propofol and Acute Post-operative Pain studies

Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Combined butorphanol and propofol may suppress postoperative visceral pain, which is avoidable in gastrointestinal endoscopy."	9.69	Effect of butorphanol on visceral pain in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Han, R; Liu, H; Wang, J; Wang, X, 2023)
" One patient in the propofol group developed delirium compared to zero in desflurane."	9.24	The effect of desflurane versus propofol anesthesia on postoperative delirium in elderly obese patients undergoing total knee replacement: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. ( Goodman, S; Huddleston, J; Lemmens, HJ; Maloney, W; Sommer, BR; Tanaka, P, 2017)
"To assess the effect of paravertebral administration of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetic on the intraoperative anesthetic drug requirement and incidence of post-thoracotomy pain syndrome."	9.24	Effect of Continuous Paravertebral Dexmedetomidine Administration on Intraoperative Anesthetic Drug Requirement and Post-Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome After Thoracotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Dutta, V; Jayant, A; Kumar, B; Mishra, AK, 2017)
"Preoperative administration of gabapentin reduced intraoperative propofol requirements and postoperative analgesic consumption in breast cancer patients undergoing total mastectomy."	9.17	Effect of gabapentin pretreatment on propofol consumption, hemodynamic variables, and postoperative pain relief in breast cancer surgery. ( Bala, I; Bharti, N; Narayan, V; Singh, G, 2013)
"Dexmedetomidine reduced the duration but not the incidence of delirium after cardiac surgery with effective analgesia/sedation, less hypotension, less vasopressor requirement, and more bradycardia versus morphine regimen."	9.14	Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). ( Bass, F; Campbell, M; Chen, J; Grant, P; Hammond, N; Shehabi, Y; Wolfenden, H, 2009)
"Emergence delirium (ED) is a frequent postoperative complication in young children undergoing ENT procedures and it may be exacerbated by sevoflurane anesthesia whereas propofol maintenance has been suggested to decrease the incidence of ED."	9.14	Emergence delirium and postoperative pain in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison of propofol vs sevoflurane anesthesia. ( Bruegger, D; Mehta, B; Nicklaus, P; Penn, E; Pieters, BJ; Weatherly, R, 2010)
"Two hundred and fourteen women undergoing breast cancer surgery under remifentanil-based general anaesthesia were randomly included in this prospective and double-blind trial."	9.14	Maintenance anaesthetics during remifentanil-based anaesthesia might affect postoperative pain control after breast cancer surgery. ( Byeon, GJ; Cho, AR; Kim, HJ; Kim, KH; Kwon, JY; Lee, HJ; Shin, SW; Yoon, JW, 2010)
"Propofol sedation with local sub-Tenon's injection of lidocaine/mercaine is recommended for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during unilateral or bilateral strabismus surgery in adults."	9.12	Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults. ( Axer-Siegel, R; Bachar, M; Friling, R; Katz, J; Snir, M; Weinberger, D, 2007)
"Pain on injection caused by Propofol-LCT with pre-treatment of lidocaine and Propofol-MCT/LCT alone is shown to be equivalent."	9.11	[Propofol-LCT versus propofol-MCT/LCT with or without lidocaine - a comparison on pain on injection]. ( Haaf-Von-Below, S; Kuhlen, R; Kunitz, O; Lösing, R; Rossaint, R; Schulz-Stübner, S, 2004)
" After standard premedication, 25 patients in each group received propofol, fentanyl, and local anesthesia at the operative site."	9.11	The analgesic effects of gabapentin in monitored anesthesia care for ear-nose-throat surgery. ( Karamanlioğlu, B; Memiş, D; Pamukçu, Z; Turan, A; Yağiz, R; Yavuz, E, 2004)
"We investigated the early recovery characteristics and pain relief of adult patients during combined anesthesia with (epidural and general), either with propofol or sevoflurane for maintenance in major abdominal surgery."	9.11	Propofol and sevoflurane during epidural/general anesthesia: comparison of early recovery characteristics and pain relief. ( Duru, S; Elar, Z; Hepağuşlar, H; Ozkardeşler, S; Ozzeybek, D; Taşdöğen, A, 2004)
"The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the effects of high-dose propofol on the incidence of fasciculations and myalgia, and to evaluate changes in creatine kinase levels following the administration of succinylcholine in 90 women who underwent laparoscopy."	9.10	Effects of high-dose propofol on succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia. ( Kararmaz, A; Kaya, S; Ozyilmaz, MA; Turhanoglu, S, 2003)
"We compared propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group P) with isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group I) on the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine."	9.09	[Comparison of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine]. ( Mashimo, T; Matsubara, Y; Matsumura, Y; Uchida, I; Yoshiya, I, 2000)
"Pain on injection is a major disadvantage of propofol, experienced by the vast majority of patients."	9.09	[Less pain on injection by a new formulation of propofol? A comparison with propofol LCT]. ( Beerhalter, U; Biedler, A; Brandt, A; Brün, K; Doege, F; Erdkönig, R; Larsen, B; Larsen, R, 2001)
"Sixty-two patients undergoing LH were randomized to receive either isoflurane-N2O or propofol-N2O anesthesia."	9.08	Recovery and outcome after propofol and isoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. ( Eriksson, H; Korttila, K; Nelskylä, K; Soikkeli, A, 1997)
" We conducted this multicenter study to examine the hemodynamic response and recovery profile of premedicated children undergoing strabismus repair who were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatment drugs (remifentanil, alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol) along with nitrous oxide and oxygen for maintenance of anesthesia."	9.08	A randomized multicenter study of remifentanil compared with alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery. ( Coté, CJ; Davis, PJ; Henson, LG; Landsman, I; Lerman, J; McGowan, FX; Suresh, S, 1997)
"One hundred and twenty patients undergoing early legal termination of pregnancy by dilatation and suction curettage before 12 weeks of pregnancy were randomly allocated to receive total intravenous propofol anaesthesia either alone or supplemented with fentanyl 1."	9.07	Effects of fentanyl or alfentanil as supplement to propofol anaesthesia for termination of pregnancy. ( Bülow, K; Helbo-Hansen, HS; Jensen, B; Lindholm, P; Nielsen, TG, 1994)
"In a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, we compared the efficacy of propofol and naloxone for the treatment of spinal-morphine-induced pruritus."	9.07	Epidural-morphine-induced pruritus: propofol versus naloxone. ( Borgeat, A; Rifat, K; Saiah, M; Suter, PM; Wilder-Smith, OH, 1994)
"Clinical studies have shown that total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol is associated with better postoperative pain control compared with inhalational anesthesia, while other studies have not shown any benefit."	7.88	The analgesic effects of intraoperative total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol versus sevoflurane after colorectal surgery. ( Cheung, CW; Choi, SW; Irwin, MG; Lee, Y; Wong, SSC, 2018)
"Patients with higher anxiety scores (state and trait) required greater amounts of propofol to reach light (BIS=85) and moderate (BIS=75) levels of sedation, but only trait anxiety was significantly associated with propofol requirements in reaching a deep level of sedation (BIS=65)."	7.78	Preoperative anxiety and pain sensitivity are independent predictors of propofol and sevoflurane requirements in general anaesthesia. ( Chung, WY; Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, GH; Kim, WO; Seo, H, 2012)
"To present our experience with single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery (SSASS) under topical anesthesia and propofol."	7.73	Single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery under topical anesthesia and propofol. ( Durlu, N; Firat, E; Koc, F; Ozal, H; Yasar, H, 2005)
"Propofol TIVA did not improve acute postoperative pain control compared to inhalational anaesthesia in patients who underwent hepatectomy."	7.30	The analgesic effect of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol versus inhalational anaesthesia for acute postoperative pain after hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Chan, TCW; Cheung, CW; Wang, F; Wong, SSC, 2023)
"Remimazolam is a recently approved, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine."	7.30	Comparison of postoperative nausea and vomiting between Remimazolam and Propofol in Patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery: a prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Byeon, GJ; Choi, EJ; Kim, CH; Kim, EJ; Kim, HY; Yoon, JY, 2023)
"The incidences of postoperative pain and quality of life (QoL) were measured using the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) scale at 1, 3, and 7 days post-operation (DPO), and 1 and 3 months post-operation (MPO)."	7.01	Comparison of Sevoflurane and Propofol on the Incidence of Postoperative Pain and Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty With Chronic Pain Before Surgery. ( Liu, RH; Shen, QY; Xu, GH; Yang, R; Zhang, XH; Zhao, D, 2021)
"Propofol has been shown to reduce ED, but these studies have been methodologically limited."	6.78	Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia. ( Ansermino, JM; Chandler, JR; Groberman, MK; Mehta, D; Montgomery, CJ; Myers, D; Whyte, E, 2013)
"There was a trend in the incidence of postoperative nausea (PN): group TD 17%, 95% CI: 8-30%) compared to group VD 31%, 95% CI: 20-46%), p = 0."	6.71	[Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Sevoflurane/N2O plus dimenhydrinate vs.propofol/remifentanil plus dimenhydrinate]. ( Biallas, R; de Decker, W; Rüsch, D; Scholz, J; Siebrecht, D; Wulf, H, 2003)
"Opioids contribute to postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	6.70	[Recovery from anaesthesia and incidence and intensity of postoperative nausea and vomiting following a total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with S-(+)-ketamine/propofol compared to alfentanil/propofol]. ( Hering, W; Kessebohm, K; Kundt, HJ; Schmid, M; St Pierre, M, 2002)
"Fentanyl i."	6.69	Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by continuous infusion of subhypnotic propofol in female patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. ( Han, TH; Kil, HY; Kim, SC; Kim, SI; Lee, JS, 2000)
"Propofol TIVA was associated with reduced postoperative pain scores and/or decreased opioid consumption in 9 out of 16 clinical trials."	6.66	Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) With Propofol for Acute Postoperative Pain: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Chan, WS; Cheung, CW; Irwin, MG; Wong, SSC, 2020)
"Propofol TIVA was associated with lower overall adjusted postoperative morphine consumption (β estimate = -3."	5.72	Propofol total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for acute postoperative pain in patients with morphine patient-controlled analgesia: a large-scale retrospective study with covariate adjustment. ( Chan, WS; Cheung, CW; Choi, EKY; Wong, SSC, 2022)
"The frequency of postoperative nausea was significantly lower in Group D than that in Group R until 2 h after discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) (P = 0."	5.72	Effect of Dexmedetomidine Compared to Remifentanil During Bariatric Surgery on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: a Retrospective Study. ( Han, J; Kim, BY; Koo, BW; Nam, SW; Oh, AY; Yoon, J, 2022)
" Combined butorphanol and propofol may suppress postoperative visceral pain, which is avoidable in gastrointestinal endoscopy."	5.69	Effect of butorphanol on visceral pain in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Han, R; Liu, H; Wang, J; Wang, X, 2023)
" Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ramosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, administered on hypotension at the induction of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil."	5.69	The preventive effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist on blood pressure reduction and postoperative nausea and vomiting during general anesthesia induction: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. ( Hong, SW; Kim, SH, 2023)
"The consumption of propofol and remifentanil, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative pulmonary atelectasis, postoperative nausea/vomiting, and postoperative itchiness in the UG-TPVB group were lower than that in the PCA group."	5.51	Thoracic Paravertebral Block Ameliorates Postoperative Delirium in Geriatric Patients. ( Heng, L; Li, L; Wang, M; Zhu, S, 2022)
" The visual analog scale (VAS) scores of patients at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours following surgery, opioid requirement, propofol consumption, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, awaking time, hemodynamic variables, and any adverse effects were assessed."	5.51	Clinical Efficacy of Perioperative Intravenous Dexmedetomidine and Lidocaine Combined Infusion for Thyroidectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. ( Ao, T; Guo, H; Kalika, P; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Xue, R; Zhang, X; Zheng, J, 2022)
" We aimed to compare intraoperative remifentanil consumption and postoperative pain of AWNB and LAI in children undergoing ambulatory two-port laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery with propofol-remifentanil based general anesthesia."	5.51	Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Local Anesthetic Infiltration and Ultrasound-guided Abdominal Wall Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Ambulatory Inguinal Hernia Repair. ( Han, D; Pan, S, 2022)
"IV lidocaine can significantly reduce the amount of propofol, the incidence of hypoxia and postoperative pain during gastroscopy in elderly patients, with a higher patient and gastroscopist satisfaction."	5.51	Intravenous Lidocaine Significantly Reduces the Propofol Dose in Elderly Patients Undergoing Gastroscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Chen, Y; Hou, Q; Hu, S; Ji, Z; Li, S; Liao, L; Liu, F; Lu, Z; Lv, X; Shi, H; Sun, J; Sun, W; Wang, M; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Yang, H; Ye, P; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zheng, L; Zhou, W, 2022)
"The objective of the study was to compare three nerve stimulator-guided paravertebral injections versus five injections for elderly patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair in terms of the amount of intraoperative fentanyl and propofol consumption and conversion to general anesthesia."	5.30	Three versus five lumbar paravertebral injections for inguinal hernia repair in the elderly: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. ( Kanawati, S; Khatib, ZE; Naja, AS; Naja, Z; Nasreddine, R; Ziade, F, 2019)
" One patient in the propofol group developed delirium compared to zero in desflurane."	5.24	The effect of desflurane versus propofol anesthesia on postoperative delirium in elderly obese patients undergoing total knee replacement: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. ( Goodman, S; Huddleston, J; Lemmens, HJ; Maloney, W; Sommer, BR; Tanaka, P, 2017)
"To assess the effect of paravertebral administration of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetic on the intraoperative anesthetic drug requirement and incidence of post-thoracotomy pain syndrome."	5.24	Effect of Continuous Paravertebral Dexmedetomidine Administration on Intraoperative Anesthetic Drug Requirement and Post-Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome After Thoracotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Dutta, V; Jayant, A; Kumar, B; Mishra, AK, 2017)
" Eighty-two females undergoing breast cancer surgery with propofol-remifentanil anesthesia were enrolled and randomized to receive midazolam 0."	5.24	Can quality of recovery be enhanced by premedication with midazolam?: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study in females undergoing breast surgery. ( Kim, MH; Kim, MS; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Seo, JH, 2017)
" We compared the effect of a combination of paravertebral blockade and propofol general anesthesia (GA) with sevoflurane GA and opioid analgesia on postoperative pain and opioid use for patients undergoing breast cancer surgery."	5.20	Thoracic paravertebral regional anesthesia improves analgesia after breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled multicentre clinical trial. ( Buggy, D; Fleischmann, E; Kurz, A; Mascha, EJ; Parra-Sanchez, I; Sessler, DI; Treschan, T; Wu, J, 2015)
"Limb RIPC attenuates acute lung injury via improving intraoperative pulmonary oxygenation in patients without severe pulmonary disease after lung resection under propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."	5.19	Limb remote ischemic preconditioning attenuates lung injury after pulmonary resection under propofol-remifentanil anesthesia: a randomized controlled study. ( Huang, WQ; Li, C; Li, YS; Liu, KX; Wu, Y; Xu, M, 2014)
"Preoperative administration of gabapentin reduced intraoperative propofol requirements and postoperative analgesic consumption in breast cancer patients undergoing total mastectomy."	5.17	Effect of gabapentin pretreatment on propofol consumption, hemodynamic variables, and postoperative pain relief in breast cancer surgery. ( Bala, I; Bharti, N; Narayan, V; Singh, G, 2013)
