propofol has been researched along with Laryngeal Spasm in 28 studies
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Coughing and laryngospasm are undesirable consequences occurring when patients awaken from general anaesthesia." | 7.11 | Comparison of the effects of intravenous propofol and propofol with low-dose ketamine on preventing postextubation cough and laryngospasm among patients awakening from general anaesthesia: A prospective randomised clinical trial. ( Chungsamarnyart, Y; Munjupong, S; Pairart, J, 2022) |
| "Propofol has been found to depress the laryngeal reflexes." | 5.31 | Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm? ( Afshan, G; Chohan, U; Kamal, RS; Qamar-Ul-Hoda, M, 2002) |
| " The authors hypothesized that the incidence of apnea with laryngospasm evoked by laryngeal stimulation would not differ between sevoflurane and propofol when used in equipotent doses and that laryngeal responsiveness would be diminished with increased levels of hypnosis." | 5.11 | Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. ( Erb, TO; Frei, FJ; Oberer, C; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS, 2005) |
| "RCTs investigating the rates of cough overall, cough at emergence, laryngospasm, time to eye opening, time to removal of the LMA, time to respond to command and time to state date of birth in patients with an LMA, during emergence from desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia." | 4.91 | Airway reactions and emergence times in general laryngeal mask airway anaesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Coburn, M; Fritz, HG; Froeba, G; Heine, J; Puehringer, FK; Rossaint, R; Stevanovic, A; Tonner, PH, 2015) |
| " We compare AIAE rates (coughing, gagging, apnea, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) in children who received TPA as part of their propofol-based procedural sedation for EGD with those who did not receive TPA." | 4.31 | Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. ( Aljabari, S; El-Halabi, I; Friedman, S; Ohler, A; Tryon, C; Waheed, S, 2023) |
| "Coughing and laryngospasm are undesirable consequences occurring when patients awaken from general anaesthesia." | 3.11 | Comparison of the effects of intravenous propofol and propofol with low-dose ketamine on preventing postextubation cough and laryngospasm among patients awakening from general anaesthesia: A prospective randomised clinical trial. ( Chungsamarnyart, Y; Munjupong, S; Pairart, J, 2022) |
| "Propofol is known to inhibit airway reflexes." | 2.71 | The efficacy of a subhypnotic dose of propofol in preventing laryngospasm following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. ( Al Qattan, AR; Ali, SS; Batra, YK; Belani, KG; Ivanova, M; Shamsah, M, 2005) |
| "The incidence of gagging (P = 0." | 2.68 | Comparison of propofol versus thiopentone with midazolam or lidocaine to facilitate laryngeal mask insertion. ( Bapat, P; Jago, RH; Joshi, RN; Young, E, 1996) |
| "The presence of gagging, coughing, laryngospasm and movement was noted and graded." | 2.67 | Patient response to laryngeal mask insertion after induction of anaesthesia with propofol or thiopentone. ( Carey, M; Kirby, F; Power, M; Scanlon, P, 1993) |
| " The secondary endpoints included hemodynamics, the duration of induction, the duration of insertion, tidal volume, plateau pressure and adverse events." | 1.91 | Feasibility and Safety of Remazolam versus Propofol When Inserting Laryngeal Masks Without Muscle Relaxants During Hysteroscopy. ( Chen, R; Lu, J; Mei, S; Meng, QT; Tang, S; Wei, L; Xu, C, 2023) |
| "The primary outcome was laryngospasm." | 1.72 | Predictors of Laryngospasm During 276,832 Episodes of Pediatric Procedural Sedation. ( Cosgrove, P; Cravero, JP; Fleegler, EW; Krauss, BS, 2022) |
| "Propofol has been found to depress the laryngeal reflexes." | 1.31 | Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm? ( Afshan, G; Chohan, U; Kamal, RS; Qamar-Ul-Hoda, M, 2002) |
