spironolactone and Kidney Failure, Chronic studies

Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.

Kidney Failure, Chronic: The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Whether the spironolactone treatment remains effective for the prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) in dialysis patients is unclear."	7.83	Spironolactone is associated with reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. ( Chen, PC; Chiang, FT; Chung, YW; Hwang, JJ; Juang, JM; Lai, LP; Lin, JL; Lin, LY; Tsai, CT; Wang, YC; Wu, CK; Yang, YH; Yu, CC, 2016)
"We retrospectively analyzed data of 304 patients with persistent proteinuria, who were administered spironolactone (25 mg/day) after treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for >3 months."	7.80	Effects of spironolactone in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with proteinuria. ( Bae, EH; Kim, HY; Kim, SW; Ma, SK, 2014)
" Blood pressure, heart rate, concentrations of aldosterone, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and protein, index of hypertrophy of visceral organs, and 24-h diuresis were evaluated."	7.74	Effect of spironolactone on hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium in wistar rats with experimental uremia. ( Beresneva, ON; Esaian, AM; Karabayeva, AZh; Kayukov, IG; Kotenko, LV; Parastaeva, MM; Sevastyanova, IE, 2008)
"Spironolactone alone in full dosage failed to correct hypertension in a patient with Conn's syndrome and renal impairment, although the previously increased total exchangeable sodium fell to normal and the previously suppressed plasma angiotensin II did not rise above the normal range."	7.66	Combined captopril and spironolactone treatment in Conn's syndrome with renal impairment and refractory hypertension. ( Atkinson, AB; Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI, 1981)
" Studies investigating the optimal spironolactone dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration."	6.52	Heart failure and chronic kidney disease: should we use spironolactone? ( Agrawal, N; Agrawal, S; Garg, J; Gupta, T; Mohandas, R; Segal, M, 2015)
"Spironolactone use in ESRD patients on hemodialysis may not lead to greater incidence of hyperkalemia."	6.46	Spironolactone use in heart failure patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: is it safe? ( Chua, D; Lo, A; Lo, C, 2010)
"Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for proteinuria and chronic kidney disease independent of diabetes and hypertension; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated."	5.33	Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy of rats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derived factors. ( Ando, K; Fujita, T; Gotoda, T; Nagase, M; Nagase, T; Shibata, S; Yoshida, S, 2006)
" This study evaluated whether hyperkalemia and/or hypotension limited the use of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in hemodialysis patients."	5.20	The Safety of Eplerenone in Hemodialysis Patients: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Bosch, J; Bueti, J; Devereaux, PJ; Gao, P; Garg, AX; Manns, B; Rabbat, C; Smyth, A; Tyrwhitt, J; Wald, R; Walsh, M, 2015)
"To evaluate efficacy and safety of RLY5016 (a non-absorbed, orally administered, potassium [K+]-binding polymer) on serum K+ levels in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) receiving standard therapy and spironolactone."	5.15	Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial. ( Anker, SD; Bushinsky, DA; Huang, IZ; Kitzman, DW; Pitt, B; Zannad, F, 2011)
" In this study, we explored the effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone on urinary protein excretion in patients with chronic renal disease with proteinuria persistently more than 0."	5.11	Antiproteinuric effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in patients with chronic renal disease. ( Hayashi, K; Saruta, T; Sato, A, 2005)
"To evaluate the effects of aldosterone antagonists (selective (eplerenone), non-selective (spironolactone or canrenone), or non-steroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists (finerenone)) in adults who have CKD with proteinuria (nephrotic and non-nephrotic range) on: patient-centred endpoints including kidney failure (previously know as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)), major cardiovascular events, and death (any cause); kidney function (proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and doubling of serum creatinine); blood pressure; and adverse events (including hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury, and gynaecomastia)."	5.05	Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. ( Bolignano, D; Chung, EY; Natale, P; Navaneethan, SD; Palmer, SC; Ruospo, M; Strippoli, GF, 2020)
"To evaluate the effect of aldosterone antagonists (both selective (eplerenone) and non-selective (spironolactone)) alone or in combination with ACEi or ARB in adults who have CKD with proteinuria (nephrotic and non-nephrotic range) on: patient-centred endpoints including major cardiovascular events, hospitalisation and all-cause mortality; kidney function (proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum creatinine, and need for renal replacement therapy; and adverse events (including gynaecomastia and hyperkalaemia)."	4.90	Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. ( Bolignano, D; Navaneethan, SD; Palmer, SC; Strippoli, GF, 2014)
"The Spin-D (Safety and Cardiovascular Efficacy of Spironolactone in Dialysis-Dependent End-Stage Renal Disease) and MiREnDa (Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in End-Stage Renal Disease) trials taken together provide the reassuring demonstration that up to 25 mg/d spironolactone is reasonably safe, provided maintenance hemodialysis patients are properly monitored and investigators use a per-protocol therapeutic algorithm to manage hyperkalemia."	3.91	The safety of mineralocorticoid antagonists in maintenance hemodialysis patients: two steps forward. ( Frimat, L; Rossignol, P; Zannad, F, 2019)
"Whether the spironolactone treatment remains effective for the prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) in dialysis patients is unclear."	3.83	Spironolactone is associated with reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. ( Chen, PC; Chiang, FT; Chung, YW; Hwang, JJ; Juang, JM; Lai, LP; Lin, JL; Lin, LY; Tsai, CT; Wang, YC; Wu, CK; Yang, YH; Yu, CC, 2016)
