propofol and Apnea studies

Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To evaluate the effect of rate of administration of propofol or alfaxalone on induction dose requirements and incidence of postinduction apnea (PIA) in dogs following premedication with methadone and dexmedetomidine."	9.24	Effect of rate of administration of propofol or alfaxalone on induction dose requirements and occurrence of apnea in dogs. ( Bauquier, S; Beths, T; Bigby, SE; Carter, JE, 2017)
"Capnography provides noninvasive monitoring of ventilation and can enable early recognition of altered respiration patterns and apnea."	9.17	Capnography improves detection of apnea during procedural sedation for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage. ( Kochs, EF; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S; Wagenpfeil, S; Wörner, A, 2013)
"Although the largest decrease in propofol dosage required for intubation was after IV premedication with acepromazine and butorphanol, hypotension and apnea still occurred."	8.12	Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. ( Dantino, SC; Kleine, SA; Seddighi, R; Smith, CK; Smith, SM; Zhu, X, 2022)
" In young children, sedation is likely to be needed, and multiple controlled periods of apnea are often required to allow image acquisition."	8.02	Study to evaluate the optimal dose of remifentanil required to ensure apnea during magnetic resonance imaging of the heart under general anesthesia. ( Arnold, P; Cowen, R; Davis, A; Hampson, LV; Jaki, T; Kaleem, M; Sanaulla, S; Tan, J; Wadsworth, I; Williams, A, 2021)
" Induction of apnea and positive pressure ventilation are required for accurate PFT measurements in non-cooperative subjects."	7.88	Apnea induction for invasive lung function testing in infant olive baboons: Comparison of intravenous propofol versus hyperventilation. ( Anderson, MP; Hill, CL; Ivanov, VA; Papin, JF; Welliver, RC; Wolf, RF, 2018)
" To clarify these relationships in different airway devices would be useful to avoid the complication such as apnea and intraoperative awareness."	7.88	Comparison of plasma propofol concentration for apnea, response to mechanical ventilation, and airway device between endotracheal tube and supraglottic airway device in Beagles. ( Iizuka, T; Kanazawa, H; Masui, K; Nishimura, R, 2018)
"The objective of this study was to characterize the propofol-fentanyl interaction in Beagles for four pharmacodynamic endpoints: apnea, response to mechanical ventilation, endotracheal tube, and tetanic stimulation."	7.85	Propofol-fentanyl interaction in Beagles - Apnea, response to mechanical ventilation, endotracheal tube, and tetanic stimulation. ( Iizuka, T; Kanazawa, H; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishimura, R, 2017)
"We describe the characteristics of and predictors for apnea and clinical interventions during emergency department (ED) procedural sedation."	7.83	Characteristics of and Predictors for Apnea and Clinical Interventions During Procedural Sedation. ( Andolfatto, G; Krauss, BA; Krauss, BS; Mieloszyk, RJ; Monuteaux, MC, 2016)
" We present a case of a 35-year-old suicidal man who developed prolonged apnea for almost 4 hours on day 13 of OP poisoning after brief general anesthesia induced by propofol and 1 mg/kg of suxamethonium, during the first session of the third cycle of modified electroconvulsive therapy, despite all due precautions."	7.83	Prolonged Apnea During Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient of Suicidal Attempt by Organophosphorus Poisoning: A Case Report. ( Dhakne, R; Khairkar, P; Kumar, V; Mishra, KK, 2016)
"Undetected apnea can lead to severe hypoxia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest."	7.79	Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers. ( Brewer, LM; Egan, TD; Hill, BE; Johnson, KB; Orr, JA; Ting, CK; Westenskow, DR; Yu, L, 2013)
" Propofol's disadvantages include the induction of respiratory depression and apnea."	7.79	Coadministration of the AMPAKINE CX717 with propofol reduces respiratory depression and fatal apneas. ( Ding, X; Greer, JJ; Lenal, F; Ren, J; Yang, M, 2013)
" It appeared that succinylcholine-induced apnea was responsible for the prolonged apnea."	7.78	Hemoglobin desaturation after propofol/remifentanil-induced apnea: a study of the recovery of spontaneous ventilation in healthy volunteers. ( Brown, R; Caldwell, JE; Feiner, J; Krombach, J; Stefanutto, TB, 2012)
"We present a patient with myotonic dystrophy (MD) who was anesthetized with propofol using a target-controlled technique for electrophysiologic examination and cardiac catheter ablation."	7.73	Target-controlled infusion of propofol for a patient with myotonic dystrophy. ( Hirata, T; Matayoshi, H; Mii, M; Morimoto, Y; Sakabe, T, 2005)
" Seven of the 21 patients with Rett syndrome compared with none of the control patients experienced a serious adverse event, most of which were due to prolonged apnea (P = ."	7.73	Deep sedation with propofol in patients with Rett syndrome. ( Buckmaster, MA; Callans, BH; Islam, MP; Percy, AK; Tofil, NM; Winkler, MK, 2006)
"Apnea was determined to be the serious adverse effect for all dogs."	7.70	Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs. ( Gadawski, JE; Muir, WW, 1998)
"Assessment of pain on injection of the emulsified formulation of di-isopropylphenol (propofol, 'Diprivan') was undertaken in 120 unpremedicated patients and comparison made with thiopentone."	7.67	Assessment and modification of pain on induction with propofol (Diprivan). ( Lees, NW; McCulloch, MJ, 1985)
"Overall, propofol induced a significant incidence of relative hypotension (mean arterial pressure 20% below baseline, 45%), apnoea (71%) and haemoglobin desaturation (65%) at induction of anaesthesia, with a higher incidence of hypotension and apnoea in the P-CRI than P-TCI group (68% versus 21%, p = 0."	5.69	Comparison between continuous rate infusion and target-controlled infusion of propofol in dogs: a randomized clinical trial. ( Cuniberti, B; Hughes, JL; Huuskonen, V, 2023)
"The effectiveness and side effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in combination with midazolam and propofol have not been comparatively studied in a single clinical trial as sedative agents to general anesthesia before."	5.51	Comparison of Intra and Post-operative Sedation Efficacy of Dexmedetomidinemidazolam and Dexmedetomidine-propofol for Major Abdominal Surgery. ( Gao, Y; Yan, F, 2022)
" Complications including apnea, hypotension, hypoxia, nausea, and vomiting, along with gastroenterologist satisfaction and patients' pain score (based on Wong-Baker faces pain assessment scale), were recorded by a checklist."	5.51	Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine/Ketamine with Propofol/Fentanyl for Sedation in Colonoscopy Patients: A Doubleblinded Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Aghaali, M; Ahmadpour, S; Alemi, F; Aminnejad, R; Hormati, A; Hormati, M; Sabouri, SM; Saeidi, M; Shafiee, H, 2022)
"To evaluate the effect of rate of administration of propofol or alfaxalone on induction dose requirements and incidence of postinduction apnea (PIA) in dogs following premedication with methadone and dexmedetomidine."	5.24	Effect of rate of administration of propofol or alfaxalone on induction dose requirements and occurrence of apnea in dogs. ( Bauquier, S; Beths, T; Bigby, SE; Carter, JE, 2017)
" The apnea time was not significantly different between the two groups."	5.24	The effect of dexmedetomidine pretreatment on the median effective bolus dose of propofol for facilitating laryngeal mask airway insertion. ( Kim, JY; Kim, YB; Kwak, HJ; Lee, SY; Park, CK; Yoo, JY, 2017)
" However, IPI registration was more effective in reducing the incidence of apnea episodes."	5.24	Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index ( Beitz, A; Geist, C; Heringlake, S; Kronshage, T; Meining, A; Müller, M; Pox, CP; Riphaus, A; Schmiegel, W; von Delius, S; Wehrmann, T, 2017)
" The primary outcome was the occurrence of a respiratory adverse event (desaturation, apnea, or hypoventilation) requiring an intervention by the sedating physician."	5.22	Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. ( Bell, A; Ding, M; Ferguson, I; Holdgate, A; New, L; Treston, G, 2016)
" Patients in the left lateral arm showed lower apnea rates (9."	5.20	Patient position and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial. ( Haller, B; Huth, M; Huth, R; Klare, P; Reindl, W; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S; Weber, A, 2015)
"Capnography enables the measurement of end-tidal CO2 and thereby the early detection of apnea, prompting immediate intervention to restore ventilation."	5.19	Capnographic monitoring of propofol-based sedation during colonoscopy. ( Albert, J; Bojunga, J; Filmann, N; Friedrich-Rust, M; Herrmann, E; Kannengiesser, M; Meckbach, Y; Schroeter, H; Trojan, J; Welte, C; Welte, M; Zeuzem, S, 2014)
"Capnography provides noninvasive monitoring of ventilation and can enable early recognition of altered respiration patterns and apnea."	5.17	Capnography improves detection of apnea during procedural sedation for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage. ( Kochs, EF; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S; Wagenpfeil, S; Wörner, A, 2013)
"022) were significantly lower, and apnea duration (P < 0."	5.17	Comparison of effects of propofol and ketamine-propofol mixture (ketofol) on laryngeal mask airway insertion conditions and hemodynamics in elderly patients: a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. ( Aydogan, MS; Begec, Z; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Ozgul, U; Yucel, A, 2013)