" The aim of our study was to compare sevoflurane and propofol as induction and maintenance agents, focusing on hemodynamic stability, recovery characteristics, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain intensity."	5.17	Sevoflurane versus propofol anesthesia in patients undergoing lumbar spondylodesis: a randomized trial. ( Karmaniolou, I; Konstantopoulos, G; Konstantopoulos, K; Makris, A; Mela, A; Moustaka, A, 2013)
"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to evaluate the effect of intravenously (IV) administered acetaminophen on postoperative pain in children and adolescents undergoing surgery for idiopathic scoliosis or spondylolisthesis."	5.16	Acetaminophen improves analgesia but does not reduce opioid requirement after major spine surgery in children and adolescents. ( Hartikainen, T; Helenius, I; Hiller, A; Kaukonen, M; Korpela, R; Meretoja, OA; Neuvonen, PJ; Nurmi, E; Taivainen, T, 2012)
"Investigators from Bristol described a fentanyl- and diclofenac-based analgesic technique for tonsillectomy with low postoperative nausea and vomiting rates and low pain scores."	5.15	A randomised controlled trial of two analgesic techniques for paediatric tonsillectomy*. ( Bagshaw, O; Rawlinson, E; Skone, R; Thillaivasan, A; Walker, A, 2011)
"Dexmedetomidine reduced the duration but not the incidence of delirium after cardiac surgery with effective analgesia/sedation, less hypotension, less vasopressor requirement, and more bradycardia versus morphine regimen."	5.14	Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). ( Bass, F; Campbell, M; Chen, J; Grant, P; Hammond, N; Shehabi, Y; Wolfenden, H, 2009)
"Emergence delirium (ED) is a frequent postoperative complication in young children undergoing ENT procedures and it may be exacerbated by sevoflurane anesthesia whereas propofol maintenance has been suggested to decrease the incidence of ED."	5.14	Emergence delirium and postoperative pain in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison of propofol vs sevoflurane anesthesia. ( Bruegger, D; Mehta, B; Nicklaus, P; Penn, E; Pieters, BJ; Weatherly, R, 2010)
"Two hundred and fourteen women undergoing breast cancer surgery under remifentanil-based general anaesthesia were randomly included in this prospective and double-blind trial."	5.14	Maintenance anaesthetics during remifentanil-based anaesthesia might affect postoperative pain control after breast cancer surgery. ( Byeon, GJ; Cho, AR; Kim, HJ; Kim, KH; Kwon, JY; Lee, HJ; Shin, SW; Yoon, JW, 2010)
" As 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists are known to decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) to an extent comparable with a propofol-based total i."	5.13	Incidence of postoperative nausea and emetic episodes after xenon anaesthesia compared with propofol-based anaesthesia. ( Apfel, CC; Coburn, M; Fries, M; Hein, M; Kunitz, O; Rossaint, R, 2008)
"Propofol sedation with local sub-Tenon's injection of lidocaine/mercaine is recommended for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia during unilateral or bilateral strabismus surgery in adults."	5.12	Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults. ( Axer-Siegel, R; Bachar, M; Friling, R; Katz, J; Snir, M; Weinberger, D, 2007)
"We tested the hypothesis that diprivan/ketamine (D/K) anesthesia would offer advantages compared to midazolam/ketamine (M/K) in patients undergoing minor gynecological surgery."	5.12	[Diprivan versus midazolam in combined anaesthesia with ketamin for minor gynecological surgery]. ( Partenov, P; Popov, I; Tablov, B; Tablov, V; Tsafarov, M, 2007)
"Pain on injection caused by Propofol-LCT with pre-treatment of lidocaine and Propofol-MCT/LCT alone is shown to be equivalent."	5.11	[Propofol-LCT versus propofol-MCT/LCT with or without lidocaine - a comparison on pain on injection]. ( Haaf-Von-Below, S; Kuhlen, R; Kunitz, O; Lösing, R; Rossaint, R; Schulz-Stübner, S, 2004)
" After standard premedication, 25 patients in each group received propofol, fentanyl, and local anesthesia at the operative site."	5.11	The analgesic effects of gabapentin in monitored anesthesia care for ear-nose-throat surgery. ( Karamanlioğlu, B; Memiş, D; Pamukçu, Z; Turan, A; Yağiz, R; Yavuz, E, 2004)
"We investigated the early recovery characteristics and pain relief of adult patients during combined anesthesia with (epidural and general), either with propofol or sevoflurane for maintenance in major abdominal surgery."	5.11	Propofol and sevoflurane during epidural/general anesthesia: comparison of early recovery characteristics and pain relief. ( Duru, S; Elar, Z; Hepağuşlar, H; Ozkardeşler, S; Ozzeybek, D; Taşdöğen, A, 2004)
"05), as well as a more frequent incidence of apnea (84% in the propofol group versus 7% and 16% in the sevoflurane and sevoflurane-propofol groups, respectively; P < 0."	5.11	A comparison of sevoflurane-propofol versus sevoflurane or propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults. ( Aouad, MT; Baraka, AS; Daaboul, DG; Deeb, PG; Massouh, FM; Muallem, MA; Siddik-Sayyid, SM; Taha, SK, 2005)
" We chose the pathway of "laparoscopic prostatectomy" as an example for time-consuming minimally invasive surgery and 40 patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups receiving either total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using propofol/ remifentanil or balanced minimal flow anesthesia using desflurane/ remifentanil."	5.11	[Clinical pathway "laparoscopic prostatectomy". Analysis of anesthesiological procedures in a randomized study]. ( Braun, JP; Eveslage, K; Hansen, D; Lein, M; Moshirzadeh, M; Rehberg-Klug, B; Roigas, J; Schwilk, B; Spies, C; Walter, M, 2005)
"The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the effects of high-dose propofol on the incidence of fasciculations and myalgia, and to evaluate changes in creatine kinase levels following the administration of succinylcholine in 90 women who underwent laparoscopy."	5.10	Effects of high-dose propofol on succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia. ( Kararmaz, A; Kaya, S; Ozyilmaz, MA; Turhanoglu, S, 2003)
"To test whether prophylactic neural blockade of noziceptive afferents or antiemetics diminutes postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) we studied in a randomised, prospective, and ouble-blind fashion 102 patients receiving implantation of an episcleral radioactive applicator for treatment of ocular malignant melanoma during remifentanil-propofol-anaesthesia."	5.10	[Blocking nociceptive afferents by retrobulbar bupivacaine does not decrease nausea and vomiting after propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia]. ( Apfel, CC; Armbruster, W; Bornfeld, N; Müller, D; Peters, J; Unkel, W, 2003)
" In the postoperative period the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (ND: n = 8, HD: n = 2, midazolam: n = 6) and the use of pritramid were lower in the clonidine HD group (HD: 38."	5.10	[Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery]. ( Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)
" For induction of anesthesia, patients of the COM-group received 0,05 mg/kg BW midazolam und 1,0 mg/kg BW propofol, and anesthesia was maintained with 0,05 mg/kg BW/h midazolam (until 15 - 30 min before the end of the operation) together with propofol in decreasing doses of 10 - 5 - 2 mg/kg BW/h."	5.10	[Co-maintenance with propofol and midazolam: sympathoadrenergic reactions, hemodynamic effects, stress response, EEG and recovery]. ( Adams, HA; Bornscheuer, A; Hecker, H; Hermsen, M; Kirchhoff, K, 2002)
" The addition of alfentanil and or propofol to midazolam was evaluated with regard to hemodynamic variables, respiratory rate, pain, anxiety, sedation, postoperative recovery and patient satisfaction."	5.09	A comparison of midazolam, alfentanil and propofol for sedation in outpatient intraocular surgery. ( Chung, F; Fortier, J; Krishnathas, A; Marshall, SI; McHardy, FE, 2000)
"Women presenting for elective ambulatory termination of pregnancy or gynecologic laparoscopy were induced with an intravenous sleep dose of propofol and fentanyl."	5.09	Omission of nitrous oxide from a propofol-based anesthetic does not affect the recovery of women undergoing outpatient gynecologic surgery. ( Arellano, RJ; Chung, FF; Fletcher, M; Friedlander, M; Norris, A; Pole, ML; Rafuse, SE; Saad, YG, 2000)
"We compared propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group P) with isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group I) on the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine."	5.09	[Comparison of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine]. ( Mashimo, T; Matsubara, Y; Matsumura, Y; Uchida, I; Yoshiya, I, 2000)
"Remifentanil is more effective in reducing pain related to nerve blockade and level of sedation is lower; however remifentanil is associated with a higher incidence of respiratory depression and vomiting."	5.09	[Sedation in spinal anesthesia. Comparison of remifentanil and propofol]. ( Berenguer Pellús, J; Fernández Méndez, F; Gilabert Morell, A; Sánchez Pérez, C, 2001)
"Pain on injection is a major disadvantage of propofol, experienced by the vast majority of patients."	5.09	[Less pain on injection by a new formulation of propofol? A comparison with propofol LCT]. ( Beerhalter, U; Biedler, A; Brandt, A; Brün, K; Doege, F; Erdkönig, R; Larsen, B; Larsen, R, 2001)
"Propofol-fentanyl seems to be a better anesthetic than isoflurane-fentanyl in reducing the incidence of nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery."	5.08	Propofol-based anesthesia as compared with standard anesthetic techniques for middle ear surgery. ( Fowles, S; Jellish, WS; Leonetti, JP; Murdoch, JR, 1995)
"This prospective, randomized double-blind study was conducted to examine the effect of intraoperative opioid (fentanyl) supplementation on postoperative analgesia, emesis, and recovery in ambulatory patients receiving propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia."	5.08	Recovery after propofol with and without intraoperative fentanyl in patients undergoing ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy. ( Aasen, M; Frey, K; Pappas, AL; Slogoff, S; Sukhani, R; Vazquez, J, 1996)
" Apnea occurred in 11 patients (7."	5.08	A multicenter evaluation of remifentanil for early postoperative analgesia. ( Bowdle, TA; Camporesi, EM; Hogue, CW; Maysick, L; Miguel, RV; Pitts, M; Streisand, JB, 1996)
" A high incidence of pain with drug injection was noted among patients receiving propofol (80%)."	5.08	Propofol patient-controlled sedation during hip or knee arthroplasty in elderly patients. ( Ganapathy, S; Gelb, AW; Herrick, IA; Kirkby, J, 1997)
"Sixty-two patients undergoing LH were randomized to receive either isoflurane-N2O or propofol-N2O anesthesia."	5.08	Recovery and outcome after propofol and isoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. ( Eriksson, H; Korttila, K; Nelskylä, K; Soikkeli, A, 1997)
" We conducted this multicenter study to examine the hemodynamic response and recovery profile of premedicated children undergoing strabismus repair who were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatment drugs (remifentanil, alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol) along with nitrous oxide and oxygen for maintenance of anesthesia."	5.08	A randomized multicenter study of remifentanil compared with alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery. ( Coté, CJ; Davis, PJ; Henson, LG; Landsman, I; Lerman, J; McGowan, FX; Suresh, S, 1997)
"Maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane results in a more rapid emergence, but a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting compared with propofol."	5.08	Recovery characteristics of sevoflurane- or propofol-based anaesthesia for day-care surgery. ( Gupta, A; Pedersen, FM; Raeder, J, 1997)
"05 mg kg(-1) +droperidol 20 microg kg(-1) was given as prophylaxis for postoperative pain and emesis, respectively."	5.08	Desflurane versus propofol maintenance for outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Aasbø, V; Buanes, T; Grøgaard, B; Mjåland, O; Raeder, JC, 1998)
"One hundred and twenty patients undergoing early legal termination of pregnancy by dilatation and suction curettage before 12 weeks of pregnancy were randomly allocated to receive total intravenous propofol anaesthesia either alone or supplemented with fentanyl 1."	5.07	Effects of fentanyl or alfentanil as supplement to propofol anaesthesia for termination of pregnancy. ( Bülow, K; Helbo-Hansen, HS; Jensen, B; Lindholm, P; Nielsen, TG, 1994)
"In a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, we compared the efficacy of propofol and naloxone for the treatment of spinal-morphine-induced pruritus."	5.07	Epidural-morphine-induced pruritus: propofol versus naloxone. ( Borgeat, A; Rifat, K; Saiah, M; Suter, PM; Wilder-Smith, OH, 1994)
"One hundred and sixty-four patients scheduled for elective termination of pregnancy under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to receive one of three different supplements to propofol and oxygen in nitrous oxide anaesthesia: 0."	5.07	Opioid supplementation to propofol anaesthesia for outpatient abortion: a comparison between alfentanil, fentanyl and placebo. ( Andreen, M; Davidson, S; Jakobsson, J; Westgreen, M, 1991)
" Low-quality evidence suggests that propofol reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) over the short term (one to six hours after surgery) after RALRP compared with inhalational anaesthesia (sevoflurane, desflurane) (MD -1."	4.95	Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. ( Dreijer, B; Herling, SF; Møller, AM; Thomsen, T; Wrist Lam, G, 2017)
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) with morphine therapy develops in more than 60% of patients after surgery, markedly reducing patient QOL."	4.81	Evaluation of the effective drugs for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by morphine used for postoperative pain: a quantitative systematic review. ( Hirayama, T; Ishii, F; Ogata, H; Yago, K, 2001)
" Our anesthetic protocol for strabismus surgery included postoperative nausea and vomiting prevention using dexamethasone and ondansetron."	3.91	Prospective evaluation of anesthetic protocols during pediatric ophthalmic surgery. ( Couret, C; Ducloyer, JB; Le Meur, G; Lebranchu, P; Lejus-Bourdeau, C; Magne, C; Weber, M, 2019)
"Clinical studies have shown that total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol is associated with better postoperative pain control compared with inhalational anesthesia, while other studies have not shown any benefit."	3.88	The analgesic effects of intraoperative total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol versus sevoflurane after colorectal surgery. ( Cheung, CW; Choi, SW; Irwin, MG; Lee, Y; Wong, SSC, 2018)
"It has recently been suggested that propofol exerts a protective effect on the occurrence of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery."	3.81	General anaesthetic agents do not influence persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: A prospective nationwide cohort study. ( Albi-Feldzer, A; Bonneau, J; Dualé, C; Dubray, C; Falewee, MN; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Nougarède, B; Ouchchane, L; Schoeffler, P; Soule-Sonneville, S, 2015)
"A retrospective study was conducted with 175 women (n = 86 in the propofol group and n = 89 in the sevoflurane group) aged 20 to 65 years who underwent breast cancer surgery between March 2007 and December 2008."	3.79	The effects of anesthetics on chronic pain after breast cancer surgery. ( Cho, AR; Hong, JM; Kim, C; Kim, ES; Kim, HK; Kim, KH; Kwon, JY; Lee, HJ, 2013)
"Patients with higher anxiety scores (state and trait) required greater amounts of propofol to reach light (BIS=85) and moderate (BIS=75) levels of sedation, but only trait anxiety was significantly associated with propofol requirements in reaching a deep level of sedation (BIS=65)."	3.78	Preoperative anxiety and pain sensitivity are independent predictors of propofol and sevoflurane requirements in general anaesthesia. ( Chung, WY; Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, GH; Kim, WO; Seo, H, 2012)
"5% ropivacaine were placed with ultrasound and nerve stimulator guidance for two patients with ureteral calculi."	3.74	Thoracic and lumbar paravertebral blocks for outpatient lithotripsy. ( Jamieson, BD; Mariano, ER, 2007)
"To present our experience with single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery (SSASS) under topical anesthesia and propofol."	3.73	Single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery under topical anesthesia and propofol. ( Durlu, N; Firat, E; Koc, F; Ozal, H; Yasar, H, 2005)
"Secondary outcome was postoperative pain intensity using visual analog scale 24 and 48 h after surgery."	3.30	Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to scalp block in patients undergoing elective craniotomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial. ( Bagntasarian, S; Chatzopoulos, S; Koraki, E; Sifaki, F; Stachtari, C; Stergiouda, Z, 2023)
"Propofol TIVA did not improve acute postoperative pain control compared to inhalational anaesthesia in patients who underwent hepatectomy."	3.30	The analgesic effect of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol versus inhalational anaesthesia for acute postoperative pain after hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Chan, TCW; Cheung, CW; Wang, F; Wong, SSC, 2023)
"Remimazolam is a recently approved, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine."	3.30	Comparison of postoperative nausea and vomiting between Remimazolam and Propofol in Patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery: a prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Byeon, GJ; Choi, EJ; Kim, CH; Kim, EJ; Kim, HY; Yoon, JY, 2023)