| "Nevertheless, severe hypoxemia is an accepted contraindication to FOB in nonintubated patients." | 1.31 | Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage via the laryngeal mask airway in high-risk hypoxemic immunosuppressed patients. ( Cardinaud, JP; Favier, JC; Gbikpi-Benissan, G; Gruson, D; Hilbert, G; Portel, L; Valentino, R; Vargas, F, 2001) |
| "In no case was laryngospasm or total airway obstruction observed." | 1.31 | Additional clinical observations utilizing bispectral analysis. ( Sandler, NA, 2000) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 5 (17.86) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 10 (35.71) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 9 (32.14) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 4 (14.29) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Cosgrove, P | 1 |
| Krauss, BS | 1 |
| Cravero, JP | 2 |
| Fleegler, EW | 1 |
| Aljabari, S | 1 |
| Ohler, A | 1 |
| Waheed, S | 1 |
| El-Halabi, I | 1 |
| Tryon, C | 1 |
| Friedman, S | 1 |
| Tang, S | 1 |
| Lu, J | 1 |
| Xu, C | 1 |
| Wei, L | 1 |
| Mei, S | 1 |
| Chen, R | 1 |
| Meng, QT | 1 |
| Chungsamarnyart, Y | 1 |
| Pairart, J | 1 |
| Munjupong, S | 1 |
| Terblanche, NCS | 1 |
| Middleton, C | 1 |
| Choi-Lundberg, DL | 1 |
| Skinner, M | 1 |
| Jalili, S | 1 |
| Esmaeeili, A | 1 |
| Kamali, K | 1 |
| Rashtchi, V | 1 |
| Chiaretti, A | 1 |
| Benini, F | 1 |
| Pierri, F | 1 |
| Vecchiato, K | 1 |
| Ronfani, L | 1 |
| Agosto, C | 1 |
| Ventura, A | 1 |
| Genovese, O | 1 |
| Barbi, E | 1 |
| Kwak, HJ | 1 |
| Min, SK | 1 |
| Yoo, JY | 1 |
| Park, KH | 1 |
| Kim, JY | 1 |
| Stevanovic, A | 1 |
| Rossaint, R | 1 |
| Fritz, HG | 1 |
| Froeba, G | 1 |
| Heine, J | 1 |
| Puehringer, FK | 1 |
| Tonner, PH | 1 |
| Coburn, M | 1 |
| Same, M | 1 |
| Smith, J | 1 |
| Regli, A | 1 |
| Becke, K | 1 |
| von Ungern-Sternberg, BS | 2 |
| Fronapfel, PJ | 1 |
| Mallory, MD | 1 |
| Baxter, AL | 1 |
| Yanosky, DJ | 1 |
| Erdogan Kayhan, G | 1 |
| Yucel, A | 1 |
| Colak, YZ | 1 |
| Ozgul, U | 1 |
| Yologlu, S | 1 |
| Karlıdag, R | 1 |
| Ersoy, MO | 1 |
| Afshan, G | 1 |
| Chohan, U | 1 |
| Qamar-Ul-Hoda, M | 1 |
| Kamal, RS | 1 |
| Nawfal, M | 1 |
| Baraka, A | 1 |
| Pittaway, A | 1 |
| Fodale, V | 1 |
| Praticò, C | 1 |
| Leto, G | 1 |
| Caminiti, V | 1 |
| Mazzeo, AT | 1 |
| Lucanto, T | 1 |
| Levy, DM | 1 |
| Oberer, C | 1 |
| Frei, FJ | 1 |
| Erb, TO | 1 |
| Batra, YK | 1 |
| Ivanova, M | 1 |
| Ali, SS | 1 |
| Shamsah, M | 1 |
| Al Qattan, AR | 1 |
| Belani, KG | 1 |
| Lieblich, SE | 1 |
| McConaghy, P | 1 |
| Bunting, HE | 1 |
| Scanlon, P | 1 |
| Carey, M | 1 |
| Power, M | 1 |
| Kirby, F | 1 |
| Bapat, P | 1 |
| Joshi, RN | 1 |
| Young, E | 1 |
| Jago, RH | 1 |
| Harling, DW | 1 |
| Harrison, DA | 1 |
| Dorman, T | 1 |
| Barker, I | 1 |
| Hilbert, G | 1 |
| Gruson, D | 1 |
| Vargas, F | 1 |
| Valentino, R | 1 |
| Favier, JC | 1 |
| Portel, L | 1 |
| Gbikpi-Benissan, G | 1 |
| Cardinaud, JP | 1 |
| Sandler, NA | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia Endoscope Mask is Applied to Sedation Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment: Multi-center, Prospective, Randomized Control, Open Clinical Research[NCT06085859] | 1,208 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-10-18 | Recruiting | |||