" The incidence of apnea was greater in Group 3P patients (17/30, 57%) than in Group 2P (2/30, 7%) or Group 2PL patients (1/30, 3%) (P < 0."	5.14	Topical lidocaine improves conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion. ( Changchien, CF; Chen, HS; Hsieh, SW; Hung, KC; Lin, VC; Liu, CC; Liu, PH; Tan, PH, 2010)
" Episodes of apnea or hypoventilation detected by capnography were compared with the occurrence of hypoxemia."	5.14	Capnography is superior to pulse oximetry for the detection of respiratory depression during colonoscopy. ( Barbado, A; Cacho, G; Fernández-Rodríguez, CM; Lledó, JL; Ojea, R; Pérez-Calle, JL, 2010)
"The model adequately described the data including the occurrence of apnea."	5.14	Modeling the non-steady state respiratory effects of remifentanil in awake and propofol-sedated healthy volunteers. ( Aarts, L; Boom, M; Dahan, A; Nieuwenhuijs, D; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L, 2010)
" Apnea periods >20 seconds and decreases in SaO2 <90% occurred more frequently in group R (31."	5.14	Remifentanil versus fentanyl for esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. ( Hirsh, I; Lerner, A; Pacht, A; Pizov, R; Reuveni, A; Segol, O; Shnaider, I, 2010)
"During sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia, propofol 3 mg x kg(-1) provides superior intubating conditions with an increased incidence of and prolonged apnea compared with 0 and 0."	5.14	Propofol for tracheal intubation in children anesthetized with sevoflurane: a dose-response study. ( Burrows, FA; Houck, J; Houle, TT; Lerman, J; Matthews, BT, 2009)
" The duration of apnea showed a significant dose-related increase (P < 0."	5.14	The use of remifentanil to facilitate the insertion of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway. ( Cho, SY; Jeon, WJ; Kim, KH; Suh, JK, 2009)
" Frequency of apnea was significantly higher in the remifentanil group (P < 0."	5.13	Intravenous remifentanil and propofol for gastroscopy. ( Liu, J; Si, YY; Wang, X; Wu, JC; Xu, ZY; Xue, FS; Zuo, YX, 2008)
" During CV, time to reach Ramsay Sedation Scale level 5 (RSS-5; induction time); time to reach RSS-2 (recovery time); and side effects including desaturation, apnea, and changes in hemodynamic parameters were recorded by a person blinded to the patient treatment allocation."	5.12	Age effect on efficacy and side effects of two sedation and analgesia protocols on patients going through cardioversion: a randomized clinical trial. ( Erdur, B; Ergin, A; Parlak, I; Parlak, M; Sagiroglu, E, 2006)
" The duration of apnea was recorded."	5.12	Alfentanil dosage when inserting the classic laryngeal mask airway. ( Critchley, LA; Gin, T; Lee, A; Yu, AL, 2006)
" The authors hypothesized that the incidence of apnea with laryngospasm evoked by laryngeal stimulation would not differ between sevoflurane and propofol when used in equipotent doses and that laryngeal responsiveness would be diminished with increased levels of hypnosis."	5.11	Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. ( Erb, TO; Frei, FJ; Oberer, C; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS, 2005)
" While oxygen desaturation and apnea were not observed in any of the patients in group PK, there were four patients (11."	5.11	Comparison of propofol with propofol-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing auditory brainstem response testing. ( Akin, A; Aydogan, H; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Gulcu, N; Tosun, Z, 2005)
"05), as well as a more frequent incidence of apnea (84% in the propofol group versus 7% and 16% in the sevoflurane and sevoflurane-propofol groups, respectively; P < 0."	5.11	A comparison of sevoflurane-propofol versus sevoflurane or propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults. ( Aouad, MT; Baraka, AS; Daaboul, DG; Deeb, PG; Massouh, FM; Muallem, MA; Siddik-Sayyid, SM; Taha, SK, 2005)
"4%), including hypotension in 5, hypoxemia in 7, and apnea in 5."	5.11	Propofol for deep procedural sedation in the ED. ( Baire, M; Frazee, BW; Lowery, D; Park, RS, 2005)
" Transient apnea was noted in 20% of patients receiving propofol."	5.10	Propofol compared with general anesthesia for pediatric GI endoscopy: is propofol better? ( Bhattacharya, D; Kaddu, R; Metriyakool, K; Thomas, R; Tolia, V, 2002)
" The necessary use of additional dosage of propofol and the duration of post-induction apnea were also recorded."	5.09	Comparison between two different propofol dosage regimens for insertion of cuffed oro-pharyngeal airway. ( Charissi, N; Dimitriou, V; Kostantopoulou, G; Voyagis, GS, 1999)
"To compare the respiratory depressant effects of propofol and sevoflurane used to facilitate the placement of the cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA), and to evaluate the effectiveness of the COPA in supporting positive pressure ventilation during anesthetic-induced apnea."	5.09	Insertion of the cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA) with propofol or sevoflurane in adults. ( Goto, T; Morita, S; Nakata, Y; Niimi, Y; Uchiyama, M; Uezono, S, 1999)
" Apnea occurred in 11 patients (7."	5.08	A multicenter evaluation of remifentanil for early postoperative analgesia. ( Bowdle, TA; Camporesi, EM; Hogue, CW; Maysick, L; Miguel, RV; Pitts, M; Streisand, JB, 1996)
"To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of propofol required for induction of anesthesia in goats and the frequency of myoclonic activity and apnea associated with propofol administration."	5.08	Median effective dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia in goats. ( Bailey, JE; Ko, JC; Pablo, LS, 1997)
" Cardiac morbidity (postoperative myocardial ischemia, postoperative myocardial infarction, and perioperative sympathoadrenal stress response), respiratory morbidity (postextubation apnea, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, pulmonary shunting, oxygen consumption, atelectasis, and reintubation), hemodynamic values and vasoactive medication requirements, intraoperative awareness, postoperative cognitive function, 30 day mortality, and intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were compared between the two groups."	5.08	Morbidity outcome in early versus conventional tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial. ( Asokumar, B; Carroll, J; Cheng, DC; David, T; Karski, J; Mickle, D; Nierenberg, H; Peniston, C; Raveendran, G; Roger, S; Sandler, A; Tong, J; Zelovitsky, J, 1996)
" Ketamine had no influence on the incidence of apnea after propofol, and the net hemodynamic effects were minimal."	5.08	Additive interactions between propofol and ketamine when used for anesthesia induction in female patients. ( Gin, T; Hong, W; Hui, TW; Plummer, J; Short, TG; Suen, T, 1995)
" The effects of propofol on cecal intubation rates, and occurrences of hypotension and apnea were similar to those of TAs."	5.05	Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis. ( Li, HT; Xu, H; Zhang, K, 2020)
" Providers of all sedation types should be aware of hypotension, apnea, hypoventilation, and hypoxia that can develop and they should be able to manage the patient under these circumstances."	5.01	Moderate and deep sedation training and pharmacology for nonanesthesiologists: recommendations for effective practice. ( Beutler, SS; Tran, TT; Urman, RD, 2019)
"17), and the reduction in apnea or hyoxemia (OR=0."	4.95	The Comparison of Etomidate and Propofol Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Xiao, X; Ye, L; Zhu, L, 2017)
", hypoxia, hypotension, arrhythmia, and apnea) and sedation profiles were assessed."	4.89	The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. ( Chen, C; Chen, J; Deng, D; Liu, J; Long, A; Tang, D; Wang, D; Wang, L; Xu, Y; Zhu, Z, 2013)
" The following 4 cardiopulmonary complications were assessed: hypoxia, hypotension, arrhythmias, and apnea."	4.82	Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. ( Khandwala, F; Lopez, R; Qadeer, MA; Vargo, JJ; Zuccaro, G, 2005)
" Two of 5 rhinoceros experienced apnea after propofol administration."	4.31	Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone. ( Berlin, ER; Clancy, MM; Ferris, RL; Howard, LL; Kinney, ME; Knych, HK; Mama, KR; Perrin, KL; Phair, KA, 2023)
" We compare AIAE rates (coughing, gagging, apnea, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) in children who received TPA as part of their propofol-based procedural sedation for EGD with those who did not receive TPA."	4.31	Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. ( Aljabari, S; El-Halabi, I; Friedman, S; Ohler, A; Tryon, C; Waheed, S, 2023)
"Although the largest decrease in propofol dosage required for intubation was after IV premedication with acepromazine and butorphanol, hypotension and apnea still occurred."	4.12	Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. ( Dantino, SC; Kleine, SA; Seddighi, R; Smith, CK; Smith, SM; Zhu, X, 2022)
" Both treatments produced a rapid loss of consciousness, no apnea, and physiological parameters were maintained within clinically acceptable ranges apart from transient hypoxemia."	4.02	Comparison of the anesthetic effects between 5 mg/kg of alfaxalone and 10 mg/kg of propofol administered intravenously in cats. ( Fukui, S; Oyama, N; Tamura, J; Yamashita, K, 2021)
" In young children, sedation is likely to be needed, and multiple controlled periods of apnea are often required to allow image acquisition."	4.02	Study to evaluate the optimal dose of remifentanil required to ensure apnea during magnetic resonance imaging of the heart under general anesthesia. ( Arnold, P; Cowen, R; Davis, A; Hampson, LV; Jaki, T; Kaleem, M; Sanaulla, S; Tan, J; Wadsworth, I; Williams, A, 2021)