" The total propofol and fentanyl dosage requirements, a number of patients who required propofol and fentanyl, side effects, and satisfaction were not different between the groups."	3.30	Popliteal sciatic nerve block for high-risk patients undergoing lower limb angioplasty: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial. ( Jirativanont, T; Noikham, A; Pongraweewan, O; Puangpunngam, N; Suphathamwit, A; Tivirach, W, 2023)
"OFA also significantly reduced postoperative pain and morphine consumption (20 mg [1-21] vs."	3.11	Combined opioid free and loco-regional anaesthesia enhances the quality of recovery in sleeve gastrectomy done under ERAS protocol: a randomized controlled trial. ( Alnujaidi, OA; El Sanea, O; Elnabtity, AM; Hegab, A; Ibrahim, M, 2022)
" Our hypothesis was that intraoperative VR use reduces sedative dosing during elective hand surgery without detracting from patient satisfaction as compared to a usual care control."	3.11	Virtual reality immersion compared to monitored anesthesia care for hand surgery: A randomized controlled trial. ( Banner-Goodspeed, V; Faruki, AA; Gasangwa, DV; Ip, V; Korsunsky, G; Levy, N; McGourty, M; Mueller, AL; Nguyen, TB; Novack, V; O'Gara, BP; Proeschel, S; Rozental, TD; Yu, J, 2022)
"Results: ESRD patients receiving propofol TCI had significantly less reduction in blood pressure than those receiving sevoflurane inhalation (p < 0."	3.11	Application of Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion for Optimized Hemodynamic Status in ESRD Patients Receiving Arteriovenous Access Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Chen, PC; Chen, PN; Huang, TW; Lin, WC; Lu, IC; Lu, WL; Tse, J, 2022)
"The secondary endpoints were postoperative pain intensity, postoperative complications, patient satisfaction assessed using the QoR-40 questionnaire and the financial cost of anesthesia."	3.11	The efficacy and safety of an adapted opioid-free anesthesia regimen versus conventional general anesthesia in gynecological surgery for low-resource settings: a randomized pilot study. ( Bengono Bengono, RS; Metogo, JM; Minkande, JZ; Ndikontar, R; Ngouatna, S; Ntock, FN; Tochie, JN, 2022)
"Propofol is the most widely used intravenous anesthetic in endoscopic surgery, but is associated with several adverse reactions."	3.01	The safety and efficacy between remimazolam and propofol in intravenous anesthesia of endoscopy operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Hu, HF; Kuang, MJ; Li, XL; Li, XM; Wang, DC; Zhao, MJ, 2023)
"Ondansetron is a potent anti-emetic drug showing promising results as an analgesic."	3.01	Effect of ondansetron compared to lidocaine and placebo for reducing propofol injection pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AbdelQadir, YH; Adly, MH; Alnaji, AA; Aly, AA; Ammar, MF; Eguzo, MA; Elfar, WH; Elshanbary, AA; Elsnhory, AB; Farhat, AM; Hamza, MM; Hana, K; Hussein, TA; Mahmoud, AM; Morsy, MH; Shah, J; Shamshoon, KF; Zaazouee, MS, 2023)
"The incidences of postoperative pain and quality of life (QoL) were measured using the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) scale at 1, 3, and 7 days post-operation (DPO), and 1 and 3 months post-operation (MPO)."	3.01	Comparison of Sevoflurane and Propofol on the Incidence of Postoperative Pain and Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty With Chronic Pain Before Surgery. ( Liu, RH; Shen, QY; Xu, GH; Yang, R; Zhang, XH; Zhao, D, 2021)
" The dosage of remifentanil in group L was lower than other two groups (adjP < 0."	3.01	Intravenously injected lidocaine or magnesium improves the quality of early recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised controlled trial. ( Cheng, W; Guo, CL; Lu, J; Qian, B; Wang, JF; Yin, Q, 2021)
"Propofol has been shown to improve postoperative analgesia, but the preventive effect on persistent pain after cardiac surgery is unknown."	3.01	The Effect of Propofol Versus Volatile Anesthetics on Persistent Pain After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Dai, SH; He, LL; Jiang, JL; Xu, Z; Yu, H; Zheng, JQ, 2021)
"In the main study (n = 86), peak postoperative pain and intraoperative remifentanil consumption were lower in the pupillometry group (median [first to third quartile], 5 [4-6]; mean ± standard deviation [SD], 0."	2.94	Comparison of Pupillometry With Surgical Pleth Index Monitoring on Perioperative Opioid Consumption and Nociception During Propofol-Remifentanil Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Choung, Y; Jwa, EK; Kim, E; Kim, JH; Kim, SY; Yeon, HJ, 2020)
"Secondary outcomes included postoperative nausea and pain occurrence and time to reach the discharge score."	2.94	Differences in midazolam premedication effects on recovery after short-duration ambulatory anesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane for gynecologic surgery in young patients: A randomized controlled trial. ( Kim, H; Park, SS; Shim, J, 2020)
"Propofol TIVA was associated with less postoperative headache (p = 0."	2.90	The effect of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol on postoperative pain after third molar surgery: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Cheung, CW; Leung, MYY; Wong, SSC, 2019)
"Propofol was infused a bolus of 1."	2.90	Comparison of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs propofol during hysteroscopic surgery: Single-centre randomized controlled trial. ( Bingol Tanriverdi, T; Devrim, S; Gura Celik, M; Koceroglu, I, 2019)
"Less fentanyl consumption was observed on postoperative days 1 and 2, but not on day 3 (375 μg vs 485 μg, P = ."	2.90	Effects of intraoperative propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia on postoperative pain in spine surgery: Comparison with desflurane anesthesia - a randomised trial. ( Chan, SM; Lai, HC; Lee, MS; Lin, WL; Lu, CH; Wong, CS; Wu, ZF, 2019)
"Postoperative pain was reduced significantly in the first 3 postoperative hours, and the need to use morphine was decreased in the group receiving esmolol."	2.87	The Effects of Intraoperative Esmolol Infusion on the Postoperative Pain and Hemodynamic Stability after Rhinoplasty. ( Abbas Zadeh, A; Rafieian, Y; Vahabi, S, 2018)
"The incidence and severity of CRBD, postoperative pain, and adverse effects were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 h after surgery."	2.87	Intraoperative administration of dexmedetomidine reduced the postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort and pain in patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy. ( Hwang, SM; Jang, JS; Kwon, Y; Lee, JJ; Tark, H, 2018)
"Fentanyl consumption was lower in Group SC and Group SC + T than in Group C at time periods 0-4 and 4-8 h (p < 0."	2.87	Ultrasound-guided bilateral superficial cervical block and preemptive single-dose oral tizanidine for post-thyroidectomy pain: a randomized-controlled double-blind study. ( Ahiskalioglu, A; Alici, HA; Ari, MA; Celik, EC; Dostbil, A; Doymus, O; Karadeniz, E; Oral Ahiskalioglu, E; Sengoz, F; Yayik, AM, 2018)
" However, the dosage of remifentanil used in endoscopy is unclear."	2.87	Effects of small-dose remifentanil combined with index of consciousness monitoring on gastroscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial. ( He, R; Li, F; Li, Z; Liu, M; Wang, S; Wu, H; Yang, D, 2018)
"Melatonin has been proposed as a premedication alternative to midazolam, preceding anaesthesia induction."	2.82	Melatonin versus midazolam premedication in children undergoing surgery: A pilot study. ( Crisafi, C; D'Angelo, G; Gitto, E; Impellizzeri, P; Manti, S; Marseglia, L; Montalto, AS; Reiter, RJ; Romeo, C, 2016)
"Surgery-induced acute postoperative pain and stress response can lead to prolonged convalescence."	2.82	Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine Promotes Postoperative Analgesia and Recovery in Patients after Abdominal Hysterectomy: a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Ge, DJ; Li, JY; Qi, B; Tang, G, 2016)
"Compared with the C group, mean remifentanil dosage was significantly higher in the T group (3."	2.82	Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial. ( Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)
"Lidocaine is a short-acting local anesthetic, and intravenous lidocaine has been shown to have analgesic efficacy in surgical settings."	2.82	Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine During Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Neoplasm: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. ( Choi, JB; Jeong, HW; Kim, JE; Kim, SY; Koo, BN; Lee, BH, 2016)
"Propofol promotes analgesia by depressing nociceptive transmission in peripheral neurons, antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and activating gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in dorsal root ganglion receptor cells."	2.82	Opioid use after propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia: a randomized trial. ( Böhler, K; Gemeiner, J; Klimscha, W; Luntzer, R; Mascha, EJ; Plattner, O; Sessler, DI; Windpassinger, M; Yang, D, 2016)
"Femoral nerve and sciatic nerve block applied in TKA can obviously inhibit the tourniquet reaction,keep hemodynamic stability,reduce the dosage of anesthetic drug,and relieve the postoperative pain."	2.80	[Effect of Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Block on Tourniquet Reaction and Postoperative Pain during Total Knee Arthroplasty]. ( Dong, BH; Li, J; Wu, XC; Xu, P, 2015)
" Dosage of analgesic medication consumption was retrieved from patients' charts."	2.79	Combined spinal and general anesthesia vs general anesthesia for robotic sacrocervicopexy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Awad, N; Lowenstein, L; Mustafa, S; Nasir, H; Segal, D, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was managed with pethidine and diclofenac."	2.79	Comparison of the effect of propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia on acute and chronic postoperative pain after hysterectomy. ( Bakis, M; Eshraghi, YE; Galimberti, F; Küçük, M; Ogurlu, M; Sari, S; Turan, A; Ugur, B, 2014)
"Propofol has been shown to reduce ED, but these studies have been methodologically limited."	2.78	Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia. ( Ansermino, JM; Chandler, JR; Groberman, MK; Mehta, D; Montgomery, CJ; Myers, D; Whyte, E, 2013)
"Intra-operative dosing of sufentanil significantly influenced post-operative morphine consumption, pain and hyperalgesia."	2.78	The impact of intra-operative sufentanil dosing on post-operative pain, hyperalgesia and morphine consumption after cardiac surgery. ( Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schüttler, J, 2013)
"Propofol anesthesia was associated with significantly less pain at 0."	2.77	Propofol reduces early post-operative pain after gynecological laparoscopy. ( Li, M; Mei, W; Qian, W; Tian, YK; Wang, P; Yu, Y; Zhang, ZG, 2012)
"Remifentanil is known to cause bradycardia and hypotension, as well as the decreases of cardiac output (CO)."	2.77	Drug-administration sequence of target-controlled propofol and remifentanil influences the onset of rocuronium. A double-blind, randomized trial. ( Do, SH; Hwang, JW; Jeon, YT; Na, HS; Oh, AY; Park, HP; Park, SH, 2012)
"Propofol is a popular agent for providing intraoperative sedation in pediatric population during lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia."	2.76	An evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or intravenous clonidine in children undergoing orthopedic surgery: a randomized double-blinded study. ( Cao, JP; Liu, J; Miao, XY; Shi, XY, 2011)
" Adverse events and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics were evaluated."	2.75	Effectiveness, safety, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of microemulsion propofol in patients undergoing elective surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia. ( Cho, SH; Choe, SM; Choi, BM; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Lee, HM; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ, 2010)
"In this study recovery profile, postoperative pain scores, incidence of adverse effects, and patient and surgeon satisfaction were compared between paravertebral block (PVB) and fast-track general anesthesia (GA) via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for outpatient IH."	2.75	Comparison of paravertebral block versus fast-track general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway in outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Akcaboy, EY; Akcaboy, ZN; Gogus, N, 2010)
"Propofol was titrated to a level of deep sedation and propofol combined with midazolam was used for moderate sedation."	2.74	CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy decreases post-interventional pain in deeply sedated patients: a randomized controlled trial. ( Akan, B; Dirlea, D; Karner-Hanusch, J; Mikola, B; Mittlböck, M; Rieder, E; Riss, S; Weiser, FA, 2009)
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug that has analgesic properties for acute postoperative pain."	2.74	The analgesic effect of gabapentin as a prophylactic anticonvulsant drug on postcraniotomy pain: a prospective randomized study. ( Aykac, B; Bingol, CA; Karlikaya, G; Sayin, M; Türe, H; Türe, U, 2009)
"Peri-incisional hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring pain threshold to pressure using an algometer before operation and at 24-48 h postoperatively."	2.74	[The effects of lornoxicam in preventing remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia]. ( Alper, Y; Reisli, R; Tuncer, S; Yalçin, N, 2009)
"Remifentanil seems to be a safe and effective analgesic adjunct for monitored anesthesia care of hysteroscopic surgery."	2.73	Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-propofol for monitored anesthesia care during hysteroscopy. ( Do, SH; Kim, JH; Park, KS; Ryu, JH, 2008)
"Systemic hypertension is a major drawback associated with fast tracking, which may predispose to formation of intracranial hematoma."	2.73	Planning for early emergence in neurosurgical patients: a randomized prospective trial of low-dose anesthetics. ( Bhagat, H; Bithal, PK; Chouhan, RS; Dash, HH; Pandia, MP, 2008)
"In studies evaluating postoperative pain, the effect of general anesthetics on analgesic requirements has not been considered except for one recent study suggesting that propofol anesthesia provides better analgesia after surgery than isoflurane."	2.73	Postoperative pain and analgesic requirements after anesthesia with sevoflurane, desflurane or propofol. ( Fassoulaki, A; Melemeni, A; Paraskeva, A; Sarantopoulos, C; Siafaka, I, 2008)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and the consumption of morphine by patient-controlled analgesia during the first 24 hours."	2.73	The use of curare during anesthesia to prevent iatrogenic muscle damage caused by lumbar spinal surgery through a posterior approach. ( Degrise, C; Gille, O; Guerin, P; Obeid, I; Skalli, W; Vital, JM, 2007)
"However, postoperative nausea vomiting (PONV) is a commonly observed phenomenon after laparoscopic procedures."	2.73	Anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: comparative evaluation--desflurane/sevoflurane vs. propofol. ( Dikmen, B; Erdogan, G; Erk, G; Sahin, F; Taspinar, V, 2007)
"Propofol was infused at 6 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 10 min followed by an infusion of 2."	2.73	A comparison of sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol during shockwave lithotripsy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ayan, S; Gokce, G; Gultekin, Y; Gursoy, S; Kaygusuz, K; Mimaroglu, C, 2008)
"The number-needed-to-treat to prevent sore throat and dysphagia was 10 and 8, respectively (95% confidence intervals, 5-43)."	2.73	Propofol causes less postoperative pharyngeal morbidity than thiopental after the use of a laryngeal mask airway. ( Chia, YY; Lee, SW; Liu, K, 2008)
"Nicotine treatment did not change pain report or morphine use in either anesthetic group (P > 0."	2.73	Anesthesia matters: patients anesthetized with propofol have less postoperative pain than those anesthetized with isoflurane. ( Cheng, SS; Flood, P; Yeh, J, 2008)
"Propofol infusion was targeted to keep bispectral index values between 45 and 55."	2.72	Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery. ( Akpir, K; Kayacan, S; Pembeci, K; Seyhan, TO; Sungur, MO; Telci, L; Tugrul, M, 2006)
"Pretreatment with nefopam could be useful to prevent pain sensitization induced by opioids."	2.72	The effect of nefopam on morphine overconsumption induced by large-dose remifentanil during propofol anesthesia for major abdominal surgery. ( Clevenot, D; Debaene, B; Derrode, N; Fletcher, D; Rolland, D; Tirault, M, 2006)
"Patients felt postoperative pain (t(C)), but they felt no pain at times t(A), t(B), and t(D)."	2.71	Release of beta-endorphin immunoreactive material under perioperative conditions into blood or cerebrospinal fluid: significance for postoperative pain? ( Bödeker, RH; Hempelmann, G; Matejec, R; Ruwoldt, R; Teschemacher, H, 2003)
"Fentanyl was continued at the designated rate through the initial postoperative phase."	2.71	Effect-site concentration of propofol for recovery of consciousness is virtually independent of fentanyl effect-site concentration. ( Iwakiri, H; Matsukawa, T; Nagata, O; Ozaki, M; Sessler, DI, 2003)
"There was a trend in the incidence of postoperative nausea (PN): group TD 17%, 95% CI: 8-30%) compared to group VD 31%, 95% CI: 20-46%), p = 0."	2.71	[Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Sevoflurane/N2O plus dimenhydrinate vs.propofol/remifentanil plus dimenhydrinate]. ( Biallas, R; de Decker, W; Rüsch, D; Scholz, J; Siebrecht, D; Wulf, H, 2003)
