade subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography were prospectively randomized to receive either propofol (n = 30) or dexmedetomidine (n = 30) following ethics committee approval and informed consent."5.20A comparative study of dexmedetomidine and propofol as sole sedative agents for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography. ( Jena, S; Mittal, M; Reddy, M; Sriganesh, K; Umamaheswara Rao, GS, 2015)
"Agitation is common in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and sedation with midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine is essential in agitation management."4.12Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiling reveals divergent modulation of pentose phosphate pathway by midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study. ( A, JY; Ding, XS; Ge, WH; Li, YC; Liu, T; Na, SJ; Sun, RB; Wang, R, 2022)
"Propofol significantly reduces neurological dysfunction, BBB permeability, brain edema, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which were reversed by LY294002."3.91Propofol Reduces Inflammatory Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Involvement of PI3K/Akt Pathway. ( Chen, Q; Shi, SS; Tu, XK; Zhang, HB, 2019)
" Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are often sedated, and GABAergic sedation, such as midazolam and propofol, is commonly used."3.83Use of GABAergic sedatives after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with worse outcome-preliminary findings. ( Beynon, C; Hertle, DN; Neumann, JO; Sakowitz, OW; Sánchez-Porras, R; Santos, E; Unterberg, AW, 2016)
" She had taken prednisolone (3 mg x day(-1)) and methotrexate (MTX) (10 mg x week(-1)) for rheumatoid arthritis for the last 10 years."3.78[Anesthetic management of a patient with thrombocytopenia induced by methotrexate undergoing emergent clipping surgery]. ( Doi, A; Kurita, S; Morishima, K; Nagata, N; Nakanishi, M; Nakatani, K; Nishi, Y; Yagi, M; Yamama, Y, 2012)
"Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare but frequently fatal condition."3.77Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as a marker of propofol infusion syndrome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Kumar, MA; Levine, JM; Pisapia, JM; Wendell, LC; Zager, EL, 2011)
" The purpose of the present study was to explore whether changes in plasma ET and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations were altered during propofol anesthesia in patients undergoing clipping of an intracranial aneurysm."3.75Changes of endothelin and calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations in plasma during propofol anesthesia. ( Ji, N; Luo, F; Wang, T; Zhang, S; Zhao, J, 2009)
"To evaluate the effects of the neurological "wake-up test" (NWT), defined as interruption of continuous propofol sedation and evaluation of the patient's level of consciousness, on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or traumatic brain injury (TBI)."3.75Effects of the neurological wake-up test on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in brain-injured patients. ( Enblad, P; Marklund, N; Skoglund, K, 2009)
"Isoflurane is a volatile anesthetic that has a vasodilating effect on cerebral vessels producing a cerebral blood flow increase."2.77Inhalation versus endovenous sedation in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: effects on regional cerebral blood flow. ( Aletti, G; Citerio, G; Giussani, C; Iacca, C; Molinari, AF; Pesenti, A; Villa, F, 2012)
"The incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias was similar in the study groups."2.70QT interval and QT dispersion during the induction of anaesthesia in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: a comparison of thiopental and propofol. ( Kyttä, JV; Randell, TT; Tanskanen, PE, 2002)
"Cerebral vasospasm is the most important cause of morbidity after an aneurysm clipping in the early postoperative period."1.48The effect of anesthetic agents on cerebral vasospasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A retrospective study. ( Baik, HJ; Chae, JS; Kim, DY; Lee, JW; Seo, EK; Woo, JH; Yang, NR, 2018)
"Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) are common in intensive care units (ICU)."1.42The effect of tracheotomy on drug consumption in patients with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an observational study. ( Kongsgaard, U; Narum, J; Rosseland, LA; Sorteberg, A; Sorteberg, W; Stubhaug, A, 2015)
"Sprague-Dawley rats underwent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by endovascular perforation then received treatment with propofol (10 or 50 mg/kg) or vehicle after 2 and 12 h of SAH."1.42Propofol Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. ( Chen, Y; Liang, RS; Shi, SS; Tu, XK; Wang, CH; Yang, WZ; Zhang, HB, 2015)
"Thiopental was added for treatment of intracranial hypertension."1.38Frequency of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in need of controlled ventilation and sedation. ( Lindgren, C; Naredi, S; Nordh, E; Olivecrona, M, 2012)
"In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) a disturbance of cerebral autoregulation has been reported and it correlated with the severity of the bleeding in these studies."1.33Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with ruptured and unruptured aneurysms after induction of general anesthesia. ( Christmann, A; Engelhardt, M; Harders, A; Möller, F; Schmieder, K; Scholz, M; Schregel, W, 2006)
"The seizure was suppressed by the administration of thiamylal."1.31[Generalized tonic-clonic seizure induced by propofol in a patient with epilepsy]. ( Hazama, K; Iwasaki, F; Mimura, M; Namiki, A; Sato, Y; Yamazaki, Y, 2001)