" Induction of apnea and positive pressure ventilation are required for accurate PFT measurements in non-cooperative subjects."	3.88	Apnea induction for invasive lung function testing in infant olive baboons: Comparison of intravenous propofol versus hyperventilation. ( Anderson, MP; Hill, CL; Ivanov, VA; Papin, JF; Welliver, RC; Wolf, RF, 2018)
"We describe the characteristics of and predictors for apnea and clinical interventions during emergency department (ED) procedural sedation."	3.83	Characteristics of and Predictors for Apnea and Clinical Interventions During Procedural Sedation. ( Andolfatto, G; Krauss, BA; Krauss, BS; Mieloszyk, RJ; Monuteaux, MC, 2016)
" We present a case of a 35-year-old suicidal man who developed prolonged apnea for almost 4 hours on day 13 of OP poisoning after brief general anesthesia induced by propofol and 1 mg/kg of suxamethonium, during the first session of the third cycle of modified electroconvulsive therapy, despite all due precautions."	3.83	Prolonged Apnea During Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient of Suicidal Attempt by Organophosphorus Poisoning: A Case Report. ( Dhakne, R; Khairkar, P; Kumar, V; Mishra, KK, 2016)
" The effects of isoflurane, propofol, apnea, and hypotension on lower extremity MEPs were studied."	3.81	Methodology of motor evoked potentials in a rabbit model. ( Bombien, R; Goodwin, E; Haji, F; Juan, V; Khoynezhad, A; Lapchak, PA; Rastegar, M; Waterford, SD, 2015)
"Undetected apnea can lead to severe hypoxia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest."	3.79	Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers. ( Brewer, LM; Egan, TD; Hill, BE; Johnson, KB; Orr, JA; Ting, CK; Westenskow, DR; Yu, L, 2013)
" During this period of apnea, abdominal and thoracic girth was assessed with noninvasive RIP."	3.79	Abdominal relaxation during emergence from general anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. ( Atkins, JH; Mandel, JE, 2013)
" Severe complications (reanimation, apnea, and death) were unchanged, and no patient with ASA I-II suffered from a severe complication."	3.79	Sedation-associated complications in endoscopy are not reduced significantly by implementation of the German S-3-guideline and occur in a severe manner only in patients with ASA class III and higher. ( Diedrich, A; Dietrich, CG; Drouven, FM; Kottmann, T, 2013)
" Propofol's disadvantages include the induction of respiratory depression and apnea."	3.79	Coadministration of the AMPAKINE CX717 with propofol reduces respiratory depression and fatal apneas. ( Ding, X; Greer, JJ; Lenal, F; Ren, J; Yang, M, 2013)
" It appeared that succinylcholine-induced apnea was responsible for the prolonged apnea."	3.78	Hemoglobin desaturation after propofol/remifentanil-induced apnea: a study of the recovery of spontaneous ventilation in healthy volunteers. ( Brown, R; Caldwell, JE; Feiner, J; Krombach, J; Stefanutto, TB, 2012)
"0), during episodes of apnea, and during recovery (FiO(2) 1."	3.77	A novel technique for monitoring of fast variations in brain oxygen tension using an uncoated fluorescence quenching probe (Foxy AL-300). ( Boehme, S; David, M; Engelhard, K; Hartmann, EK; Klein, KU; Markstaller, K; Szczyrba, M, 2011)
" Three horses showed apnea within a short period of time."	3.77	Clinical evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia using a combination of propofol and medetomidine following anesthesia induction with medetomidine, guaifenesin and propofol for castration in Thoroughbred horses. ( Kakizaki, M; Ohta, M; Oku, K; Ono, K, 2011)
"The desaturation response time of SpO(2) to 95% after apnea was 82."	3.76	Comparison of desaturation and resaturation response times between transmission and reflectance pulse oximeters. ( Ahn, HJ; Choi, SJ; Kang, JG; Kang, JY; Kim, CS; Kim, JA; Kim, JK; Sim, WS; Yang, MK, 2010)
" Hypoxemia episodes were induced by apnea alone or by apnea combined with a reduction in LV and C(RS)."	3.75	Targeted minute ventilation and tidal volume in an animal model of acute changes in lung mechanics and episodes of hypoxemia. ( Bancalari, E; Claure, N; D'Ugard, C; Hehre, D; Peng, J; Suguihara, C, 2009)
" Seven of the 21 patients with Rett syndrome compared with none of the control patients experienced a serious adverse event, most of which were due to prolonged apnea (P = ."	3.73	Deep sedation with propofol in patients with Rett syndrome. ( Buckmaster, MA; Callans, BH; Islam, MP; Percy, AK; Tofil, NM; Winkler, MK, 2006)
"We present a patient with myotonic dystrophy (MD) who was anesthetized with propofol using a target-controlled technique for electrophysiologic examination and cardiac catheter ablation."	3.73	Target-controlled infusion of propofol for a patient with myotonic dystrophy. ( Hirata, T; Matayoshi, H; Mii, M; Morimoto, Y; Sakabe, T, 2005)
" The adverse event (AE) rate was 18% and included apnea (10%), inadequate sedation (3%), bradycardia (2%), desaturation (1%), hypotension (1%) and bag-valve-mask use (1%)."	3.73	Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS). ( Mensour, M; Michaud, J; Pineau, R; Sahai, V, 2006)
"We review the anesthetic implications of Joubert syndrome and report that spinal anesthesia under intravenous propofol sedation proved satisfactory for repair of an inguinal hernia in a spontaneously ventilating infant with this syndrome."	3.72	Anesthetic management in Joubert syndrome. ( Gordon, GJ; Vodopich, DJ, 2004)
"Apnea was determined to be the serious adverse effect for all dogs."	3.70	Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs. ( Gadawski, JE; Muir, WW, 1998)
" Intravenous propofol administration induced a variable period of apnea in 34 of 40 dogs."	3.68	Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs. ( Bednarski, RM; Gaynor, JS; Muir, WW; Smith, JA, 1993)
"Assessment of pain on injection of the emulsified formulation of di-isopropylphenol (propofol, 'Diprivan') was undertaken in 120 unpremedicated patients and comparison made with thiopentone."	3.67	Assessment and modification of pain on induction with propofol (Diprivan). ( Lees, NW; McCulloch, MJ, 1985)
" Each dog was dosed at 1×, 2×, 5×, 10× and 20× multiples of the labelled doses (2mg/kg for alfaxalone; 6."	2.77	Effect of intravenous dose escalation with alfaxalone and propofol on occurrence of apnoea in the dog. ( Keates, H; Whittem, T, 2012)
"The sevoflurane group had a lower incidence of cough than the propofol group."	2.75	Remifentail infusion for paediatric bronchoscopic foreign body removal: comparison of sevoflurane with propofol for anaesthesia supplementation for bronchoscope insertion. ( Li, B; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, W, 2010)
"Sevoflurane is an alternative to propofol for induction of anaesthesia and has a lower incidence of apnoea."	2.71	Comparison of propofol and sevoflurane for laryngeal mask airway insertion. ( Coskuner, I; Demirel, CB; Huseyinoglu, UA; Kati, I; Silay, E; Yagmur, C, 2003)
"Propofol has a depressant effect on metabolic ventilatory control, causing depression of the ventilatory response to acute isocapnic hypoxia, a response mediated via the peripheral chemoreflex loop."	2.70	Respiratory sites of action of propofol: absence of depression of peripheral chemoreflex loop by low-dose propofol. ( Dahan, A; Kruyt, E; Nieuwenhuijs, D; Olievier, I; Sarton, E; Teppema, LJ; van Kleef, J, 2001)
"Midazolam pretreatment was associated with a significant reduction in propofol dose requirement in both younger and older patients."	2.70	Effect of midazolam pretreatment on induction dose requirements of propofol in combination with fentanyl in younger and older adults. ( Bhaskaran, NC; Claydon, P; Cressey, DM; Reilly, CS, 2001)
"Pretreatment with alfentanil also resulted in a significantly higher success rate during the first attempt at inserting the laryngeal mask airway compared with Group P (Group P 58%, Group A5 96%, Group A10 94%)."	2.69	Alfentanil co-induction for laryngeal mask insertion. ( Ang, S; Cheong, KF; Ng, TI, 1999)
"Propofol was administered at 300, 600 or 1200 ml h-1 until loss of consciousness (as judged by loss of verbal contact with the patient) had been achieved."	2.67	Effect of different rates of infusion of propofol for induction of anaesthesia in elderly patients. ( Lewis, RP; Nimmo, WS; Peacock, JE; Reilly, CS, 1990)
"Propofol 2."	2.66	The effects of premedication on anaesthesia with propofol ('Diprivan'). ( Briggs, LP; White, M, 1985)
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic commonly utilised in the intensive care unit (ICU) for sedation of mechanically ventilated patients."	2.40	Propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: essentials for the clinician. ( Marinella, MA, 1997)
"Propofol was associated with a greater incidence of apnoea than thiopentone (59 per cent and 64 per cent compared with 32 per cent), but this difference was not statistically significant."	1.31	Effect of propofol at two injection rates or thiopentone on post-intubation apnoea in the dog. ( Murison, PJ, 2001)
"Propofol and midazolam were compared in 40 adult patients in A."	1.31	A comparative study of induction and recovery characteristics of propofol and midazolam. ( Dangnan, F; Edomwonyi, NP; Okonofua, BA; Weerasinghe, AS, 2001)
"Propofol anaesthesia was characterised by smooth rapid induction and good muscle relaxation but was only of short duration, ranging from two to seven minutes, and seemed to cause a marked respiratory depression."	1.28	Preliminary studies on the use of propofol in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). ( Cooper, JE; Fitzgerald, G, 1990)
"Propofol was used to induce and maintain anaesthesia in 20 healthy adult ASA physical status 1 patients undergoing dental surgery."	1.28	Pharmacodynamic properties of propofol during recovery from anaesthesia. ( Bouffier, C; François, G; Guidon-Attali, C; Lacarelle, B; Paut, O; Viviand, X, 1992)