"Overall, in this study, postoperative pain was much better controlled in the group receiving tramadol 1."	2.71	An evaluation of analgesic efficacy and clinical acceptability of intravenous tramadol as an adjunct to propofol sedation for third molar surgery. ( Blignaut, RJ; Roelofse, JA; Shipton, EA, 2003)
"Postoperative pain was identical in both groups of patients who underwent relatively short duration, and relatively painless surgery."	2.71	Anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: comparison of hypnotic- and opioid-based techniques. ( Amour, J; Coriat, P; De Castro, V; Godet, G; Raux, M; Reina, M, 2004)
" Dosage of opioids was based on ideal body weight (IBW): fentanyl 5 mcg/kg for intubation followed by infusion of 0."	2.71	Post-anesthesia recovery after infusion of propofol with remifentanil or alfentanil or fentanyl in morbidly obese patients. ( Gaszynski, TM; Gaszynski, WP; Strzelczyk, JM, 2004)
"Propofol has a differential effect on hemodynamics and sedation when comparing patients after cardiac surgery and esophagectomy."	2.71	Fentanyl-induced hemodynamic changes after esophagectomy or cardiac surgery. ( Goto, F; Hinohara, H; Kadoi, Y; Kunimoto, F; Saito, S, 2005)
"Propofol was used as TCI (plasma target concentration, 2."	2.70	Bispectral index in patients with target-controlled or manually-controlled infusion of propofol. ( Boldt, J; Lehmann, A; Piper, S; Thaler, E; Weisse, U, 2002)
"To compare postoperative nausea, emesis, analgesia, and recovery between propofol-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl in outpatient laparoscopic tubal ligations with general anesthesia."	2.70	Propofol-ketamine versus propofol-fentanyl for outpatient laparoscopy: comparison of postoperative nausea, emesis, analgesia, and recovery. ( Davis, DJ; Ramanathan, S; Romeo, RC; Vallejo, MC, 2002)
"Opioids contribute to postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	2.70	[Recovery from anaesthesia and incidence and intensity of postoperative nausea and vomiting following a total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with S-(+)-ketamine/propofol compared to alfentanil/propofol]. ( Hering, W; Kessebohm, K; Kundt, HJ; Schmid, M; St Pierre, M, 2002)
"piritramide was used for treatment of postoperative pain and recorded for 90 min in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU)."	2.70	Recovery profile and side effects of remifentanil-based anaesthesia with desflurane or propofol for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Bach, F; Bauer, M; Becker, S; Grundmann, U; Kleinschmidt, S; Larsen, B; Silomon, M, 2001)
"during the procedure to prevent early postoperative pain."	2.70	Use of remifentanil in combination with desflurane or propofol for ambulatory oral surgery. ( Kabongo, F; Pendeville, PE; Veyckemans, F, 2001)
"Twenty patients, after trauma or major surgery with no intracranial pathology, were randomized to receive either remifentanil/propofol (n=10) or sufentanil/propofol (n=10)."	2.70	Recovery after remifentanil and sufentanil for analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated patients after trauma or major surgery. ( Biedler, A; Molter, GP; Schöpflin, I; Silomon, M; Soltész, S, 2001)
" However, considering the selected dosing regimen, recovery times were significantly shorter for children after TIVA."	2.70	[Propofol-remifentanil versus sevoflurane-remifentanil for anesthesia for pediatric procedures in infants, children and adolescents]. ( Albrecht, S; Carbon, R; Fechner, J; Fritsch, B; Rösch, W; Schmidt, J; Schmitz, B, 2001)
"Postoperative pain was assessed in the fully awake patient after extubation (hour 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours using a visual analog scale (VAS)."	2.70	Postoperative pain management after supratentorial craniotomy. ( Grenier, B; Maurette, P; Mesli, A; Sesay, M; Siao, D; Verchère, E, 2002)
"Anaesthetic duration, postoperative pain and emesis as well as discharge time did not differ between groups."	2.70	Inhalation anaesthesia is cost-effective for ambulatory surgery: a clinical comparison with propofol during elective knee arthroscopy. ( Anderson, RE; Cannerfelt, R; Dolk, A; Jakobsson, J, 2002)
"The remifentanil-based TIVA was associated with high intraoperative cost and early postoperative pain, but it allowed a more rapid respiratory recovery."	2.70	Comparison of hemodynamics, recovery profile, and early postoperative pain control and costs of remifentanil versus alfentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). ( Ozkose, Z; Tufekcioglu, S; Tuncer, B; Yalcin Cok, O; Yardim, S, 2002)
"Propofol was used for intravenous sedation."	2.69	Comparison of oral and intravenous routes of giving tenoxicam. ( Kumara, R; Zacharias, M, 1998)
"The remifentanil infusion rate was reduced by 50%, 5 min after tracheal intubation."	2.69	Comparison of remifentanil in combination with isoflurane or propofol for short-stay surgical procedures. ( Jolliffe, D; Jones, RM; Lang, G; Morris, RW; Nolan, JP; Peacock, JE; Rowbotham, DJ; Sneyd, JR; Speedy, HM, 1998)
"We compared postoperative pain in two groups."	2.69	[Continuous total intravenous anesthesia is useful for postoperative pain management]. ( Akatsuka, M; Doi, Y; Hashimoto, M; Mori, H; Onaka, M; Yamamoto, H, 1999)
"Our results show that high doses of epidural clonidine potentiate general anesthetics and provide more efficient postoperative analgesia than the two bupivacaine dosage regimens investigated."	2.69	Epidural clonidine or bupivacaine as the sole analgesic agent during and after abdominal surgery: a comparative study. ( De Kock, M; Gautier, P; Jonniaux, M; Lavand'homme, P; Pavlopoulou, A, 1999)
"Postoperative pain was mild in both groups, but remifentanil patients had more than the propofol group."	2.69	Remifentanil-based anesthesia versus a propofol technique for otologic surgical procedures. ( Avramov, A; Fluder, E; Jellish, WS; Leonetti, JP; Murdoch, J, 2000)
"Because the intensity of postoperative pain in end-stage kidney insufficiency patients can be modified by the type of received anaesthesia, it was decided to analyze the influence of standardized general anaesthesia on postoperative morphine consumption."	2.69	The influence of the type of anaesthesia on postoperative pain after kidney transplantation. ( Lazowski, T, 2000)
"Most of the patients experienced little postoperative pain with more than 70% scoring less than 20 mm on a VAS-scale from 0-100 mm at any time during the postoperative period."	2.69	No effect of preoperative paracetamol and codeine suppositories for pain after termination of pregnancies in general anaesthesia. ( Dahl, V; Fjellanger, F; Raeder, JC, 2000)
"Fentanyl i."	2.69	Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by continuous infusion of subhypnotic propofol in female patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. ( Han, TH; Kil, HY; Kim, SC; Kim, SI; Lee, JS, 2000)
"Induction agent doses, peroperative complications, complaints about pain and emesis during the postoperative period, and time to discharge were studied."	2.68	Anaesthesia for short outpatient procedures. A comparison between thiopentone and propofol in combination with fentanyl or alfentanil. ( Jakobsson, J; Rane, K, 1995)
"Propofol, 2 mg/kg, was administered intravenously for induction of anesthesia and followed by propofol, 50 to 250 micrograms/kg/min, for maintenance anesthesia."	2.68	Propofol-based anesthesia as compared with standard anesthetic techniques for middle ear surgery. ( Fowles, S; Jellish, WS; Leonetti, JP; Murdoch, JR, 1995)
"Ketorolac-treated patients had consistently (but not significantly) shorter recovery times to oral intake, ambulation, and discharge than those in the dezocine or fentanyl groups."	2.68	Use of analgesics during propofol sedation: a comparison of ketorolac, dezocine, and fentanyl. ( Ramirez-Ruiz, M; Smith, I; White, PF, 1995)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by verbal ratings and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0-100 mm) and pain medication was standardised."	2.68	Effect of intravenous ketoprofen on pain after outpatient laparoscopic sterilisation. ( Eriksson, H, 1995)
"Midazolam was associated with impairment of performance on the TDT and DSST after premedication administration and 15 (TDT and DSST) and 30 (DSST) min after postanesthesia care unit (PACU) arrival."	2.68	Midazolam premedication increases sedation but does not prolong discharge times after brief outpatient general anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. ( Hussain, A; Richardson, MG; Wu, CL, 1997)
"Remifentanil is an ultrashort acting mu opioid, well suited to total intravenous (i."	2.68	Transition to post-operative epidural or patient-controlled intravenous analgesia following total intravenous anaesthesia with remifentanil and propofol for abdominal surgery. ( Bowdle, TA; Cox, K; Kharasch, ED; Nichols, WW; Ready, LB, 1997)
"In Group S and Group E the postoperative pain was significantly less than in Group P at admission to the recovery unit and 60, 120 and 180 min later (P<0."	2.68	Spinal, epidural or propofol anaesthesia for out-patient knee arthroscopy? ( Dahl, V; Gierløff, C; Omland, E; Raeder, JC, 1997)
"Postoperative pain was reported in 35% of patients, with no significant difference between treated and control patients."	2.67	Prophylactic paracetamol for analgesia after vaginal termination of pregnancy. ( Ashley, J; Cade, L, 1993)
"Propofol anaesthesia was compared with paracervical blockade in a prospective, randomized study of 59 abortion patients."	2.67	Propofol anaesthesia versus paracervical blockade with alfentanil and midazolam sedation for outpatient abortion. ( Raeder, JC, 1992)
"Esmolol-treated patients also reported less sedation in the first 15 min of recovery than those receiving alfentanil."	2.67	Efficacy of esmolol versus alfentanil as a supplement to propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. ( Smith, I; Van Hemelrijck, J; White, PF, 1991)
"Midazolam and propofol were compared in an open randomized study for postoperative sedation during 12 h of mechanical ventilation in 40 patients following coronary artery bypass grafting."	2.67	The use of midazolam versus propofol for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. ( Byttebier, G; Demeyere, R; Lauwers, P; Snellen, F; Van Aken, H, 1990)
"Propofol TIVA was associated with reduced postoperative pain scores and/or decreased opioid consumption in 9 out of 16 clinical trials."	2.66	Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) With Propofol for Acute Postoperative Pain: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Chan, WS; Cheung, CW; Irwin, MG; Wong, SSC, 2020)
"Propofol was associated with a statistically significant, albeit marginal, reduction in pain scores 24 h after surgery (Hedge's g (95% CI) -0."	2.53	Effects of intra-operative maintenance of general anaesthesia with propofol on postoperative pain outcomes - a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cheung, CW; Choi, SW; Irwin, MG; Qiu, Q; Wong, SS, 2016)
"The main outcomes included postoperative pain intensity, opioid consumption, need for rescue analgesics, and time to first analgesia."	2.53	Does Propofol Anesthesia Lead to Less Postoperative Pain Compared With Inhalational Anesthesia?: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Ji, FH; Liu, H; Liu, HY; Peng, K; Wu, SR; Zhang, ZC, 2016)
"Propofol has a rapid and smooth onset of action and is as easy to titrate in children as in adults."	2.42	[Total intravenous anesthesia. On the way to standard practice in pediatrics]. ( Giest, J; Strauss, JM, 2003)
"Propofol TIVA was associated with lower overall adjusted postoperative morphine consumption (β estimate = -3."	1.72	Propofol total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for acute postoperative pain in patients with morphine patient-controlled analgesia: a large-scale retrospective study with covariate adjustment. ( Chan, WS; Cheung, CW; Choi, EKY; Wong, SSC, 2022)
"The frequency of postoperative nausea was significantly lower in Group D than that in Group R until 2 h after discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) (P = 0."	1.72	Effect of Dexmedetomidine Compared to Remifentanil During Bariatric Surgery on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: a Retrospective Study. ( Han, J; Kim, BY; Koo, BW; Nam, SW; Oh, AY; Yoon, J, 2022)
"Propofol combined with remifentanil is the most common anesthesia method in laparoscopic hysteromyomectomy."	1.72	Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy. ( Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)
" This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) on blood loss and transfusion for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in elderly patients in comparison with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) or GA."	1.56	Effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol target-controlled infusion on blood loss and transfusion for posterior total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients. ( Qu, XD; Qu, ZJ; Wang, G; Wang, HJ; Xu, CS, 2020)
"Second, we explored whether or not postoperative pain scores were associated with intra-operative fentanyl dosing."	1.51	Association between intra-operative fentanyl dosing and postoperative nausea/vomiting and pain: A prospective cohort study. ( Bandschapp, O; Clamer, D; Mauermann, E; Ruppen, W, 2019)
"Mechanical allodynia induced by plantar incision peaked at 1 hr and lasted for 3 days after incision."	1.51	Propofol attenuates postoperative hyperalgesia via regulating spinal GluN2B-p38MAPK/EPAC1 pathway in an animal model of postoperative pain. ( Cheung, CW; Gu, P; Li, Q; Qiu, Q; Sun, L; Wang, XM; Wong, SS, 2019)
" With utility of these PK/PD models we created an algorithm to optimize the intraoperative dosing regimen."	1.51	Optimizing intraoperative administration of propofol, remifentanil, and fentanyl through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulations to increase the postoperative duration of analgesia. ( Johnson, K; Syroid, N; Tams, C; Vasilopoulos, T, 2019)
"The degree of the postoperative pain syndrome within 48 hours according to the VRS in Group One patients was higher as compared with that in Groups Two, Three and Four patients who additionally received SCPB."	1.40	[Combined anaesthesia in reconstructive operations on carotid arteries]. ( Deshko, IuV; Gavrilenko, AV; Kozlov, SP; Kraĭnik, VM; Kuklin, AV, 2014)
"Children with chronic pain were offered quantitative sensory testing (QST), and a surgical examination, including ultrasound, in order to exclude hernia recurrence."	1.38	Chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair in children. ( Ahlburg, P; Jensen, TS; Kristensen, AD; Lauridsen, MC; Nikolajsen, L, 2012)
"Propofol was used in both groups at a dose range of 0."	1.37	Post-operative dexmedetomidine-based sedation after uneventful intracranial surgery for unruptured cerebral aneurysm: comparison with propofol-based sedation. ( Komatsu, H; Nishioka, T; Noguchi, H; Sakaki, T; Umegaki, O; Yokota, H; Yokoyama, K, 2011)
"More propofol was administered in group P than in group PFM and PR."	1.37	[Eighty cases of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for inguinal hernia repairs using tumescent local anesthesia (TLA)]. ( Adachi, K; Hayasaka, T; Kameyama, E; Nakamura, T; Uchida, K; Yamada, M, 2011)
"This process has been shown to ablate tumors in animal studies."	1.36	Irreversible electroporation: a new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. ( Ball, C; Kavnoudias, H; Thomson, KR, 2010)
"Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, or distal arthrogryposis type 2A, is a rare congenital myopathy and dysplasia characterised by multiple contractures, abnormalities of the head and face, defective development of the hands and feet and skeletal malformations."	1.35	Anaesthetic management of a child with Freeman-sheldon syndrome undergoing spinal surgery. ( Richa, FC; Yazbeck, PH, 2008)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue pain scale (VAS)."	1.33	[Comparison of pentazocine and fentanyl in total intravenous anesthesia using propofol]. ( Abe, F; Masui, K; Nonaka, A; Suzuki, S, 2006)
" Using the patient's response to a large-dose fentanyl infusion in conjunction with a pharmacokinetic simulation, effective intraoperative and postoperative fentanyl plasma concentrations were achieved."	1.32	Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. ( Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)
" The use of the LMA had no effect on this dose-response curve."	1.31	Investigations using logistic regression models on the effect of the LMA on morphine induced vomiting after tonsillectomy. ( Anderson, BJ; Holford, NH; McGann, JE; Newson, AJ; Pearce, S, 2000)
"A common cause of snoring is palatal flutter which occurs when turbulent air flow causes the flexible soft palate to flutter."	1.29	Anaesthesia for laser pharyngoplasty--a comparison of the tracheal tube with the reinforced laryngeal mask airway. ( Brimacombe, J; Laing, D; Sher, M, 1995)
"A propofol infusion was chosen for anaesthesia to achieve early discharge and to reduce the incidence of postoperative emesis."	1.29	Propofol for pulsed dye laser treatments in paediatric outpatients. ( Charest, J; Vischoff, D, 1994)
"Propofol was used for induction of anesthesia in 76 patients, the other three were induced with sodium pentothal."	1.29	Harvesting bone marrow in an outpatient setting using newer anesthetic agents. ( Gulati, SC; Stewart, M; Thorne, AC, 1993)
" The postoperative peridural dosage of 5 mg morphine (three times in 24 h) was very effective."	1.28	[Continuous peridural anesthesia in abdominal surgery. An alternative for elderly patients]. ( Fuchs, C, 1992)