| Supraglottic Airway Use for Transesophageal Echocardiography: a Safe Alternative to Deep Sedation for Patients With High-risk Cardiopulmonary Disease. (SGA-TEE)[NCT04939220] | 110 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2024-02-29 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Ketofol Versus Fentofol for Procedural Sedation of Children 3 to 17 Years Old: a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02079090] | Phase 3 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Inonu University Faculty of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation[NCT02819375] | Phase 4 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Isoflurane Versus Combination Of Propofol With Isoflurane For Removal Of Laryngeal Mask Airway In Children[NCT01958138] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Impact of High Concentrations of Sevoflurane on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients[NCT00665418] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment finished earlier, because all 40 patients enrolled) | ||
| Impact of Remifentanil Administration on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients With Upper Respiratory Anesthetized With Propofol[NCT00611195] | Phase 4 | 62 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Completed | ||
| EEG to Monitor Propofol Anesthetic Depth in Infants and Toddlers[NCT05701748] | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-02-03 | Recruiting | |||
| Comparison Of Different Anesthetic Techniques In Children Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopies[NCT02038894] | 179 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-12-31 | Completed | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
An important outcome in the anesthetic management of these patients is to maintain a balance between a safe technique with a minimal incidence of respiratory complications, and a technique that facilitates rapid turnover of the gastrointestinal suite. A chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test will measure differences among the three anesthetic groups. Different anesthetic techniques are currently in use at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC). Because there is a lack of evidence to delineate the best techniques, pediatric anesthesiologists select the technique based on clinical preference and experience. (NCT02038894)
Timeframe: Admission for surgery through recovery period, approximately 3 hours
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPO2 < 95% | SPO2 < 85% | Apnea | Inadequate Anesthesia | All Respiratory Events | |
| Intubated With Propofol (IP) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| Intubated With Sevoflurane (IS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| IP and NA | 15 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 32 |
| IS and IP | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 7 |
| Native Airway - no Intubation | 15 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 28 |
Time measurements are used to evaluate the efficiency of the different techniques. We will compare the times spent in the operating room and the postoperative unit for each technique. (NCT02038894)
Timeframe: Admission for surgery through recovery period, approximately 3 hours
| Intervention | Minutes (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR Time | Anesthesia Preparation Time | Procedural Time | PACU efficiency time | Total Perioperative Time | |
| Intubated With Propofol (IP) | 24.19 | 10.70 | 9.23 | 53.49 | 79.61 |
| Intubated With Sevoflurane (IS) | 24.03 | 10.86 | 9.07 | 49.50 | 75.34 |
| IP and NA | 23.61 | 10.53 | 8.78 | 53.96 | 79.49 |
| IS and IP | 24.11 | 10.78 | 9.15 | 51.48 | 77.46 |
| Native Airway - no Intubation | 23.05 | 10.35 | 8.33 | 54.42 | 79.37 |
3 reviews available for propofol and Laryngeal Spasm
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Airway reactions and emergence times in general laryngeal mask airway anaesthesia: a meta-analysis.
Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Cough; Desflurane; Humans; | 2015 |
An update on the perioperative management of children with upper respiratory tract infections.
Topics: Airway Management; Algorithms; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Bronch | 2017 |
Methohexital versus propofol for outpatient anesthesia. Part I: Methohexital is superior.
Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Apnea; Drug Costs; Endo | 1995 |
10 trials available for propofol and Laryngeal Spasm
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Comparison of the effects of intravenous propofol and propofol with low-dose ketamine on preventing postextubation cough and laryngospasm among patients awakening from general anaesthesia: A prospective randomised clinical trial.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cough; Humans; Ketamine; Laryngismus; Propofol; Prosp | 2022 |
Comparison of effects of propofol and ketofol (Ketamine-Propofol mixture) on emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Bronchial Spasm; Child; Child, Pres | 2019 |
The median effective dose of dexmedetomidine for laryngeal mask airway insertion with propofol 2.0 mg/kg.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Intr | 2014 |
Ketofol (mixture of ketamine and propofol) administration in electroconvulsive therapy.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind | 2012 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients.
Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; | 2005 |
The efficacy of a subhypnotic dose of propofol in preventing laryngospasm following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children.
Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adolescent; Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Device Removal; Double-Blin | 2005 |
Assessment of intubating conditions in children after induction with propofol and varying doses of alfentanil.
Topics: Alfentanil; Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; H | 1994 |
Patient response to laryngeal mask insertion after induction of anaesthesia with propofol or thiopentone.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Cough; Extremities; Female; Gagging; Head; H | 1993 |
Comparison of propofol versus thiopentone with midazolam or lidocaine to facilitate laryngeal mask insertion.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Cough; Drug Costs; Elective Surgical Procedures | 1996 |
A comparison of thiopentone-isoflurane anaesthesia vs propofol infusion in children having repeat minor haematological procedures.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Biopsy, Nee | 1997 |
15 other studies available for propofol and Laryngeal Spasm
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Predictors of Laryngospasm During 276,832 Episodes of Pediatric Procedural Sedation.
Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Humans; Ketamine; Laryngismus; Prevalence; Propofol | 2022 |
Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia; Apnea; Benzocaine; Child; Conscious Sedation; Endoscopy, Digestive S | 2023 |
Feasibility and Safety of Remazolam versus Propofol When Inserting Laryngeal Masks Without Muscle Relaxants During Hysteroscopy.
Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Hysteroscopy; Laryngeal Masks; Laryng | 2023 |
Efficacy of a new dual channel laryngeal mask airway, the LMA
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Airway Management; Anesthesiology; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Endosco | 2018 |
Efficacy of a new dual channel laryngeal mask airway, the LMA
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Airway Management; Anesthesiology; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Endosco | 2018 |
Efficacy of a new dual channel laryngeal mask airway, the LMA
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Airway Management; Anesthesiology; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Endosco | 2018 |
Efficacy of a new dual channel laryngeal mask airway, the LMA
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Airway Management; Anesthesiology; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Endosco | 2018 |
Safety and efficacy of propofol administered by paediatricians during procedural sedation in children.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Contraindications; Deep Sedation; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Infant; Lary | 2014 |
Should neuromuscular blockers be used for every paediatric intubation?
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesiology; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, | 2016 |
Prevention of emergence delirium.
Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Delirium; Humans; Lar | 2008 |
Emergency physician-administered propofol sedation: a report on 25,433 sedations from the pediatric sedation research consortium.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Heart Arrest; Humans; Hypn | 2011 |
Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm?
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Laryngeal Masks; Laryngismus; Oxygen Inhalatio | 2002 |
Propofol for relief of extubation laryngospasm.
Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Child, Preschool; Device Removal; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intra | 2002 |
Reliability of emergency drugs.
Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Laryngeal Masks; Laryngismus; N | 2003 |
Propofol relieves post-extubation laryngospasm in obstetric anesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Hypnotics | 2004 |
Propofol relieves post-extubation laryngospasm in obstetric anesthesia.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; In | 2005 |
Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage via the laryngeal mask airway in high-risk hypoxemic immunosuppressed patients.
Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Gas Analysis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Bronchoscopy; Contraindi | 2001 |
Additional clinical observations utilizing bispectral analysis.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Anesthe | 2000 |