Research

Studies (112)

Authors

Clinical Trials (22)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Efficacy of Sedation

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	8 (7.14)	18.7374
1990's	24 (21.43)	18.2507
2000's	28 (25.00)	29.6817
2010's	41 (36.61)	24.3611
2020's	11 (9.82)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Aminnejad, R	1
Hormati, A	1
Shafiee, H	1
Alemi, F	1
Hormati, M	1
Saeidi, M	1
Ahmadpour, S	1
Sabouri, SM	1
Aghaali, M	1
Gao, Y	1
Yan, F	1
Cuniberti, B	1
Huuskonen, V	1
Hughes, JL	1
Walters, K	1
Lehnus, K	1
Liu, NC	1
Bigby, SE	3
Dantino, SC	1
Kleine, SA	1
Smith, CK	1
Smith, SM	1
Zhu, X	1
Seddighi, R	1
Wang, J	1
Han, X	1
Cang, J	1
Miao, C	1
Liang, C	1
Berlin, ER	1
Kinney, ME	1
Howard, LL	1
Perrin, KL	1
Phair, KA	1
Clancy, MM	1
Ferris, RL	1
Knych, HK	1
Mama, KR	1
Aljabari, S	1
Ohler, A	1
Waheed, S	1
El-Halabi, I	1
Tryon, C	1
Friedman, S	1
Zhang, K	1
Xu, H	1
Li, HT	1
Tamura, J	1
Oyama, N	1
Fukui, S	1
Yamashita, K	1
Arnold, P	1
Sanaulla, S	1
Hampson, LV	1
Davis, A	1
Tan, J	1
Cowen, R	1
Kaleem, M	1
Williams, A	1
Wadsworth, I	1
Jaki, T	1
Beths, T	3
Bauquier, S	2
Carter, JE	2
Ivanov, VA	1
Wolf, RF	1
Papin, JF	1
Anderson, MP	1
Hill, CL	1
Welliver, RC	1
Iizuka, T	2
Masui, K	2
Kanazawa, H	2
Nishimura, R	2
Tran, TT	1
Beutler, SS	1
Urman, RD	1
Yu, L	1
Ting, CK	1
Hill, BE	1
Orr, JA	1
Brewer, LM	1
Johnson, KB	1
Egan, TD	1
Westenskow, DR	1
Ren, J	1
Lenal, F	1
Yang, M	1
Ding, X	1
Greer, JJ	1
Dahan, A	3
Roozekrans, M	1
van der Schrier, R	1
Smith, T	1
Aarts, L	2
Dietrich, CG	1
Kottmann, T	1
Diedrich, A	1
Drouven, FM	1
Schlag, C	2
Wörner, A	1
Wagenpfeil, S	1
Kochs, EF	1
Schmid, RM	2
von Delius, S	3
Friedrich-Rust, M	1
Welte, M	1
Welte, C	1
Albert, J	1
Meckbach, Y	1
Herrmann, E	1
Kannengiesser, M	1
Trojan, J	1
Filmann, N	1
Schroeter, H	1
Zeuzem, S	1
Bojunga, J	1
Kwak, HJ	2
Min, SK	1
Yoo, JY	2
Park, KH	1
Kim, JY	2
Lewis, SR	1
Nicholson, A	1
Reed, SS	1
Kenth, JJ	1
Alderson, P	1
Smith, AF	1
Waterford, SD	1
Rastegar, M	1
Goodwin, E	1
Lapchak, PA	1
Juan, V	1
Haji, F	1
Bombien, R	1
Khoynezhad, A	1
Klare, P	1
Huth, R	1
Haller, B	1
Huth, M	1
Weber, A	1
Reindl, W	1
Dhakne, R	1
Mishra, KK	1
Kumar, V	1
Khairkar, P	1
Ferguson, I	1
Bell, A	1
Treston, G	1
New, L	1
Ding, M	1
Holdgate, A	1
Krauss, BS	1
Andolfatto, G	1
Krauss, BA	1
Mieloszyk, RJ	1
Monuteaux, MC	1
Kim, YB	1
Park, CK	1
Lee, SY	1
Riphaus, A	1
Wehrmann, T	1
Kronshage, T	1
Geist, C	1
Pox, CP	1
Heringlake, S	1
Schmiegel, W	1
Beitz, A	1
Meining, A	1
Müller, M	1
Ye, L	1
Xiao, X	1
Zhu, L	1
Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T	1
Xu, ZY	1
Wang, X	1
Si, YY	1
Wu, JC	1
Zuo, YX	1
Xue, FS	2
Liu, J	2
Claure, N	1
Suguihara, C	1
Peng, J	1
Hehre, D	1
D'Ugard, C	1
Bancalari, E	1
Lerman, J	1
Houle, TT	1
Matthews, BT	1
Houck, J	1
Burrows, FA	1
Jeon, WJ	1
Kim, KH	1
Suh, JK	1
Cho, SY	1
Bryan, YF	1
Hoke, LK	1
Taghon, TA	1
Nick, TG	1
Wang, Y	2
Kennedy, SM	1
Furstein, JS	1
Kurth, CD	1
Choi, SJ	2
Ahn, HJ	1
Yang, MK	1
Kim, CS	1
Sim, WS	1
Kim, JA	2
Kang, JG	1
Kim, JK	1
Kang, JY	1
Changchien, CF	1
Chen, HS	1
Hsieh, SW	1
Tan, PH	1
Lin, VC	1
Liu, CC	1
Liu, PH	1
Hung, KC	1
Tan, AS	1
Wang, CY	1
Cacho, G	1
Pérez-Calle, JL	1
Barbado, A	1
Lledó, JL	1
Ojea, R	1
Fernández-Rodríguez, CM	1
Olofsen, E	1
Boom, M	1
Nieuwenhuijs, D	2
Sarton, E	2
Teppema, L	1
Hirsh, I	1
Lerner, A	1
Shnaider, I	1
Reuveni, A	1
Pacht, A	1
Segol, O	1
Pizov, R	1
Zhang, J	1
Li, B	1
Zhang, W	1
Yuan, YJ	1
Wang, Q	1
Liu, JH	1
Liao, X	1
Marcos Vidal, JM	1
Bermejo González, JC	1
Baticón Escudero, PM	1
Oku, K	1
Kakizaki, M	1
Ono, K	1
Ohta, M	1
Klein, KU	1
Boehme, S	1
Hartmann, EK	1
Szczyrba, M	1
David, M	1
Markstaller, K	1
Engelhard, K	1
Keates, H	1
Whittem, T	1
Levitzky, BE	1
Lopez, R	2
Dumot, JA	1
Vargo, JJ	2
Stefanutto, TB	1
Feiner, J	1
Krombach, J	1
Brown, R	1
Caldwell, JE	1
Kopman, AF	1
Kurata, J	1
Erdogan, MA	1
Begec, Z	1
Aydogan, MS	1
Ozgul, U	1
Yucel, A	1
Colak, C	1
Durmus, M	1
Wang, D	1
Chen, C	1
Chen, J	2
Xu, Y	1
Wang, L	1
Zhu, Z	1
Deng, D	1
Long, A	1
Tang, D	1
Atkins, JH	1
Mandel, JE	1
Bloomfield, EL	1
Murray, MJ	1
Kati, I	1
Demirel, CB	1
Huseyinoglu, UA	1
Silay, E	1
Yagmur, C	1
Coskuner, I	1
Vodopich, DJ	1
Gordon, GJ	1
Frazee, BW	1
Park, RS	1
Lowery, D	1
Baire, M	1
Siddik-Sayyid, SM	1
Aouad, MT	1
Taha, SK	1
Daaboul, DG	1
Deeb, PG	1
Massouh, FM	1
Muallem, MA	1
Baraka, AS	1
Akin, A	1
Esmaoglu, A	1
Tosun, Z	1
Gulcu, N	1
Aydogan, H	1
Boyaci, A	1
El-Orbany, MI	1
Joseph, NJ	1
Salem, MR	1
Morimoto, Y	1
Mii, M	1
Hirata, T	1
Matayoshi, H	1
Sakabe, T	1
Qadeer, MA	1
Khandwala, F	1
Zuccaro, G	1
Oberer, C	1
von Ungern-Sternberg, BS	1
Frei, FJ	1
Erb, TO	1
Musk, GC	1
Pang, DS	1
Flaherty, DA	1
Parlak, M	1
Parlak, I	1
Erdur, B	1
Ergin, A	1
Sagiroglu, E	1
Tofil, NM	1
Buckmaster, MA	1
Winkler, MK	1
Callans, BH	1
Islam, MP	1
Percy, AK	1
Yu, AL	1
Critchley, LA	1
Lee, A	1
Gin, T	2
Mensour, M	1
Pineau, R	1
Sahai, V	1
Michaud, J	1
Lee, SM	1
Kim, GH	1
Lee, JJ	1
Kim, GS	1
Jung, HH	1
Hong, JY	1
Kang, YS	1
Kil, HK	1
Lieblich, SE	1
Hui, TW	1
Short, TG	1
Hong, W	1
Suen, T	1
Plummer, J	1
Sun, KO	1
Smith, JA	1
Gaynor, JS	1
Bednarski, RM	1
Muir, WW	2
Karlsten, R	1
Englesson, S	1
Cheng, DC	1
Karski, J	1
Peniston, C	1
Asokumar, B	1
Raveendran, G	1
Carroll, J	1
Nierenberg, H	1
Roger, S	1
Mickle, D	1
Tong, J	1
Zelovitsky, J	1
David, T	1
Sandler, A	1
Spens, HJ	1
Drummond, GB	2
Bowdle, TA	1
Camporesi, EM	1
Maysick, L	1
Hogue, CW	1
Miguel, RV	1
Pitts, M	1
Streisand, JB	1
el-Farhan, NM	1
Pablo, LS	1
Bailey, JE	1
Ko, JC	1
Marinella, MA	1
Gadawski, JE	1
Ang, S	1
Cheong, KF	1
Ng, TI	1
Goto, T	1
Nakata, Y	1
Uezono, S	1
Niimi, Y	1
Uchiyama, M	1
Morita, S	1
Voyagis, GS	1
Dimitriou, V	1
Kostantopoulou, G	1
Charissi, N	1
Cressey, DM	1
Claydon, P	1
Bhaskaran, NC	1
Reilly, CS	3
Yeo, KS	1
Kua, SW	1
Teoh, GS	1
Onsiong, MK	1
Murison, PJ	1
Edomwonyi, NP	1
Okonofua, BA	1
Weerasinghe, AS	1