Research

Studies (413)

Authors

Clinical Trials (116)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Mg of Morphine Equivalents (IV)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	2 (0.48)	18.7374
1990's	68 (16.46)	18.2507
2000's	147 (35.59)	29.6817
2010's	143 (34.62)	24.3611
2020's	53 (12.83)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Heng, L	1
Wang, M	4
Li, L	1
Zhu, S	1
Ibrahim, M	1
Elnabtity, AM	1
Hegab, A	1
Alnujaidi, OA	1
El Sanea, O	1
Guo, H	1
Ao, T	1
Wang, J	2
Zhang, X	2
Zheng, J	1
Xiao, Y	1
Xue, R	1
Kalika, P	1
Ran, R	1
Kalmykov, IK	1
Muradov, GM	1
Reshetov, IV	1
Tsymbal, AA	1
Wong, SSC	5
Choi, EKY	1
Chan, WS	2
Cheung, CW	9
Wang, XH	1
Zhang, SY	1
Huang, Y	2
Wang, Q	1
Zou, L	1
Zhao, G	1
Wang, TL	1
Han, D	1
Pan, S	1
Chen, YK	1
Soens, MA	1
Kovacheva, VP	1
Shang, Y	1
Qi, F	1
Zheng, Z	1
Yang, G	1
Fei, F	1
Guo, Q	1
Zhu, K	1
Ferré, BMI	1
Drozdzynska, M	1
Vettorato, E	1
Nam, SW	1
Oh, AY	2
Koo, BW	1
Kim, BY	1
Han, J	1
Yoon, J	1
Hu, S	1
Li, S	3
Zhou, W	1
Zhang, Y	1
Shi, H	1
Ye, P	1
Sun, J	1
Liu, F	2
Zhang, W	1
Zheng, L	1
Hou, Q	1
Wang, Y	3
Sun, W	1
Chen, Y	2
Lu, Z	1
Ji, Z	1
Liao, L	1
Lv, X	1
Wang, X	4
Yang, H	2
Faruki, AA	1
Nguyen, TB	1
Gasangwa, DV	1
Levy, N	1
Proeschel, S	1
Yu, J	2
Ip, V	1
McGourty, M	1
Korsunsky, G	1
Novack, V	1
Mueller, AL	1
Banner-Goodspeed, V	1
Rozental, TD	1
O'Gara, BP	1
Chen, PN	1
Lu, IC	1
Huang, TW	1
Chen, PC	1
Lin, WC	1
Lu, WL	1
Tse, J	1
Liu, R	1
Suo, S	1
Zhao, Y	1
Wang, Z	1
Zhao, L	1
Hou, J	1
Tochie, JN	1
Bengono Bengono, RS	1
Metogo, JM	1
Ndikontar, R	1
Ngouatna, S	1
Ntock, FN	1
Minkande, JZ	1
Soultati, I	1
Ntenti, C	1
Tsaousi, G	1
Pourzitaki, C	1
Gkinas, D	1
Thomaidou, E	1
Alexandrakis, S	1
Papavramidis, T	1
Goulas, A	1
Stachtari, C	1
Stergiouda, Z	1
Koraki, E	1
Sifaki, F	1
Bagntasarian, S	1
Chatzopoulos, S	1
Liu, H	4
Han, R	1
Zhang, T	1
Yue, Z	1
Yu, L	1
Xie, Y	1
Wei, J	1
Wu, M	1
Tan, H	1
Wang, F	1
Chan, TCW	1
Kim, EJ	1
Kim, CH	1
Yoon, JY	1
Byeon, GJ	2
Kim, HY	1
Choi, EJ	1
Noikham, A	1
Tivirach, W	1
Pongraweewan, O	1
Suphathamwit, A	1
Puangpunngam, N	1
Jirativanont, T	1
van der Meulen, JF	1
Fisch, C	1
Dreessen, JRJ	1
Coppus, SFPJ	1
Kok, HS	1
Bongers, MY	1
Zhou, F	1
Cui, Y	1
Cao, L	1
Zhao, MJ	1
Hu, HF	1
Li, XL	1
Li, XM	1
Wang, DC	1
Kuang, MJ	1
Hong, SW	1
Kim, SH	1
Barsa, M	1
Filyk, O	1
Zaazouee, MS	1
Mahmoud, AM	1
Elfar, WH	1
Hana, K	1
Shamshoon, KF	1
Adly, MH	1
Hussein, TA	1
Hamza, MM	1
Aly, AA	1
Eguzo, MA	1
Farhat, AM	1
Elsnhory, AB	1
Morsy, MH	1
Ammar, MF	1
Alnaji, AA	1
Elshanbary, AA	1
Shah, J	1
AbdelQadir, YH	1
Mauermann, E	1
Clamer, D	1
Ruppen, W	1
Bandschapp, O	1
Shin, HJ	1
Do, SH	4
Lee, JS	2
Kim, TK	1
Na, HS	2
Su, X	1
Zhu, W	1
Tian, Y	2
Tan, L	1
Wu, H	2
Wu, L	1
Hendrickx, JFA	1
Van Zundert, T	1
De Wolf, AM	1
Diwan, SM	1
Yamak Altinpulluk, E	1
Khurjekar, K	1
Nair, A	1
Dongre, H	1
Turan, A	3
Huang, MY	1
Scharf, S	1
Chan, PY	1
Ramos-Luengo, A	1
Gardeta Pallarés, A	1
Asensio Merino, F	1
Dolsan, A	1
Bruneteau, L	1
Roche, C	1
Ferré, F	1
Labaste, F	1
Sommet, A	2
Conil, JM	1
Minville, V	1
Xu, CS	1
Qu, XD	1
Qu, ZJ	1
Wang, G	1
Wang, HJ	1
Kim, DH	1
Yun, HJ	1
Park, S	1
Leem, JG	1
Karm, MH	1
Choi, SS	1
Rezniczek, GA	1
Hecken, JM	1
Rehman, S	1
Dogan, A	1
Tempfer, CB	1
Hilal, Z	1
Yang, R	1
Zhao, D	1
Zhang, XH	1
Liu, RH	1
Xu, GH	1
Shen, QY	1
García Guzzo, ME	1
Fernandez, MS	1
Sanchez Novas, D	1
Salgado, SS	1
Terrasa, SA	1
Domenech, G	1
Teijido, CA	1
Lu, J	1
Wang, JF	1
Guo, CL	1
Yin, Q	1
Cheng, W	1
Qian, B	1
Kim, JH	2
Jwa, EK	1
Choung, Y	1
Yeon, HJ	1
Kim, SY	3
Kim, E	1
Irwin, MG	4
Yu, H	2
Xu, Z	2
Dai, SH	1
Jiang, JL	1
He, LL	1
Zheng, JQ	1
Kim, H	1
Park, SS	1
Shim, J	1
Mulier, H	1
De Frene, B	1
Benmeridja, L	1
Vanhoorebeeck, F	1
Denis, B	1
Casaer, B	1
Rogge, FJ	1
Leleu, K	1
Mulier, J	1
Wolf, A	1
Selpien, H	1
Haberl, H	1
Unterberg, M	1
Weber, M	2
Hüppe, M	1
Cavus, E	1
Ocker, H	1
Gerlach, K	1
Aggarwal, A	1
He, J	1
Zhang, L	3
Li, DL	1
He, WY	1
Xiong, QM	1
Zheng, XQ	1
Liao, MJ	1
Wang, HB	1
Li, C	2
Zhao, C	1
Zhao, Z	1
Feng, Y	2
Papageorgiou, V	1
Ververidis, C	1
Anagnostou, T	1
Savvas, I	1
Kazakos, G	1
Herling, SF	1
Dreijer, B	1
Wrist Lam, G	1
Thomsen, T	1
Møller, AM	1
Vahabi, S	1
Rafieian, Y	1
Abbas Zadeh, A	1
Wang, HM	1
Shi, XY	2
Qin, XR	1
Zhou, JL	1
Xia, YF	1
Chavush, MA	1
Yağar, S	1
Ertürk, A	1
Özgök, A	1
Tanaka, P	1
Goodman, S	1
Sommer, BR	1
Maloney, W	1
Huddleston, J	1
Lemmens, HJ	1
Canpolat, DG	1
Yildirim, MD	1
Kutuk, N	1
Dogruel, F	1
Ocak, H	1
Aksu, R	1
Alkan, A	1
Kim, HC	1
Park, HP	2
Lee, J	1
Jeong, MH	1
Lee, KH	1
Dundar, N	1
Kus, A	1
Gurkan, Y	2
Toker, K	1
Solak, M	1
Zeng, X	1
Jiang, J	1
Yang, L	1
Ding, W	1
Hüllemann, S	1
Schüpfer, G	1
Mauch, J	1
Bugajski, M	1
Wieszczy, P	1
Hoff, G	1
Rupinski, M	1
Regula, J	1
Kaminski, MF	1
De Oliveira, GS	2
Bialek, J	1
Rodes, ME	1
Kendall, MC	2
McCarthy, RJ	2
Kwon, Y	1
Jang, JS	1
Hwang, SM	1
Lee, JJ	1
Tark, H	1
Theventhiran, A	1
Shabsigh, M	1
De Moraes, CG	1
Cioffi, GA	1
Kamel, M	1
Blumberg, D	1
Al-Aswad, LA	1
Elbakry, AE	1
Sultan, WE	1
Ibrahim, E	1
Bonilla-García, JL	1
Cortiñas-Sáenz, M	1
Pozo-Gavilán, ED	1
Ahiskalioglu, A	1
Yayik, AM	1
Oral Ahiskalioglu, E	1
Dostbil, A	1
Doymus, O	1
Karadeniz, E	1
Ari, MA	1
Sengoz, F	1
Alici, HA	1
Celik, EC	1
Mackey, EF	1
Chen, L	1
Zhou, Y	1
Cai, Y	1
Bao, N	1
Xu, X	1
Shi, B	1
Houthoff Khemlani, K	1
Weibel, S	1
Kranke, P	1
Schreiber, JU	1
Verspohl, E	1
Liu, M	1
Yang, D	2
Li, F	1
Li, Z	1
Wang, S	1
He, R	1
Choi, SW	3
Lee, Y	1
Zientara, A	1
Mariotti, S	1
Matter-Ensner, S	1
Seifert, B	1
Graves, K	1
Dzemali, O	1
Genoni, M	1
Ducloyer, JB	1
Couret, C	1
Magne, C	1
Lejus-Bourdeau, C	1
Le Meur, G	1
Lebranchu, P	1
Schraag, S	1
Pradelli, L	1
Alsaleh, AJO	1
Bellone, M	1
Ghetti, G	1
Chung, TL	1
Westphal, M	1
Rehberg, S	1
Naja, Z	1
Kanawati, S	1
Khatib, ZE	1
Ziade, F	1
Nasreddine, R	1
Naja, AS	1
Wong, SS	3
Sun, L	1
Qiu, Q	3
Gu, P	1
Li, Q	1
Wang, XM	1
Leung, MYY	1
Bingol Tanriverdi, T	1
Koceroglu, I	1
Devrim, S	1
Gura Celik, M	1
Richebé, P	1
Brulotte, V	1
Tams, C	2
Syroid, N	1
Vasilopoulos, T	1
Johnson, K	2
Seubert, C	1
Lin, WL	1
Lee, MS	1
Wong, CS	2
Chan, SM	1
Lai, HC	1
Wu, ZF	1
Lu, CH	2
Chandler, JR	1
Myers, D	2
Mehta, D	1
Whyte, E	1
Groberman, MK	1
Montgomery, CJ	1
Ansermino, JM	2
Sadurní, M	1
Beltrán de Heredia, S	1
Dürsteler, C	1
Pérez-Ramos, A	1
Langohr, K	1
Escolano, F	1
Puig, MM	1
Brouse, CJ	1
Karlen, W	1
Dumont, GA	1
Cooke, E	1
Stinson, J	1
Lim, J	1
Karcioglu, M	1
Davarci, I	1
Tuzcu, K	1
Bozdogan, YB	1
Turhanoglu, S	2
Aydogan, A	1
Temiz, M	1
Jarman, A	1
Duke, G	1
Reade, M	1
Casamento, A	1
Bharti, N	1
Bala, I	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Bilateral Ultrasound-guided M-Tapa Block vs External Oblique Intercostal Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study[NCT05939635]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-11	Recruiting
Quality of Recovery of Opioid Free Anaesthesia Versus Opioids Anaesthesia Within Enhanced Recovery Protocol Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Saudi Arabia, Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04285255]		103 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-01	Completed
Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes Between Surgeries Anaesthetized With Propofol and Inhalational Anaesthetics With Regression Controls for Confounders[NCT03875872]		3,922 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-02-11	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Preoperative Anxiety Effects of Brachial Plexus Block and General Anesthesia for Orthopedic Upper Extremity Surgery[NCT05476198]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-05	Completed
Does Intravenous Lidocaine Reduce Propofol Consumption and the Side Effects of Sedation During Gastroscopy in ASA 1 and 2 Patients.[NCT05944887]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-07-21	Completed
General Anesthesia Usiing Fentanyl Plus Propofol Plus Rococuronium Plus Isoflurane Versus Ketamime Plus Magnesium Sulphate Plus Lidocaine Plus Clonidine Plus Propofol Plus Rococuronium Plus Isoflurane in Gynaecology Surgery[NCT04737473]		36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-06	Recruiting
The Incremental Risk of Intraoperative Fentanyl on PONV: A Modifiable Risk Without Drawbacks?[NCT03201315]		363 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-01-01	Completed
The Effect of Virtual Rain Forest and White Noise on Satisfaction, Tolerance, Comfort and Vital Signs During Arthroscopy[NCT05992714]		93 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ) With Versus Without Intraoperative Application of Lugol's Iodine in Women With Cervical Dysplasia: a Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT05132114]		216 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-17	Recruiting
Large Loop Excision of the Transformatione Zone Under General Versus Local Anesthesia: a Randomized Trial.[NCT03494686]		229 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-03	Completed
Opioid-free Anesthesia With a Mixture of Dexmedetomidine-lidocaine-ketamine in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies[NCT05089526]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-11	Recruiting
Intraoperative Assessment of Analgesic Depth During General Anesthesia With Dexmedetomidine-remifentanil Infusion. A Pilot Study[NCT05785273]		45 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-02-19	Completed
Comparison of Pupillometry-guided With Surgical Pleth Index (SPI) Guided General Anesthesia on Perioperative Opioid Consumption and Pain Intensity: a Pilot Study[NCT03586791]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-11	Completed
Neuroplasticity Induced by General Anaesthesia[NCT04125121]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-26	Completed
Relationship Between General Anesthetic Mode and Postoperative Severe Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Complications: a Retrospective Cohort Study[NCT03335579]		50,000 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-12-31	Completed
Comparison of the Analgesic Effects of Scalp Nerve Block and Intravenous Ibuprofen Applications Under the Guidance of Nociception Level Index (NoL) in Patients Undergoing Elective Supratentorial Craniotomy[NCT05763836]	Phase 4	102 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-01	Recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, PACU Blinded Study to Compare ANI-guided Analgesic Administration Versus Standard Care in Surgical Patients Receiving Balanced Sevoflurane-Fentanyl Anesthesia[NCT03684590]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-30	Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Ongoing Beta-blockers Administration on Analgesic Requirements in the Immediate Perioperative Period.[NCT03498898]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Recruiting
A Comparative Study of Intraoperative Fentanyl Consumption Guided by Analgesia Nociception Index Versus Standard Protocol in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy[NCT03716453]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Completed
The Optimal Sequence in Same-day Bidirectional Endoscopy Under Deep Anesthesia Induced by Propofol Combined With Fentanyl: A Prospective Randomized Controlled ,Two Centers Trial[NCT04973878]		544 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-30	Not yet recruiting
The Effects of Propofol vs. Sevoflurane Administered During Anesthesia Maintenance on Early and Late Recovery After Gynecological Surgery[NCT01755234]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Comparative Study Between Inhalational Anaesthesia and Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) With Dexmedetomidine for Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy[NCT03029715]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Completed
Preemptive Single Dose Tizanidine and Ultrasound Guided Superficial Cervical Block on Pain After Thyroidectomy[NCT02725359]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Completed
The Influence of Type of Anesthesia on Postoperative Pain After Laparoscopic Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Multi-center Prospective Randomized Controlled Study[NCT04239794]		468 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-20	Active, not recruiting
Paravertebral Block for Inguinal Hernia Repair in Elderly: Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial[NCT02537860]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Emergence Delirium and Recovery Time in Children: a Randomized Trial to Compare Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol to Inhalational Sevoflurane Anesthesia for Ambulatory Dental Surgery[NCT03330613]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-15	Recruiting
Investigation of the DNA Methylation Profile in Children Who Presented Emergence Delirium[NCT03787849]		175 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-24	Completed
EEG to Monitor Propofol Anesthetic Depth in Infants and Toddlers[NCT05701748]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-03	Recruiting
Serratus and Parasternal Infrapectoral Block for Breast Reduction Surgery. A Randomized Controlled Double Blinded Study to Measure Impact on Time to Hospital Discharge in an Outpatient Setting.[NCT03708302]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-31	Not yet recruiting
[NCT02495363]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-03-31	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Quadratus Lumborum Block and Paravertebral Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy and Open Hepatectomy[NCT03540537]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-09	Recruiting
Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Paravertebral Block in Patients Undergoing Elective Breast Surgery. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Dermatomal Spread.[NCT03471442]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-29	Completed
A Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol for Use in Intravenous Sedation[NCT03255824]	Phase 4	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-20	Completed
Low Dose Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant to Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Blocks: A Prospective Randomized, Double Blinded, Control Study[NCT02666443]		306 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Recruiting
Adductor Canal Block: Single Injection vs Catheter for Pain Management of Total Knee Arthroplasty - A Randomized, Unblinded, Non-Inferiority Trial[NCT02798835]	Phase 4	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Comparison of the Effect of a Single Shot Saphenous Block With Plain Bupivacaine vs. Protracted Bupivacaine Mixture as a Supplement to Continuous Sciatic Catheter After Major Ankle and Foot Surgery[NCT02346110]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Correlation Between Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Plasma Corticotropin, Cortisol Under Surgical Skin Incision[NCT03892538]		134 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-10-01	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Compare the Effect of TIVA Propofol vs Sevoflurane Anaesthetic on Serumserum Biomarkers and on PBMCs in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Resection Surgery[NCT03005860]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Funding could not be arranged, so the study was prematurely terminated)
The Effect of Intranasal Fentanyl Versus Remifentanil Infusion on Propofol Requirements During Elective Therapeutic ERCP, as Well on the Recovery, Pain, and Early Cognitive Function: A Randomized Control Trial[NCT01304342]		180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Regional Anesthesia and Breast Cancer Recurrence[NCT00418457]	Phase 3	2,108 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Pectoral Nerve Block vs. Standard Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction: Impact on Post-operative Pain and Nausea/Vomiting[NCT02913573]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Recruiting
Effects of Epidural Anesthesia-analgesia on Long-term Survival in Patients After Lung Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02801409]		400 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-25	Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Inhalation Anesthesia on Lymphocytes in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Resection and the Mechanism Involved: a Single-center, Randomized, Prospective Study[NCT03193710]		260 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2017-09-01	Recruiting
