Page last updated: 2024-10-24
monoacylglycerol catabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified. [PMID:25290914]
Monoacylglycerol catabolic process involves the breakdown of monoacylglycerols, which are simple lipids composed of a glycerol molecule linked to a single fatty acid. This process is crucial for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and plays a role in various metabolic pathways.
The primary enzyme responsible for monoacylglycerol catabolism is **monoacylglycerol lipase (MAG lipase)**. This enzyme hydrolyzes the ester bond between the fatty acid and glycerol, generating free fatty acids and glycerol.
**Here's a detailed breakdown of the process:**
1. **Dietary Fat Digestion:** When dietary fats enter the small intestine, they are emulsified by bile salts, forming smaller droplets.
2. **Pancreatic Lipase Activity:** Pancreatic lipase, an enzyme secreted by the pancreas, acts on these emulsified fat droplets, breaking down triglycerides into diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and free fatty acids.
3. **Monoacylglycerol Lipase Activity:** Monoacylglycerol lipase, located in the intestinal brush border membrane, further hydrolyzes monoacylglycerols into glycerol and free fatty acids.
4. **Absorption:** The liberated glycerol and fatty acids are then absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells.
5. **Re-esterification:** Within the intestinal cells, the glycerol and fatty acids can be re-esterified to form triglycerides, which are packaged into chylomicrons and transported to the bloodstream.
**Beyond digestion, monoacylglycerol catabolism plays roles in:**
* **Lipid signaling:** Monoacylglycerols can act as signaling molecules, influencing processes like inflammation and cell growth.
* **Energy production:** The breakdown of monoacylglycerols provides energy for various cellular processes.
* **Fatty acid metabolism:** Monoacylglycerol catabolism is interconnected with other fatty acid metabolic pathways, contributing to the overall regulation of lipid homeostasis.
**In summary, monoacylglycerol catabolic process is an essential step in dietary fat digestion and absorption. It also contributes to various metabolic functions, including lipid signaling, energy production, and fatty acid metabolism.'
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Proteins (5)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD6 | A monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9BV23] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Monoglyceride lipase | A monoglyceride lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q99685] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Lysophosphatidylserine lipase ABHD12 | A lysophosphatidylserine lipase ABHD12 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8N2K0] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phosphatidylserine lipase ABHD16A | A phosphatidylserine lipase ABHD16A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95870] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 | A fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O00519] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (72)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid | benzo(b)thiophene-2-boronic acid: inhibits AmpC beta-lactamase; structure in first source | ||
| disulfiram | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor | |
| ethylmaleimide | Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. | maleimides | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor |
| phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride | phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group. Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex. | acyl fluoride | serine proteinase inhibitor |
| propofol | propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS. | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane | 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase | carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound | |
| thiram | thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment. Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations. | organic disulfide | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| carbaryl | carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid. Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries. | carbamate ester; naphthalenes | acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant |
| bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide | bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: indicator for analysis of copper; structure | ||
| tetramethylthiuram monosulfide | |||
| 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine | 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine: rubber vulcanizing agent causing occupational dermatitis; structure | ||
| benzil | benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively. benzil: structure | alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone | |
| phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone | phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone: converted to trifluoroacetic acid in water | ||
| hydratropic acid | hydratropic acid : A 2-arylpropionic acid carrying a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), a volatile hydrocarbon. hydratropic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 2-arylpropionic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite |
| methyl diethyldithiocarbamate | |||
| diphenyl disulfide | benzenes | ||
| n-phenylmaleimide | N-phenylmaleimide: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7104 | ||
| dronabinol | Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| 1,6-bismaleimidohexane | |||
| phenmedipham | phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75) | carbamate ester | environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic |
| diacerein | diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase; | anthraquinone | |
| phenylethane boronic acid | |||
| n-methylmaleimide | N-methylmaleimide: structure in first source | ||
| amperozide | amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs. | diarylmethane; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary carboxamide; ureas | anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| n-benzylmaleimide | |||
| n,n'-4-phenylenedimaleimide | |||
| n-(2-methoxyphenyl)maleimide | N-(2-methoxyphenyl)maleimide: structure given in first source | ||
| n-(4-bromophenyl)maleimide | N-(4-bromophenyl)maleimide: structure given in first source | ||
| 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone | 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase | ||
| 1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl-boronic acid | |||
| 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid | 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid: structure in first source | ||
| arachidonic acid | arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14. | icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid | Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| oleic acid | oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed) | octadec-9-enoic acid | antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent |
| urb 597 | cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source | biphenyls | |
| jnj-1661010 | N-arylpiperazine | ||
| orlistat | orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| 2-octyl-gamma-bromoacetoacetate | 2-octyl-gamma-bromoacetoacetate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure | ||
| arachidonyltrifluoromethane | AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2 | fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor |
| anandamide | anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. | endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4 | human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent |
| glyceryl 2-arachidonate | 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol. glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source | 2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid | human metabolite |
| oleylamide | aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid. oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor | primary fatty amide | human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| n-arachidonylglycine | N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source | fatty amide; N-acylglycine | |
| N-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoylethanolamine | N-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoylethanolamine : An N-acylethanolamine 22:6 that is the ethanolamide of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid. synaptamide: structurally similar to the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) | endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 22:6 | |
| [2-(1-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]methanone | piperazines; pyridines | ||
| arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide | arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM). | fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid | CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent |
| 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one | 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2 | naphthalenes | |
| guineensine | guineensine: an Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, from the fruits of Piper longum; structure in first sourc | benzodioxoles | |
| omdm-2 cpd | OMDM-2 cpd: structure in first source | ||
| cay 10499 | carbamate ester | ||
| CAY10435 | oxazolopyridine | ||
| arachidonoylserotonin | arachidonoylserotonin: an NSAID with antinociceptive activity; fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source N-arachidonoylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin. | N-acylserotonin; phenols | anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; capsaicin receptor antagonist; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; human metabolite; signalling molecule |
| urb 524 | |||
| ol-135 | |||
| methyl arachidonylfluorophosphonate | phosphonic ester | ||
| urb602 | URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source | ||
| n-benzylhexadecanamide | N-benzylhexadecanamide : A macamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with benzylamine. A moderate inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. N-benzylhexadecanamide: isolated from Lepidium meyenii; structure in first source | macamide; secondary carboxamide | EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| ly2183240 | LY2183240: structure in first source | biphenyls | |
| methylphenidate | N-phenyl-4-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea | 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea: structure in first source | ||
| omdm 169 | OMDM 169: has antinociceptive activity; structure in first source | ||
| 4-(4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyloxy)benzoic acid | |||
| t-tucb | |||
| pf 04457845 | |||
| am 6701 | |||
| jzl 184 | JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source | benzodioxoles | |
| pf 3845 | PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase | piperidines | |
| pf 750 | N-phenyl-4-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source | quinolines | |
| azd7687 | AZD7687: structure in first source | ||
| palmostatin b | palmostatin B: inhibits acyl protein thioesterase 1; structure in first source | ||
| jzl195 | JZL195: inhibits both fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 and monoglyceride lipase; structure in first source | ||
| sar127303 | SAR127303: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source | ||
| mjn110 | MJN110: structure in first source |