Dangnan, F	1
Teppema, LJ	1
Kruyt, E	1
Olievier, I	1
van Kleef, J	1
Kaddu, R	1
Bhattacharya, D	1
Metriyakool, K	1
Thomas, R	1
Tolia, V	1
Henderson, F	1
Absalom, AR	1
Kenny, GN	1
Paut, O	1
Guidon-Attali, C	1
Viviand, X	1
Lacarelle, B	1
Bouffier, C	1
François, G	1
Reddy, RV	1
Moorthy, SS	1
Dierdorf, SF	1
Yee, RD	1
Link, L	1
Aun, CS	2
Short, SM	1
Leung, DH	1
Oh, TE	2
Gill, SS	1
O'Donohoe, B	1
Boisson-Bertrand, D	1
Taron, F	1
Laxenaire, MC	1
Houghton, IT	1
So, HY	1
Van Hasselt, CA	1
Peacock, JE	1
Lewis, RP	1
Nimmo, WS	1
Fitzgerald, G	1
Cooper, JE	1
Wall, RJ	1
Zacharias, M	1
Moseley, H	1
Shankar, KB	1
Kumar, Y	1
Hallsworth, R	1
Krishnan, A	1
Duvaldestin, P	1
Purcell-Jones, G	1
Yates, A	1
Baker, JR	1
James, IG	1
Villacèque, E	1
Caussade, D	1
Mengelle, F	1
Ducassé, JL	1
Virenque, C	1
Rolly, G	1
Versichelen, L	1
Huyghe, L	1
Mungroop, H	1
Robinson, FP	1
Briggs, LP	1
White, M	1
McCulloch, MJ	1
Lees, NW	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Development of an Algorithm That Predicts Hypoventilation Due to an Opioid Overdose[NCT03845699]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-05-15	Recruiting
Development of a Tracheal Sound Sensor for Early Detection of Hypoventilation[NCT05506267]		20 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-06-01	Completed
[NCT02001792]		412 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Prospective Observational Evaluation of a New Protocol for Adult Procedural Sedation With Ketamine-propofol in a 1 on 4 Ratio at the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Hospital[NCT04028141]		61 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-02-01	Completed
Intravenous Sedation and Analgesia Using Propofol, Fentanyl and Ketamine (PFK) Versus General Anesthesia in Minor Urological Procedures.[NCT04285528]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-17	Completed
Importance of Integrated Pulmonary Index in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Bronchoscopy Procedures Under Sedation[NCT05137587]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-09-01	Completed
The Value of Integrated Pulmonary Index Monitoring[NCT05356819]		154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Completed
Importance of Integrated Pulmonary Index in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Endoscopy Procedures Under Sedation[NCT05137574]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-10	Completed
Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Remimazolam for Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration/Biopsy[NCT05437497]		264 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Recruiting
Reversal of Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression With Opioid Antagonists - a Study in Opioid naïve Individuals and Chronic Opioid Users Under Real-life Conditions[NCT05338632]	Phase 1	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-24	Recruiting
Goal Directed Propofol Sedation With Magnesium Sulphate Versus Dexmedetomidine for ERCP Procedure[NCT02684019]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
An Observer Rating Scale of Facial Expression Can Predict Dreaming in Propofol Anesthesia[NCT04235894]		124 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-09-07	Completed
Low Dose Fentanyl/Midazolam Improves Sevoflurane Induction in Adults[NCT00723164]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Endotracheal Intubation for Inhalational Anesthesia Without the Use of Muscle Relaxants or Analgesics[NCT03112564]		91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-01	Completed
Comparison of Ketamine Versus Co-Administration of Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department[NCT01387139]	Phase 3	183 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
[NCT02039453]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Recruiting
A Psychomotor Recuperation Study After Deep Sedation for Colonoscopy Between Target Controlled and Manual Titration of Propofol.[NCT02314559]	Phase 4	164 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
Impact of High Concentrations of Sevoflurane on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients[NCT00665418]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment finished earlier, because all 40 patients enrolled)
Impact of Remifentanil Administration on Laryngeal Reflex Responses in Pediatric Patients With Upper Respiratory Anesthetized With Propofol[NCT00611195]	Phase 4	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
EEG to Monitor Propofol Anesthetic Depth in Infants and Toddlers[NCT05701748]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-03	Recruiting
Comparison Of Different Anesthetic Techniques In Children Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopies[NCT02038894]		179 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy With Broncho-alveolar Lavage Under Noninvasive Ventilation With Propofol Target Controled Infusion in Patient With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. A Randomized Controlled Study : SEDA-FIBRO.[NCT00741949]	Phase 3	46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"Efficacy is defined as:~The patient does not have unpleasant recall of the procedure.~The patient did not experience sedation-related adverse events resulting in abandonment of the procedure or a permanent complication or an unplanned admission to the hospital or prolonged emergency department (ED) observation~The patient did not actively resist or require physical restraint for completion of the procedure. The need for minimal redirection of movements should not be considered as active resistance or physical restraint.~The procedure was successful" (NCT01387139)
Timeframe: After procedure is completed, on average less than 1 hour