Etude épidémiologique Multicentrique Des Douleurs Neuropathiques Post-opératoires[NCT00812734]		3,322 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-04-30	Completed
The Effects of Anesthetics on Persistent Pain Following Breast Cancer Surgery[NCT03782896]		89 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-12-31	Completed
Magnesium Sulphate Versus Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Propofol Xylocaine Combination for Conscious Sedation During Chronic Subdural Haematoma Surgery. Comparative Study[NCT03548493]	Phase 2	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-10	Completed
Retrospective Study to Investigate Intraoperative TIVA With Propofol on Postoperative Pain and Side Effects After Liver Resection Surgery[NCT02179437]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Dexmedetomidine Combined With Dezocine and Flubiprofen for Postoperative Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia After Colorectal Surgery[NCT03014713]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Recruiting
Comparison of the Clinical Performances of Flexible Laryngeal Mask Airway in Pediatric Patients Under General Anesthesia With or Without Muscle Relaxant: a Randomized Controlled Non-inferiority Trial[NCT03487003]		128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-20	Completed
Do Patients Anesthetized With Propofol Have Less Pain Than Those Anesthetized With Volatile?[NCT00712517]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Terminated (stopped due to Enrolling of participants has halted and the results are being gathered)
Evaluation of Pain and Postoperative Nausea Vomiting Incidence in Outpatient Surgery at IUCT-Oncopole Hospital[NCT03669328]		200 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2016-06-01	Completed
Prospective Cohort Study Assessing Chronic Pain in Patients With Thoracic Blocks Following Minor Surgery for Breast Cancer.[NCT03912948]		205 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-04-01	Completed
Intravenous Lidocaine Reduces Pain Scores and Opioid Consumption in Open Lung Resection Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial[NCT04480281]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-10	Completed
Intravenous Lignocaine as an Analgesic Adjunct in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery (IGNITE-AIS Study)[NCT04931433]	Phase 4	102 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-24	Recruiting
Comparing Analgesic Efficacy of Systemic Lidocaine Against Placebo in General Anesthesia in Bariatric Surgery: Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo Controlled, Mono-Center Study[NCT03667001]	Phase 3	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-16	Completed
Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block Combined With Intravenous Sedation Versus General Anesthesia in Selected Patients for Thyroid/Parathyroid Surgery ; a Prospective Randomized Control Trial[NCT04051099]		52 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Recruiting
Is End Tidal CO2 Level Elevation During Upper Endoscopy With CO2 Gas Insufflation Physiologically Significant[NCT04541667]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-18	Completed
Water Exchange Versus Carbon Dioxide Insufflation to Improve Colonoscopy Screening - a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01633333]		473 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Guiding Dreaming During Anaesthesia by Means of Communication Through Suggestions. What Influences Our Suggestions? What do Our Suggestions Influence?[NCT01839201]		270 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Dreaming and EEG Changes During Anaesthesia Maintained With Propofol or Desflurane[NCT00446212]	Phase 4	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Gabapentin Regimens and Their Effects on Opioid Consumption[NCT03334903]	Phase 4	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-15	Completed
Does LOW Dose DEXmedetomidine After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Separation Decrease the Incidence of DELirium: A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Study (LOWDEXDEL Study)[NCT03388541]	Phase 4	420 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-17	Completed
Dexmedetomidine and IV Acetaminophen for the Prevention of Postoperative Delirium Following Cardiac Surgery in Adult Patients 60 Years of Age and Older[NCT02546765]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INDUCTION TECHNIQUES ON POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND AGITATION IN CHILDREN[NCT02110745]	Phase 4	2 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Anaesthesia During IRE Procedures for Solid Tumours[NCT02044224]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Studio Clinico Pilota Con Uso di Elettroporazione Irreversibile (IRE) Nel Trattamento di Lesioni Neoplastiche Epatiche Con Localizzazione ad accessibilità Limitata o ad Alto Rischio[NCT01442324]		5 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Recruiting
The Effect of Self-Affirmation on Anxiety and Perceived Discomfort in Patients Who Underwent Open-Heart Surgery. A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05487430]		61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-30	Completed
A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Study to Investigate the Effect of Sugammadex vs. Neostigmine/Glycopyrrolate on Emergence Delirium During Sevoflurane-rocuronium Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients[NCT03229486]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-01	Completed
Bispectral Index Monitoring In Pediatric Cataract Surgery: A Comparative Study Using Propofol- Midazolam Versus Sevoflurane Anesthesia[NCT05262205]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-15	Enrolling by invitation
Development of Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) Model of Propofol in Patients With Severe Burns[NCT03704285]		15 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-29	Terminated (stopped due to Outbreak COVID 19)
Clinical Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Analgesia-first Minimal Sedation as an Early Antihypertensive Treatment for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage[NCT03207100]		338 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-06	Completed
Administration of Acetazolamide to Prevent Remifentanil Induced Hyperalgesia: Randomize Double Blind Clinical Trial[NCT02992938]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Completed
The Effect of Preoperative Anxiolysis With Intravenous Midazolam on Intraoperative Sevoflurane Gas Consumption: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study[NCT05371600]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-02	Recruiting
A Randomized Prospective Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Lavender Aromatherapy on Preoperative Anxiety in Breast Surgery Patients[NCT01837966]		93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Comparison of Postoperative Pain of Sevoflurane, Propofol, and Sevoflurane Plus Propofol in Maintenance of Anaesthesia for Gynaecological Laparoscopic Surgery[NCT01084200]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
Does the Choice of Administration Sequence of Propofol and Remifentanil Affect the ED50 and ED95 of Rocuronium for Rapid Sequence Induction of Anesthesia?[NCT02709473]	Phase 4	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
The Influence of Age on EEG Signals and Consciousness During Anesthesia (TIARA)[NCT04765046]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-08-18	Completed
Effects of Open Lung Approach on Intraoperative Respiratory Function and Postoperative Recovery of Patients With Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection[NCT03160144]		280 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-12	Completed
Anxiety and Chronic Postsurgical Pain Following Ambulatory Surgery in Children[NCT04206956]		135 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-10-14	Recruiting
Use of Dexmedetomidine for Deep Sedation in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Hysteroscopic Surgery[NCT01337739]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to The study drug delayed time of discharge which is clinically impracticable.)
Dex vs Dazzle: Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Intraoperative Sedation[NCT02878837]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Comparing Time to Readiness for Discharge After Colonoscopy: Propofol and Dexmedetomidine vs Propofol Only Sedation[NCT03139279]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-05	Completed
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl Versus Midazolam and Remifentanil for Sedation in Patients Undergoing Ablation Procedures for Treatment of a Tachyarrhythmia[NCT03451227]		6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-01	Terminated (stopped due to Unable to recruit eligible participants)
Effects of Clonidine and Midazolam Premedication on Bispectral Index and Recovery After Elective Surgery[NCT00638729]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Trial to Assess the Effect of a Single Preoperative Dose of Gabapentin on Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Patients Undergoing Rhinoplasty[NCT03498261]	Phase 1	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-30	Active, not recruiting
Efficacy of Preoperative Administration of Gabapentin in Managing Intraoperative and Postoperative Pain From Third Molar Extractions.[NCT04860141]	Phase 4	98 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-16	Recruiting
Comparison of Oral Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Postoperative Pain Control After Photorefractive Keratectomy: a Prospective, Randomized Study.[NCT00954187]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Terminated (stopped due to PI left institution)
Low Dose Fentanyl/Midazolam Improves Sevoflurane Induction in Adults[NCT00723164]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Endotracheal Intubation for Inhalational Anesthesia Without the Use of Muscle Relaxants or Analgesics[NCT03112564]		91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-01	Completed
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Network (ARDSNet)[NCT00000579]	Phase 3	0 participants	Interventional	1994-09-30	Completed
Assessment of Analgesics and Sedatives in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19[NCT05336656]		353 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-01-01	Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Alvimopan in Major Spine Surgery[NCT02789111]	Phase 4	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-01	Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Use on Intraoperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Cases[NCT05826119]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-15	Recruiting
Magnesium Oral Supplementation to Reduce Pain in Patients With Severe Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: The MAG-PAPER Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT02455726]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Use on Intraoperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain in Abdominal Hysterectomy Cases[NCT05644873]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-30	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Continuous Infusion of Intravenous Nefopam on Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption After Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04450355]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-30	Completed
Effect of Steroids on Post-tonsillectomy Morbidities[NCT02401529]	Phase 2	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Betamethasone (Betapred®) as Premedication for Reducing Postoperative Vomiting and Pain After Tonsillectomy - a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT03783182]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-10	Recruiting
Comparative Study Between Intravenous Nalbuphine Versus Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Conscious Sedation in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy[NCT05689242]	Phase 4	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-31	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on the Quality of Recovery of Ambulatory Patients[NCT01433081]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Single-dose Dexamethasone on Pain After Total Knee Replacement Surgery[NCT03034733]	Phase 4	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-15	Terminated (stopped due to Principal investigator (M.K.) left for another workplace. Patient recruitment more difficult than expected.)
Do Peri-operative High Doses of Intravenous Glucocorticoids Improve Short-term Functional Outcome After Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Randomized, Single Surgeon, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind Study[NCT04317872]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Recruiting
Effect of Ringer Lactate Preloading on Induction Dose Requirement of Propofol and Its Haemodynamic Stability at a Tertiary Center[NCT05777135]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-01	Recruiting
The Comparison of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Inhalation Anesthesia Procedures Used in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeries in View of Postoperative Complications and the Recovery Period[NCT03187717]		583 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-01-01	Completed
The Effect of Acute Intravenous Morphine Administration on Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) in Patients With Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): A Paired Design Trial[NCT03127800]	Phase 3	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-20	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulties with recruitment)
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Recovery Profiles of Elderly Patients[NCT01851005]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Comparison of the Effect of Intra-articular Administration of 2% Ropivacaine vs. 7.5% Ropivacaine as an Analgesic in the Immediate Postoperative Period of Knee Arthroscopy in Acute Injuries at the ABC Medical Center[NCT05807945]	Phase 4	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Completed
An Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01330459]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
A Comparison of the Effect of Intravenous Sedation Versus General Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Minor Gynecologic Surgery[NCT01890707]		19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-19	Terminated (stopped due to Change in procedure.)
the Research of Analgesia and Sedation Effect of Remifentanil on ICU Short Operation[NCT02635802]	Phase 4	1,500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Not yet recruiting
The Effects of Scalp Block on Haemodynamic Response and Postoperative Pain in[NCT02852382]	Phase 2	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
The Incidence of Intraoperative Awareness Under General Anesthesia in Adults: A Prospective, Multicenter Study[NCT04697732]		30,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2012-07-17	Recruiting
The Effect of Binaural Sound on Recovery of General Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Simple Gynecological Surgery[NCT05736510]		106 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-15	Not yet recruiting
Anesthesiological Strategies in Elective Craniotomy: Randomized, Equivalence, Open Trial[NCT00741351]	Phase 3	411 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
A Comparison Between Scalp Nerve Block and Scalp Infiltration on the Circulatory and Stress Response for Aneurysm Clipping Using an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Programme[NCT03073889]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Recruiting
Fast-track Laparoscopic Surgery. The Effect of Anesthetic Technique[NCT01275911]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Total opioid use in the post operative care unit (Mg of morphine equivalents) (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: PACU admission to discharge