Research

Studies (31)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (3.23)18.2507
2000's7 (22.58)29.6817
2010's19 (61.29)24.3611
2020's4 (12.90)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Li, YC1
Wang, R1
A, JY1
Sun, RB1
Na, SJ1
Liu, T1
Ding, XS1
Ge, WH1
Joys, S1
Panda, NB2
Ahuja, CK1
Luthra, A1
Tripathi, M1
Mahajan, S1
Kaloria, N1
Jain, C1
Singh, N1
Regmi, S1
Jangra, K2
Chauhan, R1
Soni, SL1
Bhagat, H3
Zhang, HB2
Tu, XK2
Chen, Q1
Shi, SS2
Balasubramanian, M1
Kuberan, A1
Rawat, A1
Dhandapani, S1
Panda, N1
Kumar, A1
Sahoo, AK1
Kumar, M1
Sharma, T1
Garcia, PS1
Kallioinen, M1
Posti, JP1
Rahi, M1
Sharma, D1
Katila, A1
Grönlund, J1
Vahlberg, T1
Frantzén, J1
Olkkola, KT1
Saari, TI1
Takala, R1
Bhardwaj, A1
Grover, VK1
Sahu, S1
Singla, N1
Lee, JW1
Woo, JH1
Baik, HJ1
Kim, DY1
Chae, JS1
Yang, NR1
Seo, EK1
Longhi, L1
Aresi, S1
Villa, F2
Citerio, G2
Sriganesh, K2
Reddy, M2
Jena, S1
Mittal, M1
Umamaheswara Rao, GS2
Banik, S1
Prabhakar, H1
Rosseland, LA1
Narum, J1
Stubhaug, A1
Kongsgaard, U1
Sorteberg, W1
Sorteberg, A1
Wang, CH1
Yang, WZ1
Liang, RS1
Chen, Y1
Zhang, L1
Jin, J1
Yao, J1
Yue, Z1
Wei, Y1
Yang, W1
Fu, S1
Li, W1
Hertle, DN1
Beynon, C1
Neumann, JO1
Santos, E1
Sánchez-Porras, R1
Unterberg, AW1
Sakowitz, OW1
Luo, F1
Ji, N1
Zhang, S1
Zhao, J1
Wang, T1
Skoglund, K1
Enblad, P1
Marklund, N1
Pisapia, JM1
Wendell, LC1
Kumar, MA1
Zager, EL1
Levine, JM1
Fernández-Torre, JL1
Hernández-Hernández, MA1
Stein, M1
Schomacher, J1
Scharbrodt, W1
Preuss, M1
Oertel, MF1
Iacca, C1
Molinari, AF1
Giussani, C1
Aletti, G1
Pesenti, A1
Lindgren, C1
Nordh, E1
Naredi, S1
Olivecrona, M1
Maas, AI1
Stocchetti, N1
Morishima, K1
Nakatani, K1
Nishi, Y1
Doi, A1
Yamama, Y1
Nakanishi, M1
Yagi, M1
Kurita, S1
Nagata, N1
Tanskanen, PE1
Kyttä, JV1
Randell, TT1
Schmieder, K1
Möller, F1
Engelhardt, M1
Scholz, M1
Schregel, W1
Christmann, A1
Harders, A1
Hoff, RG1
VAN Dijk, GW1
Mettes, S1
Verweij, BH1
Algra, A1
Rinkel, GJ1
Kalkman, CJ1
Lavine, SD1
Masri, LS1
Levy, ML1
Giannotta, SL1
Iwasaki, F1
Mimura, M1
Yamazaki, Y1
Hazama, K1
Sato, Y1
Namiki, A1
Sato, K1
Kato, M1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Inhalatorial Sedation in Patient With SAH Versus Conventional Intravenous Sedation (GAS-SAH)[NCT00830843]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

1 review available for propofol and Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid

ArticleYear
[Anesthetic management for neurosurgery].
    No shinkei geka. Neurological surgery, 2001, Volume: 29, Issue:6

    Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Aneurysm, Ruptured; Brain Mapping; Craniotomy; Ep

2001

Trials

6 trials available for propofol and Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid

ArticleYear
Comparison of Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane on the Cerebral Vasculature Assessed by Digital Subtraction Angiographic Parameters in Patients Treated for Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm: A Preliminary Study.
    Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2023, Jul-01, Volume: 35, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Angiography, Digital Subtraction; Humans;

2023
Effect of General Anesthetics on Caspase-3 Levels in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Preliminary Study.
    Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2021, Apr-01, Volume: 33, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Caspase 3; Desflurane; Humans; Methyl Ethers; Pilot Projects; Propofol; Pro

2021
Comparison of propofol and desflurane for postanaesthetic morbidity in patients undergoing surgery for aneurysmal SAH: a randomized clinical trial.
    Journal of anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Desflurane; Female; Fentan