Nurse Satisfaction

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine Alone	97
Ketamine Co-Administered With Propofol	81

Measured on a 10-point scale (1= least satisfied, 10= most satisfied) (NCT01387139)
Timeframe: After procedure is completed, on average less than 1 hour

Parent Satisfaction

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ketamine Alone	10
Ketamine Co-Administered With Propofol	8

Measured on a 10-point scale (1= least satisfied, 10= most satisfied) (NCT01387139)
Timeframe: After procedure is completed, on average less than 1 hour

Physician Performing Procedure Satisfaction

Intervention	units on a scale (1-10) (Median)
Ketamine Alone	10
Ketamine Co-Administered With Propofol	10

Measured on a 10-point scale (1= least satisfied, 10= most satisfied) (NCT01387139)
Timeframe: After procedure is completed, on average less than 1 hour

Recovery Time

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ketamine Alone	9
Ketamine Co-Administered With Propofol	8

Time until the patient has a Vancouver Sedation Recovery Scale Score of 18 or greater. (NCT01387139)
Timeframe: Once Vancouver Sedation Recovery Scale Score reaches 18 or greater, on average less than 1 hour

Frequency of Adverse Events

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Ketamine Alone	44
Ketamine Co-Administered With Propofol	43.5

We will record all adverse events during the sedation, and then perform a follow-up call to determine if any additional adverse events occured after discharge. (NCT01387139)
Timeframe: From enrollment through completion of follow-up, up to 7 days

Number of Participants With Respiratory Complications

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Respiratory depression	Cardiovascular event	vomiting/retching	Unpleasant recovery reaction
Ketamine Alone	12	1	21	4
Ketamine Co-Administered With Propofol	15	0	18	2

An important outcome in the anesthetic management of these patients is to maintain a balance between a safe technique with a minimal incidence of respiratory complications, and a technique that facilitates rapid turnover of the gastrointestinal suite. A chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test will measure differences among the three anesthetic groups. Different anesthetic techniques are currently in use at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC). Because there is a lack of evidence to delineate the best techniques, pediatric anesthesiologists select the technique based on clinical preference and experience. (NCT02038894)
Timeframe: Admission for surgery through recovery period, approximately 3 hours

Peri-operative Times Between Three Different Anesthetic Techniques

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	SPO2 < 95%	SPO2 < 85%	Apnea	Inadequate Anesthesia	All Respiratory Events
Intubated With Propofol (IP)	0	0	1	4	5
Intubated With Sevoflurane (IS)	0	0	0	1	2
IP and NA	15	8	5	13	32
IS and IP	0	0	1	5	7
Native Airway - no Intubation	15	9	5	9	28

Time measurements are used to evaluate the efficiency of the different techniques. We will compare the times spent in the operating room and the postoperative unit for each technique. (NCT02038894)
Timeframe: Admission for surgery through recovery period, approximately 3 hours

Intervention	Minutes (Mean)
	OR Time	Anesthesia Preparation Time	Procedural Time	PACU efficiency time	Total Perioperative Time
Intubated With Propofol (IP)	24.19	10.70	9.23	53.49	79.61
Intubated With Sevoflurane (IS)	24.03	10.86	9.07	49.50	75.34
IP and NA	23.61	10.53	8.78	53.96	79.49
IS and IP	24.11	10.78	9.15	51.48	77.46
Native Airway - no Intubation	23.05	10.35	8.33	54.42	79.37

Article	Year
Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2020, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Apnea; Colonoscopy; Deep Sedation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypot	2020
Moderate and deep sedation training and pharmacology for nonanesthesiologists: recommendations for effective practice. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesiology; Apnea; Benzodiazepines; Conscious S	2019
Anaesthetic and sedative agents used for electrical cardioversion. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Mar-22, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics; Apnea; Diazepam; Electric Countershock; Etomidate; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Seda	2015
The Comparison of Etomidate and Propofol Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques, 2017, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Arterial Pressure; Colonoscopy; Endosco	2017
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Huma	2013
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:11 Topics: Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Colonoscopy; Endoscopy	2005
Methohexital versus propofol for outpatient anesthesia. Part I: Methohexital is superior. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1995, Volume: 53, Issue:7 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Apnea; Drug Costs; Endo	1995
Propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: essentials for the clinician. Respiratory medicine, 1997, Volume: 91, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Bradycardia; Critical Care; Drug Administration Schedule; Half-Life; Humans; Hyp	1997