Opioid Use Discharge From Post Anesthesia Care Unit to 24 Hours After PACU Discharge.

Intervention	miligrams of morphine equivalents (Median)
Sevoflurane	9
Propofol	9.4

Opioid use in mg of morphine equivalents from discharge from the post anesthesia care unit to 24 hours after PACU discharge. (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: Discharge from PACU to 24 hours post operative after PACU discharge.

Pain in Post Anesthesia Care Unit

Intervention	mg morphine equivalents (Median)
Sevoflurane	30
Propofol	25

"Numeric rating scale for pain on a scale of 0-10 (0 is no pain and 10 is high pain) versus time curve in the post anesthesia care unit ( score * min). A higher value indicates more pain and time in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit.~The range is 0 pain to x time in minutes x 1 hour to 5 hour ( 60-300 minutes) . The pain scores were collected at 15 minute intervals from the time of admission to the PACU. The area under the NRS pain scale versus time curve was calculated using the trapezoidal method as an indicator of pain burden during early recovery (Graph Pad Prism ver 5.03, Graph Pad Software INC." (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: Time in the post anesthesia care unit

Quality of Recovery Score 24 Hours Post Operative

Intervention	Pain Score * minutes in PACU (Median)
Sevoflurane	270
Propofol	240

Quality of recovery score 24 hours after the surgical procedure.Score of 40 is poor recovery and a score of 200 is good recovery. (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: 24 hours after the surgical procedure

Analgesic Requirements.

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Sevoflurane	175
Propofol	176

Total paracetamol consumption. (NCT03029715)
Timeframe: Within one hour after surgery

The Intra-operative Mean Arterial Blood Pressure.

Cooperation Scale

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Sleeve Gastrectomy 1	3.56
Sleeve Gastrectomy 2	1.67

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Sleeve Gastrectomy 1	71.05
Sleeve Gastrectomy 2	62.7

Surgeon satisfaction is measured by the Cooperation Scale. Minimum score of 0 and maximum of 9. Higher indicates a worse outcome (i.e., discomfort and movement) (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: 15 minutes following surgery

Hemodynamic Stability - Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Propofol Group	2.07
Dexmedetomidine Group	1.47

"To compare the differences in hemodynamic stability using a D/M combination compared to the MFP combination. (In this study, a deviation from baseline by 20% or greater will be considered clinically significant)~a. Change in blood pressure (NIBP) (change ≥ 20%) Blood pressure is presented as mean arterial pressure" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Hemodynamic Stability - Heart Rate

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Propofol Group	78
Dexmedetomidine Group	88

"To compare the differences in hemodynamic stability using a D/M combination compared to the MFP combination. (In this study, a deviation from baseline of both the blood pressure and heart rate by 20% or greater will be considered clinically significant)~a. Change in heart rate (change ≥ 20 BPM)" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Patient Satisfaction

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
Propofol Group	77
Dexmedetomidine Group	62

"Visual Analog Scale was used to measure overall satisfaction with the IV sedation and memory of the procedure.~The minimum score is 0 (not satisfied at all) to a maximum score of 100 (completely satisfied).~A higher score is a better outcome." (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: 30 minutes following surgery

Postoperative Recovery Time - Ambulation

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Propofol Group	93.5
Dexmedetomidine Group	86.6

"To assess whether a D/M combination increases postoperative recovery time when compared the MFP combination.~a. Time to ambulation (to recovery room) will be recorded" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: After the procedure until ambulation, up to 20 minutes

Postoperative Recovery Time - Duration of Procedure

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Propofol Group	10.8
Dexmedetomidine Group	11.6

"To assess whether a D/M combination increases postoperative recovery time when compared the MFP combination.~a. Duration of procedure will be recorded" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Postoperative Recovery Time - Time to Discharge

Intervention	MINUTES (Mean)
Propofol Group	24.2
Dexmedetomidine Group	22.1

"To assess whether a D/M combination increases postoperative recovery time when compared the MFP combination.~a. Time to discharge or virtual discharge (comparative statistic) - Aldrete score of ≥ 9 or pre-procedure score is met The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 10. A higher score indicates wakefulness, hemodynamically stable, and able to ambulate.~ii. All subjects are required to stay a minimum of 30 minutes after the end of the procedure. Therefore, at least two postoperative vital sign readings will be obtained. If the subject meets discharge criteria prior to 30 minutes, this time will be the virtual discharge time" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: After the procedure until discharge, up to 45 minutes

Reaction to Administration of Local Anesthesia

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Propofol Group	26.5
Dexmedetomidine Group	29.9

"To compare the groups regarding movement of the patient during the first injection of local anesthesia during the IVS at time of injection measured using the Behavioral Pain Scale - Non-Intubated patients.~The minimum value is 3 and the maximum value is 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome (i.e., more pain and movement on injection)" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the first injection of local anesthesia during surgery

Respiratory Depression - Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Propofol Group	3.9
Dexmedetomidine Group	4.2

"To assess whether a D/M combination leads to a significant change in respiratory depression compared to the MFP combination.~a. Change in arterial oxygen saturation (as measured by pulse oximeter) i. number of events of ≤92%" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Respiratory Depression - Respiratory Rate

Intervention	Saturation percent (Mean)
Propofol Group	98.7
Dexmedetomidine Group	98.9

"To assess whether a D/M combination leads to a significant change in respiratory depression compared to the MFP combination.~a. Change in respiratory rate (change ≥ 20%)" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Respiratory Events Requiring Intervention

Intervention	breaths per minute (Mean)
Propofol Group	18
Dexmedetomidine Group	18

To compare the groups regarding the number of respiratory events requiring intervention, described as: Chin lift/jaw thrust, Tongue thrust, Yankauer suctioning, Positive pressure oxygen administration, Placement of an oral or nasal airway. (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During surgery

Surgeon Satisfaction - Survey

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Propofol Group	17
Dexmedetomidine Group	2

"Surgeon satisfaction was measured by the surgeon grading the Operating Conditions scale.~The minimum value was 0 and the maximum was 3. 0=very poor, 1=poor, 2=fair, 3=good" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: 15 minutes following surgery

Adductor Canal Block Complications

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Propofol Group	2.8
Dexmedetomidine Group	2.9

Incidence of catheter dislodgement or site infection (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: From time of catheter insertion until catheter removal, up to Day2/48 hours

Cumulative 12 Hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption

Cumulative 24 Hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption

Cumulative 48 Hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Consumption

Length of Stay

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Adductor Canal Block	0
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	0
Adductor Canal Catheter	0

Intervention	mg (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	61.5
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	49.5
Adductor Canal Catheter	82

Intervention	mg (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	111.8
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	118
Adductor Canal Catheter	153

Intervention	mg (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	192.9
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	196
Adductor Canal Catheter	223.5

Time to hospital discharge (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: From surgical date until hospital discharge, up to 3 weeks

Nerve Block Complications

Intervention	hours (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	70.8
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	71.5
Adductor Canal Catheter	71.5

Nerve block complications at any time point during study (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Quality of Recovery (QoR-40)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Adductor Canal Block	0
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	0
Adductor Canal Catheter	0

Quality of recovery measured using the QoR-40 at 48 hours postoperatively. This is a validated scale where a higher score denotes better recovery/satisfaction after surgery. The range is 40-200. (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 48 hours (Day 2)

Time to First Use of PCA

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Adductor Canal Block	160.5
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	166.5
Adductor Canal Catheter	167.2

from time zero to first press of PCA button (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Incidence of Participants With Nausea/Vomiting Requiring Anti-emetics

Intervention	hours (Median)
Adductor Canal Block	4.1
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	4.9
Adductor Canal Catheter	3.8

Number of Participants with Nausea/Vomiting requiring anti-emetics from 0-48 hours after surgery. (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 0 to 48 hours

Pain Score

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	0-12h	12-24h	24-48h
Adductor Canal Block	19	26	15
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	14	17	17
Adductor Canal Catheter	19	24	17

Patient's level of pain using NRS (Numeric Ratings Scale) pain scale where the range is 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) (NCT02798835)
Timeframe: 12, 24 and 48 hours

Number of Participants Who Had Breast Cancer Recurrence After Breast Cancer Surgery

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	12h	24h	48h
Adductor Canal Block	3	3	2
Adductor Canal Block With Dexamethasone	3	3	3
Adductor Canal Catheter	4	3	3

time to breast cancer recurrence from the end of surgery. (NCT00418457)
Timeframe: up to 10 years

Number of Participants That Experienced Neuropathic Pain After Surgery

Intervention	participants (Number)
General Anesthesia and Opioid	111
Regional Analgesia and Propofol	102

neuropathic pain is a binary outcome: any pain vs. no pain (NCT00418457)
Timeframe: 6 month and 1 year

Number of Participants That Experienced Post-Surgical Pain

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	at 6-month	1-year
General Anesthesia and Opioid	89	57
Regional Analgesia and Propofol	87	57

Brief Pain Inventory is used to evaluate with values of any pain vs. no pain (binary) (NCT00418457)
Timeframe: 6 months and 1 year

SF-12 MCS Score

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	at 6-month	1-year
General Anesthesia and Opioid	456	232
Regional Analgesia and Propofol	442	239

Physical and Mental Health Composite Scores (PCS & MCS) are computed using the scores of twelve questions and range from 0 to 100, where a zero score indicates the lowest level of health measured by the scales and 100 indicates the highest level of health. (NCT00418457)
Timeframe: 6 month and 1 year

SF-12 PCS Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	at 6-month	1-year
General Anesthesia and Opioid	48.1	48
Regional Analgesia and Propofol	48.7	48.7

Number of Participants Reporting Abdominal Pain

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	at 6-month	1-year
General Anesthesia and Opioid	49.7	52.3
Regional Analgesia and Propofol	49.8	52.1

Pain rating scales using FLACC and VAS will be used to assess self reported pain before and after the procedure (NCT04541667)
Timeframe: This will be assessed before and after the procedure

Number of Procedures With Elevated End-tidal CO2 Levels

Intervention	participants (Number)
Air for Luminal Inflation	14
Carbon Dioxide for Luminal Inflation	15

Compare the peak end-tidal CO2 levels (>/= 60 mmHg) observed during endoscopy in children managed with endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask airway using CO2 versus air (NCT04541667)
Timeframe: Measured from time of procedure start to time of procedure conclusion this lasts usually from 1-2.5 hours.

"VAS Score 1: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Resting?"

Intervention	Procedures (Count of Units)
Air for Luminal Inflation	8
Carbon Dioxide for Luminal Inflation	21

Surgical site pain. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months after surgery (at 2nd postoperative appointment)

"VAS Score 2: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Moving?"

Intervention	score on 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	2.26
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	2.46

Surgical site pain. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

"VAS Score 3: How Well Are You Sleeping?"

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	3.84
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	3.54

Sleep quality. Scale 0-10 with 0 worst and 10 best. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

"VAS Score 4: How Bad is Your Nausea?"

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	5.73
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	6.38

Nausea. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

"VAS Score 5: How Satisfied Are You With Your Pain Management?"

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	0.36
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	0.17

Satisfaction. Scale 0-10 with 0 worst and 10 best. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Days Taking Opioids

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	7.83
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	8.48

Number of days until patients are finished consuming opioid medications after discharge. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Opioid Consumption

Intervention	days (Mean)
Standard of Care	14.8
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	18.7

Mean opioid consumption, measured in mg of morphine equivalents. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (total amount measured at second postoperative appointment; means assessed afterwards).