2018
A comparative study of dexmedetomidine and propofol as sole sedative agents for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing diagnostic cerebral angiography.
    Journal of anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Cerebral Angiography; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedati

2015
Inhalation versus endovenous sedation in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: effects on regional cerebral blood flow.
    Critical care medicine, 2012, Volume: 40, Issue:10

    Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Flow

2012
QT interval and QT dispersion during the induction of anaesthesia in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: a comparison of thiopental and propofol.
    European journal of anaesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 19, Issue:10

    Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electrocardiography; Female

2002

Other Studies

24 other studies available for propofol and Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid

ArticleYear
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiling reveals divergent modulation of pentose phosphate pathway by midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study.
    BMC anesthesiology, 2022, 01-27, Volume: 22, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Midazolam; Mid

2022
Propofol Reduces Inflammatory Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Involvement of PI3K/Akt Pathway.
    Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association, 2019, Volume: 28, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Brain; Brain Edema; Cyclooxygenase 2; Disease Models, Animal; Enc

2019
Cerebral autoregulation after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. A preliminary study comparing dexmedetomidine to propofol and/or midazolam.
    Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2020, Volume: 64, Issue:9

    Topics: Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dexmedetomidine; Homeostasis; Humans; Midazolam; Propofol; Subarachnoid

2020
The effect of anesthetic agents on cerebral vasospasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A retrospective study.
    Medicine, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:31

    Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Desflurane; Female; Glasgow Coma Scale; Glasgow Outcome Scale; Humans; Intraoper

2018
Volatile anesthetics following subarachnoid hemorrhage.
    Critical care medicine, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans; Isof

2013
The authors reply.
    Critical care medicine, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans; Isof

2013
Is dexmedetomidine really superior to propofol?
    Journal of anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:5

    Topics: Cerebral Angiography; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Male; Propofol; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2015
The effect of tracheotomy on drug consumption in patients with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an observational study.
    BMC anesthesiology, 2015, Volume: 15

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics; Cerebrovascular Circulation;

2015
In reply: is dexmedetomidine really superior to propofol?
    Journal of anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:5

    Topics: Cerebral Angiography; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Male; Propofol; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2015
Propofol Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats.
    Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 2015, Volume: 57, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Aquaporin 4; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cyclooxygenase 2; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Matrix Metallo

2015
Effects of Propofol on Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Balance in Rats with Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema Induced by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
    Neurocritical care, 2016, Volume: 24, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acids; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

2016
Use of GABAergic sedatives after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with worse outcome-preliminary findings.
    Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 35

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain; Conscious Sedation; Female; Flunitrazepam; GABA Modulators; Glasgow Coma Scale;

2016
Changes of endothelin and calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations in plasma during propofol anesthesia.
    Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 21, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Calcitonin Gene-Rela

2009
Effects of the neurological wake-up test on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in brain-injured patients.
    Neurocritical care, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain Injuries; Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; Female; Humans; Hypnot

2009
Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as a marker of propofol infusion syndrome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
    Neurocritical care, 2011, Volume: 15, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infusions, Intravenous; Lactic Acid; Pro

2011
Utility of bilateral Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring in a comatose patient with focal nonconvulsive status epilepticus.
    Seizure, 2012, Volume: 21, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Aneurysm, Ruptured; Coma; Consciousness Monitors; Deep Sedation; Electroencephalography; Femal

2012
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration after withdrawal of metabolic suppressive therapy in subarachnoid hemorrhage.
    Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement, 2012, Volume: 114

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Fentanyl; Glasgow Outcome Scale; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Car

2012
Frequency of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in need of controlled ventilation and sedation.
    Neurocritical care, 2012, Volume: 17, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans;

2012
Beware of the Nottingham sheriff when manipulating cerebral blood flow in subarachnoid hemorrhage.
    Critical care medicine, 2012, Volume: 40, Issue:10

    Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Female; Humans; Isof

2012
[Anesthetic management of a patient with thrombocytopenia induced by methotrexate undergoing emergent clipping surgery].
    Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2012, Volume: 61, Issue:10

    Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Age

2012
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with ruptured and unruptured aneurysms after induction of general anesthesia.
    Zentralblatt fur Neurochirurgie, 2006, Volume: 67, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Alfentanil; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Aneurysm, Ruptured; Carbon D

2006
Hypotension in anaesthetized patients during aneurysm clipping: not as bad as expected?
    Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:7

    Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Atracurium; Cohort Studies; Etomidate; Fem

2008
Temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in intracranial aneurysm surgery: time limitation and advantage of brain protection.
    Journal of neurosurgery, 1997, Volume: 87, Issue:6

    Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Aneurysm, Ruptured; Brai

1997
[Generalized tonic-clonic seizure induced by propofol in a patient with epilepsy].
    Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:2

    Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Brachial Plexus; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Middle Age

2001