Article	Year
Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine/Ketamine with Propofol/Fentanyl for Sedation in Colonoscopy Patients: A Doubleblinded Randomized Clinical Trial. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, 2022, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Apnea; Colonoscopy; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives;	2022
Comparison of Intra and Post-operative Sedation Efficacy of Dexmedetomidinemidazolam and Dexmedetomidine-propofol for Major Abdominal Surgery. Current drug metabolism, 2022, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypotension; Hypo	2022
Comparison between continuous rate infusion and target-controlled infusion of propofol in dogs: a randomized clinical trial. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2023, Volume: 50, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hypotension; Propofol; Prospective Stu	2023
Determining an optimum propofol infusion rate for induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2022, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Propofol; Prospective Stud	2022
Rapid sequence induction with a "modified timing principle" of rocuronium provides excellent intubating conditions: A randomised trial. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine, 2022, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Androstanols; Apnea; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; Propof	2022
Postinduction apnoea in dogs premedicated with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine and anaesthetized with alfaxalone or propofol. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 44, Issue:5 Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Dexmedetom	2017
Effect of rate of administration of propofol or alfaxalone on induction dose requirements and occurrence of apnea in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 44, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Dogs; Female; Male; Preanesthetic	2017
Capnography improves detection of apnea during procedural sedation for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2013, Volume: 27, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Apnea; Capnography; Conscious Sedation; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Female; Germany;	2013
Capnographic monitoring of propofol-based sedation during colonoscopy. Endoscopy, 2014, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Body Mass Index; Capnography; Colono	2014
The median effective dose of dexmedetomidine for laryngeal mask airway insertion with propofol 2.0 mg/kg. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2014, Volume: 58, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthetics, Intr	2014
Patient position and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Endoscopy, 2015, Volume: 47, Issue:12 Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Apnea; Colonic Neoplasms; Colonoscopy; Conscious Sedation; Female; Humans; Hyp	2015
Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia; Apnea; Deep Sedation; Double-Blind Method; Dr	2016
Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia; Apnea; Deep Sedation; Double-Blind Method; Dr	2016
Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia; Apnea; Deep Sedation; Double-Blind Method; Dr	2016
Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia; Apnea; Deep Sedation; Double-Blind Method; Dr	2016
The effect of dexmedetomidine pretreatment on the median effective bolus dose of propofol for facilitating laryngeal mask airway insertion. Journal of anesthesia, 2017, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Hemodynam	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apnea; Capnography; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fema	2017
Intravenous remifentanil and propofol for gastroscopy. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Cognition	2008
Propofol for tracheal intubation in children anesthetized with sevoflurane: a dose-response study. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Apnea; Child;	2009
The use of remifentanil to facilitate the insertion of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pressure;	2009
A randomized trial comparing sevoflurane and propofol in children undergoing MRI scans. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:7 Topics: Algorithms; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhal	2009
Topical lidocaine improves conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2010, Volume: 57, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Blood Pressure;	2010
Fentanyl dose for the insertion of Classic Laryngeal Mask Airways in non-paralysed patients induced with propofol 2.5 mg/kg. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Female; Fentany	2010
Capnography is superior to pulse oximetry for the detection of respiratory depression during colonoscopy. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas, 2010, Volume: 102, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Capnography; Carbon Dioxide; Colonoscopy; Computer Systems; Conscious Sedation;	2010
Modeling the non-steady state respiratory effects of remifentanil in awake and propofol-sedated healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Apnea; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infusion Pumps; Male; Models, Biological;	2010
Remifentanil versus fentanyl for esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Apnea; Child; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Female; Fentanyl; Hemodynamics; Human	2010
Remifentail infusion for paediatric bronchoscopic foreign body removal: comparison of sevoflurane with propofol for anaesthesia supplementation for bronchoscope insertion. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Bronchoscopy; Child, Presc	2010
Effect of intravenous dose escalation with alfaxalone and propofol on occurrence of apnoea in the dog. Research in veterinary science, 2012, Volume: 93, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Cross-Over Studies; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug	2012
Moderate sedation for elective upper endoscopy with balanced propofol versus fentanyl and midazolam alone: a randomized clinical trial. Endoscopy, 2012, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy, Digesti	2012
Comparison of effects of propofol and ketamine-propofol mixture (ketofol) on laryngeal mask airway insertion conditions and hemodynamics in elderly patients: a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Journal of anesthesia, 2013, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pres	2013
Comparison of propofol and sevoflurane for laryngeal mask airway insertion. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 2003, Volume: 200, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pressur	2003
Propofol for deep procedural sedation in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2005, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Apnea; Conscious Sedation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2005
A comparison of sevoflurane-propofol versus sevoflurane or propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apn	2005
A comparison of sevoflurane-propofol versus sevoflurane or propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apn	2005
A comparison of sevoflurane-propofol versus sevoflurane or propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apn	2005
A comparison of sevoflurane-propofol versus sevoflurane or propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apn	2005
Comparison of propofol with propofol-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing auditory brainstem response testing. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2005, Volume: 69, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinati	2005
Tracheal intubating conditions and apnoea time after small-dose succinylcholine are not modified by the choice of induction agent. British journal of anaesthesia, 2005, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Dose-Response Relationship,	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Respiratory reflex responses of the larynx differ between sevoflurane and propofol in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2005
Target-controlled infusion of propofol in dogs--evaluation of four targets for induction of anaesthesia. The Veterinary record, 2005, Dec-10, Volume: 157, Issue:24 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dose-Response Relation	2005
Age effect on efficacy and side effects of two sedation and analgesia protocols on patients going through cardioversion: a randomized clinical trial. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2006, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Analgesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pre	2006
Alfentanil dosage when inserting the classic laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 105, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alfentanil; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Data Interpreta	2006
Anaesthesia for day case excisional breast biopsy: propofol-remifentanil compared with sevoflurane-nitrous oxide. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics,	2008
Additive interactions between propofol and ketamine when used for anesthesia induction in female patients. Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relat	1995
Morbidity outcome in early versus conventional tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 1996, Volume: 112, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Catecholamines;	1996
Ventilatory effects of eltanolone during induction of anaesthesia: comparison with propofol and thiopentone. British journal of anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative	1996
A multicenter evaluation of remifentanil for early postoperative analgesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:6 Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anest	1996
Do anxiety or hypocapnia predispose to apnoea after induction of anaesthesia? British journal of anaesthesia, 1997, Volume: 78, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anxiety; Apnea; Etomidate; Female; Humans;	1997
Median effective dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia in goats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1997, Jul-01, Volume: 211, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	1997
Alfentanil co-induction for laryngeal mask insertion. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1999, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alfentanil; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	1999
Insertion of the cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA) with propofol or sevoflurane in adults. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1999, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Chi-Square Distribution; Coug	1999
Comparison between two different propofol dosage regimens for insertion of cuffed oro-pharyngeal airway. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Middl	1999
Effect of midazolam pretreatment on induction dose requirements of propofol in combination with fentanyl in younger and older adults. Anaesthesia, 2001, Volume: 56, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Intravenou	2001
The use of thiopentone/propofol admixture for laryngeal mask airway insertion. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2001, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Double	2001
Respiratory sites of action of propofol: absence of depression of peripheral chemoreflex loop by low-dose propofol. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Chemoreceptor Cells;	2001
Propofol compared with general anesthesia for pediatric GI endoscopy: is propofol better? Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2002, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anes	2002
Patient-maintained propofol sedation: a follow up safety study using a modified system in volunteers. Anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Apnea; Conscious Sedation; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; H	2002
Induction dose-response of propofol in unpremedicated children. British journal of anaesthesia, 1992, Volume: 68, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	1992
Changes in oxygen saturation following propofol induction of anaesthesia at different rates in the elderly. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Fentanyl; Humans; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Propof	1991
Etomidate vs. propofol to carry out suspension laryngoscopies. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Alfentanil; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Local; Apnea; Conscious	1991
Effect of different rates of infusion of propofol for induction of anaesthesia in elderly patients. British journal of anaesthesia, 1990, Volume: 65, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Propofol; Time F	1990
Effects of alfentanil on induction and recovery from propofol anaesthesia in day surgery. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1990, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alfentanil; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intraveno	1990
Comparison of the induction characteristics of thiopentone and propofol in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 1987, Volume: 59, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; De	1987
Effect of speed of injection on induction of anaesthesia using propofol. British journal of anaesthesia, 1985, Volume: 57, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Female; Humans; In	1985
The effects of premedication on anaesthesia with propofol ('Diprivan'). Postgraduate medical journal, 1985, Volume: 61 Suppl 3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Diazepam; Female;	1985