Duration of Delirium

Intervention	morphine equivalents (Mean)
Standard of Care	287.0
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	281.1

Duration of delirium will be analyzed, measured from 24 hours post-operation and daily until discharge. Additional measurements will be made at 1 month and 1 year after discharge. Delirium will be defined as an acute change in pre-operative baseline condition with additional features of inattention and either disorganized thinking and altered loss of consciousness, as defined by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed for the duration of the hospital stay, an average of 6 days, and at 1 month and 1- year following the date of surgery

Follow up Incidence of Cognitive Dysfunction

Intervention	days (Median)
Acetaminophen and Dexmedetomidine	1
Acetaminophen and Propofol	1
Placebo and Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo and Propofol	3

The follow up incidence of cognitive dysfunction will be analyzed at 1 month after discharge. T-MoCA is Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA). The T-MoCA is scored out of 22. The minimum score is 0 (worst) and maximum score is 22 (best). T-MOCA is converted back to 30 (full MOCA) with the help of conversion algorithms to a full MOCA.Example: 19/22 converts back to 30 by performing the following equation: (19×30) ÷ 22. The total converted score is 25.9 or 26/30 which is considered in the normal range. (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Patients will be assessed for cognitive dysfunction with T-MOCA at 1 month following the date of surgery

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Acetaminophen and Dexmedetomidine	17
Acetaminophen and Propofol	18
Placebo and Dexmedetomidine	19
Placebo and Propofol	18

Defined by the number of days admitted in the hospital following the completion of surgery. (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Measured in days admitted in the hospital, an average of 6 days

ICU Length of Stay

Intervention	days (Median)
Acetaminophen and Dexmedetomidine	8
Acetaminophen and Propofol	8
Placebo and Dexmedetomidine	9
Placebo and Propofol	8

Defined by the number of days admitted in the ICU prior to transfer to the general cardiac surgical floor (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Measured in days admitted in the ICU, an average of 2 days

Incidence of Delirium

Intervention	hours (Median)
Acetaminophen and Dexmedetomidine	28.8
Acetaminophen and Propofol	30.3
Placebo and Dexmedetomidine	49.1
Placebo and Propofol	29.3

Incidence of delirium will be analyzed between patients treated with and without IV acetaminophen, measured from 24 hours post-operation and daily until discharge. Delirium will be defined as an acute change in pre-operative baseline condition with additional features of inattention and either disorganized thinking and altered loss of consciousness, as defined by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed for the duration of the hospital stay, an average of 5 days

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

MoCA scores at discharge will be reported in order to assess the occurrence of postoperative cognitive decline. Blinded study staff trained in administering the assessments will collect the data. MoCA is scored on a scale from 0 [worst] to 30 [best]; ǂA MoCA score of 24 would be equivalent to an Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) of about 27 or 28. Depending on education and peak intellectual attainment, such a score could be consistent with being either cognitively normal, or having very early mild cognitive impairment. Certainly such a person would be capable of living independently in the community and managing most or all of their affairs. (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: On the day of discharge, an average of 6 days

Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalents

Defined by the amount of additional opioid (IV morphine or hydromorphone) and oral acetaminophen medications required in the first 48 hours postoperatively. Values will be converted to morphine equivalents for analysis. Total morphine equivalent is calculated as the sum of (fentanyl dose x 100)+(hydromorphone dose x 4)+morphine dose+(oxycodone dose x 1.5) (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed for the first 48 hours postoperatively.

Severity of Delirium

Severity of delirium will be analyzed, measured from 24 hours post-operation and daily until discharge. The worst severity experienced while in the hospital will be analyzed. Delirium will be defined as an acute change in pre-operative baseline condition with additional features of inattention and either disorganized thinking and altered loss of consciousness, as defined by the Confusion Assessment Method Severity Score (CAM-S, Confusion Assessment Method-Severity). range 0 [best/no delirium] to 19 [worst]; Minimal Clinical Important Difference (MCID) 2 points (NCT02546765)
Timeframe: Participants will be followed for the duration of the hospital stay, an average of 6 days

Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Score

Maximum Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) score after arrival in the PACU.Higher values represent more emergence delirium (worse) PAED Score is represented with total PAED score summed up of subscales. The total score is reported and it ranges from 0 to 20. Higher score means worse state. (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: within 30 minutes after arrival at post-anesthesia care unit (PACU)

Time Recovery of TOF Ratio to 0.7

Time from the start of administration of reversal agents to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.7 (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: Time from the start of administration of reversal agents to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.7, assessed up to 60 minutes

Time Recovery of TOF Ratio to 0.8

Time from the start of administration of reversal agents to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.8 (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: Time from the start of administration of reversal agents to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.8, assessed up to 60 minutes

Time Recovery of TOF Ratio to 0.9

Time from the start of administration of reversal agents to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9 (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: Time from the start of administration of reversal agents to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9, assessed up to 60 minutes

Time to Awakening

time from administration of reversal agent to time of eye opening or child showing purposeful movement (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: time from administration of reversal agent to time of eye opening or child showing purposeful movements, assessed up to 60 minutes

Time to Extubation

time from administration of reversal agent to time of tracheal extubation (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: time from administration of reversal agent to time of tracheal extubation, assessed up to 60 minutes

Time to Regular Breathing

time from administration of reversal agent to time of deep, regular breathing (NCT03229486)
Timeframe: time from administration of reversal agent to time of deep, regular breathing, assessed up to 60 minutes

Anxiety Reduction

We hoped to show that lavender aroma therapy reduces preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing breast. The Trait subscale (STAI-TRAID) of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered before and after 10 minutes of aromatherapy treatment pre-surgery. The TRAIT subscale contains 20 questions scored on a Likert scale from 1-4; item scores are summed for a total score ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher anxiety. Change in anxiety was calculated as the score pre-aromatherapy minus the score post-aromatherapy. Higher positive change scores indicate greater reductions in anxiety. (NCT01837966)
Timeframe: 20 minutes before surgery (pre aromatherapy) and 10 minutes before surgery (post aromatherapy)

The Primary Outcome Will be the Difference in Intraoperative Opioid (Fentanyl) Administration Between Patients Receiving Dexmedetomidine and Those Receiving Propofol.

The primary outcome will be the difference in intraoperative opioid (fentanyl) administration between patients receiving dexmedetomidine and those receiving propofol. As described by mean and standard deviation. (NCT01337739)
Timeframe: Interoperative period

Time to Discharge

Time to discharge from the Post Anesthesia Care Unit or home or to hospital room. (NCT01337739)
Timeframe: 24 Hours

Average Total Propofol Consumption Per Group

Total propofol consumption per subject was measured as μg/kg/min of procedure in minutes. The average propofol consumption in each group will be measured as secondary outcome. (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: between 7 and 57 minutes (median 19 min)

Lowest Intraoperative % Change in MAP From Baseline

Lowest intraoperative percent (%) change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline (average in each group) (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Number of Participants With Apneic Episodes Intraoperatively Requiring Positive Pressure Ventilation

Incidence of apneic episodes intraoperatively requiring positive pressure ventilation in each group (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Percentage of Subjects Ready for Discharge in Each Group at 30 Minutes Post Procedure

Each subject was assessed for readiness for discharge at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the procedure, using the Modified Post-Anesthesia Discharge Scoring System (MPADSS). A subject getting an MPADS score of 9-10 is deemed ready for discharge. The percentage of subjects ready for discharge in each group at 10, 20 and 30 minutes will be measured as primary outcome. (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Time to First Bowel Movement

time to first bowel movement after surgery (NCT02789111)
Timeframe: Time to event( up to 7 days); From date of day of surgery until the date of first documented bowel movement

Time to Resumption of PO Intake

time to resumption oral intake after surgery (NCT02789111)
Timeframe: time to event ( up to 7 days); From date of day of surgery until the date of first documented PO intake

Average Amount of Meal Per Day

Average Frequency of Meals Per Day

average frequency of meals (1 meal, 2 meals, if more specify) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: average number of meals consumed per day for the 1st three days post-surgery

Duration of Post-operative Nausea

Postoperative nausea duration (no nausea,1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, if more specify) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: 7 days

Duration of Post-operative Pain

4 selections (1 day, 2 days, 3 days, if more specify) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: number of days at which pain was experienced within the the 1st sevn days post -surgery

Maximum Severity of Post-operative Pain

5 grades (pain free, low disability and low intensity, low disability and high intensity, high disability and moderate intensity, high disability and severly limiting) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: The severest pain grade felt within a week

Occurence of Post-operative Nausea

Occurence of Postoperative Vomiting

Onset of 1st Post-operative Oral Intake

feeding onset (1st day i. surgery day, 2nd day, 3rd day) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: Onset of 1st post-operative oral intake recorded within the 1st 3days post-surgery

Onset of Post-operative Nausea

Postoperative nausea onset (no nausea, immediate, 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 6th day, 7th day) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: onset of 1st ocurence of nausea attack within the 1st week post-surgery

Total Number of Post-operative Vomiting Episodes

Postoperative vomiting number of attacks (no vomiting,1, 2, 3, if more specify) (NCT02401529)
Timeframe: total number of post-operative vomiting episodes which were experienced within the 1st week post-surgery

Opioid Consumption

Quality of Recovery Scores Post Operative

Quality of recovery scores post operative. Scored on a scale of 40 (poor recovery) to 200 (good recovery). (NCT01433081)
Timeframe: 24 hours post operative

Need for Additional Intraoperative and/or Postoperative Pain Medication

To assess need for additional intraoperative and/or postoperative pain medication (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Patient Perception of Pain

To determine whether HC/APAP, given in addition to a standard regimen of ibuprofen, lorazepam, and PCB, affects patient pain perception at the time of uterine aspiration, as measured by distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The number 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: At time of uterine aspiration (baseline)

Patient Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS scale (VAS anchors: 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable) recorded after cervical dilation (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: During procedure (approximately 45-90 min after hydrocodone/acetaminophen or placebo, and within 5 minutes of procedure starting)

Postoperative Nausea

To assess whether HC/APAP is associated with nausea, measured on the 100 mm VAS, recorded 30 minutes postoperatively. VAS anchors: 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Satisfaction With Pain Control

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS (VAS anchors: 0 = unsatisfied, 100 mm = very satisfied) recorded 30 minutes after completion of the procedure. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Quality of Recovery - 40 Scores

"The patients self reported quality of recovery - 40 scores as completed 24 hours after the surgical procedure.~40 questions regarding the recovery of patients on a 1 poor-5 excellent scale. Total score on scale 40 (poor recovery)-200 (excellent recovery)" (NCT01890707)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Intervention	mcg (Median)
Acetaminophen and Dexmedetomidine	10050
Acetaminophen and Propofol	12611
Placebo and Dexmedetomidine	11382
Placebo and Propofol	12616

Intervention	μg/kg/min (Median)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	140
Saline Placebo and Propofol	180

Intervention	participants (Number)
	inadequate	adequate
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	16	34
Placebo	27	23

Intervention	participants (Number)
	1 meal	2 meals	3 meals
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	2	20	28
Placebo	1	34	15

Intervention	participants (Number)
	no nausea	one day	two days	three days
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	33	3	14	0
Placebo	21	8	15	6

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Low disability and low intensity	high disability and moderate intensity	high disability and high intensity
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	37	13	0
Placebo	26	21	3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	surgery day	1st day after surgery
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	46	4
Placebo	37	13

Intervention	participants (Number)
	no nausea	immediately	1st day	immediately and 1st day
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	33	10	4	3
Placebo	21	8	11	10

Intervention	participants (Number)
	no vomiting	once	twice	three times	more than 3 times
IV Dexamethasone and Oral Prednisolone	25	13	7	4	1
Placebo	14	9	19	8	0

Article	Year
Less stress, better success: a scoping review on the effects of anxiety on anesthetic and analgesic consumption. Journal of anesthesia, 2022, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Anesthetics; Anxiety; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; P	2022
Procedural sedation and analgesia with propofol (PSA) for gynecologic surgery: A systematic review of the literature. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2023, Volume: 287 Topics: Analgesia; Female; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Propofol; Uterine P	2023
The safety and efficacy between remimazolam and propofol in intravenous anesthesia of endoscopy operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of surgery (London, England), 2023, Nov-01, Volume: 109, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Endoscopy; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Propofol	2023
Effect of ondansetron compared to lidocaine and placebo for reducing propofol injection pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine, 2023, Sep-22, Volume: 102, Issue:38 Topics: Humans; Lidocaine; Ondansetron; Pain, Postoperative; Propofol; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic	2023
End of year summary 2019: anaesthesia and airway management. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Airway Management; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesiology; Anesthetics; Autonomic Nervous System; Compu	2020
Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) With Propofol for Acute Postoperative Pain: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Asian journal of anesthesiology, 2020, 09-01, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; Propofol; Ran	2020
Does a combined intravenous-volatile anesthesia offer advantages compared to an intravenous or volatile anesthesia alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC anesthesiology, 2021, 02-15, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Airway Extubation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hum	2021
Analgesic comparison of dezocine plus propofol versus fentanyl plus propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 2021, Apr-16, Volume: 100, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic;	2021
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, Apr-04, Volume: 4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intrave	2017
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, Apr-04, Volume: 4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intrave	2017
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, Apr-04, Volume: 4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intrave	2017
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalational anaesthesia for adults undergoing transabdominal robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, Apr-04, Volume: 4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intrave	2017
Application of Benford's law: a valuable tool for detecting scientific papers with fabricated data? : A case study using proven falsified articles against a comparison group. Der Anaesthesist, 2017, Volume: 66, Issue:10 Topics: Algorithms; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Databases, Factual; MEDLINE; Pain, Postoperative; Peer Review;	2017
Hypnotic agents for induction of general anesthesia in cesarean section patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 48 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apgar Score; Blood Gas Analysis; Cesarean Section; Fe	2018
Propofol vs. inhalational agents to maintain general anaesthesia in ambulatory and in-patient surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC anesthesiology, 2018, 11-08, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intraveno	2018
Intraoperative Use of Remifentanil for TIVA: Postoperative Pain, Acute Tolerance, and Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29 Suppl 1 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Hyperalg	2015
Effects of intra-operative maintenance of general anaesthesia with propofol on postoperative pain outcomes - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia, 2016, Volume: 71, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Pain, Postoperative; Pro	2016
Does Propofol Anesthesia Lead to Less Postoperative Pain Compared With Inhalational Anesthesia?: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2016, Volume: 123, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Humans; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Pr	2016
Sedation After Cardiac Surgery: Is One Drug Better Than Another? Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; P	2017
Overview of pharmacological aspects of sedation--Part I. SADJ : journal of the South African Dental Association = tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging, 2000, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Dental; Child; Chloral Hydrate; Conscious Sedation; Dental Anxiety; Humans;	2000
[Total intravenous anesthesia. On the way to standard practice in pediatrics]. Der Anaesthesist, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:9 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous	2003
Evaluation of the effective drugs for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by morphine used for postoperative pain: a quantitative systematic review. Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 2001, Volume: 121, Issue:2 Topics: Antiemetics; Dexamethasone; Droperidol; Humans; Metoclopramide; Morphine; Ondansetron; Pain, Postope	2001
[Remifentanil in heart surgery]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intrave	2001
Does anaesthesia care affect the outcome following craniotomy? Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2002, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Craniotomy; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Pain,	2002
Does anaesthesia care affect the outcome following craniotomy? Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2002, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Craniotomy; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Pain,	2002
Does anaesthesia care affect the outcome following craniotomy? Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2002, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Craniotomy; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Pain,	2002
Does anaesthesia care affect the outcome following craniotomy? Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2002, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Craniotomy; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Pain,	2002