Article	Year
Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2022, Volume: 49, Issue:4 Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Animals; Apnea; Butorphanol; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hypotension; Male	2022
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone. American journal of veterinary research, 2023, Apr-01, Volume: 84, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Azaperone; Butorphanol; Etorphine; Female; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Medetomidine; Pe	2023
Topical Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Sedated Pediatric Patients Undergoing Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2023, 05-01, Volume: 76, Issue:5 Topics: Airway Obstruction; Anesthesia; Apnea; Benzocaine; Child; Conscious Sedation; Endoscopy, Digestive S	2023
Comparison of the anesthetic effects between 5 mg/kg of alfaxalone and 10 mg/kg of propofol administered intravenously in cats. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 2021, Jan-14, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Apnea; Cat Diseases; Cats; Pregnanediones; Propofol	2021
Study to evaluate the optimal dose of remifentanil required to ensure apnea during magnetic resonance imaging of the heart under general anesthesia. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2021, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Bayes Theorem; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans	2021
Apnea induction for invasive lung function testing in infant olive baboons: Comparison of intravenous propofol versus hyperventilation. Journal of medical primatology, 2018, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ape Diseases; Apnea; Female; Hyperventilation;	2018
Comparison of plasma propofol concentration for apnea, response to mechanical ventilation, and airway device between endotracheal tube and supraglottic airway device in Beagles. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 2018, Sep-13, Volume: 80, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Dogs; Intubation, Intratracheal; Propofol; Respiration, Artificial	2018
Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Entropy; Female; Humans; Male; Piperidines; Propofol; Refere	2013
Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Entropy; Female; Humans; Male; Piperidines; Propofol; Refere	2013
Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Entropy; Female; Humans; Male; Piperidines; Propofol; Refere	2013
Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Entropy; Female; Humans; Male; Piperidines; Propofol; Refere	2013
Coadministration of the AMPAKINE CX717 with propofol reduces respiratory depression and fatal apneas. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Co	2013
Primum non nocere or how to resolve drug-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Isoxazoles; Male; Propofol; Respiratory Insufficiency	2013
Sedation-associated complications in endoscopy are not reduced significantly by implementation of the German S-3-guideline and occur in a severe manner only in patients with ASA class III and higher. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2013, Volume: 48, Issue:9 Topics: Antidotes; Apnea; Critical Care; Deep Sedation; Delivery of Health Care; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal	2013
Methodology of motor evoked potentials in a rabbit model. Translational stroke research, 2015, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Disease Models, Animal; Evoked Po	2015
Prolonged Apnea During Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient of Suicidal Attempt by Organophosphorus Poisoning: A Case Report. The journal of ECT, 2016, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Male; Neu	2016
Characteristics of and Predictors for Apnea and Clinical Interventions During Procedural Sedation. Annals of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Apnea; Capnography; Conscious Sedation; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedat	2016
Propofol-fentanyl interaction in Beagles - Apnea, response to mechanical ventilation, endotracheal tube, and tetanic stimulation. Research in veterinary science, 2017, Volume: 115 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Dogs; Female; Fentanyl; Hypnotics and	2017
Targeted minute ventilation and tidal volume in an animal model of acute changes in lung mechanics and episodes of hypoxemia. Neonatology, 2009, Volume: 95, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Apnea; Calibration; Disease Models, Animal; Hypoxia; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventila	2009
Comparison of desaturation and resaturation response times between transmission and reflectance pulse oximeters. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Androstanols; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Breast; Equipment Design; Female; Fentanyl; Fi	2010
Comments on "Propofol versus sevoflurane for fiberoptic intubation under spontaneous breathing anesthesia in patients difficult to intubate". Minerva anestesiologica, 2011, Volume: 77, Issue:4 Topics: Airway Management; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea;	2011
[Noninvasive ventilation through a nasal mask to sedate a man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2011, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Apnea; Deep Sedation; Endoscopy; Enteral Nutrition; Gastrostomy; Huma	2011
Clinical evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia using a combination of propofol and medetomidine following anesthesia induction with medetomidine, guaifenesin and propofol for castration in Thoroughbred horses. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 2011, Volume: 73, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Expectorants; Guaifen	2011
A novel technique for monitoring of fast variations in brain oxygen tension using an uncoated fluorescence quenching probe (Foxy AL-300). Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Blood Gas Analysis; Calibration;	2011
Hemoglobin desaturation after propofol/remifentanil-induced apnea: a study of the recovery of spontaneous ventilation in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2012, Volume: 114, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Body Mass Index; Dose-Response Rela	2012
Can't intubate, can't ventilate: is "rescue reversal" a pipe-dream? Anesthesia and analgesia, 2012, Volume: 114, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Piperid	2012
Abdominal relaxation during emergence from general anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2013, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Combined; Anest	2013
General anesthesia or sedation in the intensive care unit: are we aware of the difference when we use propofol? Critical care medicine, 2003, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Child; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Drug	2003
Anesthetic management in Joubert syndrome. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2004, Volume: 14, Issue:10 Topics: Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Caudal; Apnea; Ataxia; Brain; Corpus Callosum;	2004
Target-controlled infusion of propofol for a patient with myotonic dystrophy. Journal of anesthesia, 2005, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Catheter Ab	2005
Deep sedation with propofol in patients with Rett syndrome. Journal of child neurology, 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Case-Control Studies; Child; Conscious Sedation; Female; Humans; Pr	2006
Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS). CJEM, 2006, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Apnea; Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; Bradycardia; Cana	2006
Does propofol and alfentanil-induced sedation cause periodic apnoea in chronic renal failure patients? International journal of clinical practice, 2010, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Alfentanil; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Case-Control Studies; Female; Hu	2010
Doxapram in tubeless anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Doxapram; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Intubation; Intubati	1993
Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1993, Apr-01, Volume: 202, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female;	1993
An alternative method of increasing PCO2 using apnoea and continuous positive airway pressure. British journal of anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 70, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Apnea; Carbon Dioxide; Enflurane; Female; Humans; Hydr	1993
Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs. American journal of veterinary research, 1998, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fe	1998
Effect of propofol at two injection rates or thiopentone on post-intubation apnoea in the dog. The Journal of small animal practice, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Apnea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Incidence; Intubation, Intratr	2001
A comparative study of induction and recovery characteristics of propofol and midazolam. The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2001, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Femal	2001
Pharmacodynamic properties of propofol during recovery from anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Cognition;	1992
Effect of propofol in brainstem auditory evoked responses. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, Volume: 75, Issue:2 Topics: Apnea; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; Humans; Propofol	1992
Tubeless anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1990, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Local; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Hu	1990
Preliminary studies on the use of propofol in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Research in veterinary science, 1990, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Apnea; Bird Diseases; Columbidae; Female; Heart Rate; Inject	1990
Propofol: a new intravenous anaesthetic. The West Indian medical journal, 1988, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Middle Aged; P	1988
[Respiratory effects of propofol]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1987, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics; Apnea; Humans; Phenols; Propofol; Respiration	1987
[Propofol in scheduled orthopedic surgery]. Cahiers d'anesthesiologie, 1987, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Apnea; Drug Evaluation; Fem	1987
Propofol ('Diprivan') by intermittent bolus with nitrous oxide in oxygen for body surface operations. Postgraduate medical journal, 1985, Volume: 61 Suppl 3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Apnea; Dose-Response Relati	1985
Assessment and modification of pain on induction with propofol (Diprivan). Anaesthesia, 1985, Volume: 40, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Apnea; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Lidocaine; M	1985

propofol and Apnea

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Peri-operative Times Between Three Different Anesthetic Techniques

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