"We retrospectively analyzed data of 304 patients with persistent proteinuria, who were administered spironolactone (25 mg/day) after treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for >3 months."	3.80	Effects of spironolactone in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with proteinuria. ( Bae, EH; Kim, HY; Kim, SW; Ma, SK, 2014)
"The long-term administration of low-dose eplerenone was effective and safe for the treatment of non-diabetic CKD patients who showed persistent proteinuria in spite of therapy with RAS inhibitors."	3.78	The long-term antiproteinuric effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. ( Hosoya, T; Ishii, T; Kawamura, T; Okonogi, H; Tsuboi, N, 2012)
" Blood pressure, heart rate, concentrations of aldosterone, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and protein, index of hypertrophy of visceral organs, and 24-h diuresis were evaluated."	3.74	Effect of spironolactone on hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium in wistar rats with experimental uremia. ( Beresneva, ON; Esaian, AM; Karabayeva, AZh; Kayukov, IG; Kotenko, LV; Parastaeva, MM; Sevastyanova, IE, 2008)
"This case report presents a patient who developed severe life-threatening hyperkalemia following combined treatment with an ACE-inhibitor and the aldosterone-antagonist spironolactone for his congestive heart failure and who also suffered from pre-existing moderate renal failure."	3.70	[Dangerous hyperkalemia as sequelae of new treatment strategies of heart failure]. ( Ferrari, P; Frey, FJ; Fuster, D, 2000)
"Spironolactone alone in full dosage failed to correct hypertension in a patient with Conn's syndrome and renal impairment, although the previously increased total exchangeable sodium fell to normal and the previously suppressed plasma angiotensin II did not rise above the normal range."	3.66	Combined captopril and spironolactone treatment in Conn's syndrome with renal impairment and refractory hypertension. ( Atkinson, AB; Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI, 1981)
"5 mg (n=27), 25 mg (n=26), or 50 mg (n=25) daily for 36 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial to assess safety, tolerability and feasibility and to explore cardiovascular efficacy."	2.90	Safety and cardiovascular efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent ESRD (SPin-D): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial. ( Anderson, AH; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; DiCarli, M; Himmelfarb, J; Hsu, JY; Hung, AM; Ikizler, TA; Kimmel, PL; Kliger, AS; Landis, JR; Mehrotra, R; Raj, DS; Sharma, S; Skali, H; Weiner, DE; Williams, M, 2019)
"End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients exhibit an extraordinarily high annual mortality secondary to cardiac and vascular causes, particularly sudden cardiac death (SCD)."	2.79	Rationale and design of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in End-Stage Renal Disease Study (MiREnDa). ( Allolio, B; Hammer, F; Hofmann, K; Krane, V; Pollak, N; Röser, C; Störk, S; Wanner, C, 2014)
"Spironolactone treatment might benefit long-term cardiovascular outcome of such patients."	2.78	Spironolactone improves endothelial and cardiac autonomic function in non heart failure hemodialysis patients. ( Drakou, A; Flevari, P; Kalogeropoulou, S; Kremastinos, D; Leftheriotis, D; Lekakis, J; Panou, F; Vlahakos, DV, 2013)
"Eplerenone was thus well tolerated and no patients were withdrawn due to hyperkalaemia."	2.76	Moderate antiproteinuric effect of add-on aldosterone blockade with eplerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. A randomized cross-over study. ( Boesby, L; Elung-Jensen, T; Kamper, AL; Klausen, TW; Strandgaard, S, 2011)
"Aldosterone has emerged as an important mediator of disease progression and mortality in patients with chronic heart and kidney disease (CKD)."	2.75	The effect of spironolactone upon corticosteroid hormone metabolism in patients with early stage chronic kidney disease. ( Edwards, NC; Ferro, CJ; Hammer, F; Hughes, BA; Steeds, RP; Stewart, PM; Townend, JN, 2010)
"Aldosterone and renin were measured at the beginning and end of the study."	2.71	Is spironolactone safe for dialysis patients? ( Biederman, RW; Dreyfus, DE; Hussain, S; Marcus, RJ; McGill, RL, 2003)
" However, since haemodialysis patients are prone to hyperkalaemia, a known side effect of spironolactone, this treatment is not used in this population."	2.71	Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients. ( Fumeaux, Z; Mach, F; Martin, PY; Perneger, T; Rossier, M; Saudan, P; Schnetzler, B; Stoermann, C, 2003)
"Treatment with spironolactone in HD patients reduced alpha subunit mRNA expression to values similar to those of normal subjects."	2.71	Effect of spironolactone on K(+) homeostasis and ENaC expression in lymphocytes from chronic hemodialysis patients. ( González, M; Marusic, ET; Michea, L; Vukusich, A; Zehnder, C, 2004)
"19."	2.53	Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in End-Stage Renal Disease: Efficacy and Safety. ( Bomback, AS, 2016)
" Studies investigating the optimal spironolactone dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration."	2.52	Heart failure and chronic kidney disease: should we use spironolactone? ( Agrawal, N; Agrawal, S; Garg, J; Gupta, T; Mohandas, R; Segal, M, 2015)
"We report a severe nonresolving chronic renal failure after protracted Dobrava hantavirus infection successfully treated with corticosteroids."	2.49	Successful treatment of severe hantavirus nephritis with corticosteroids: a case report and literature review. ( Ferluga, D; Kovač, D; Lindič, J; Martinuč Bergoč, M; Pajek, J, 2013)
"To evaluate the literature supporting the safe use of mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs) in patients with end-stage renal disease who are receiving hemodialysis."	2.48	Safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients receiving hemodialysis. ( Baker, WL; White, WB, 2012)
"Spironolactone use in ESRD patients on hemodialysis may not lead to greater incidence of hyperkalemia."	2.46	Spironolactone use in heart failure patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: is it safe? ( Chua, D; Lo, A; Lo, C, 2010)
" Eleven patients discontinued the treatment because of adverse events other than hyperkalemia or for other reasons."	1.35	Long-term low-dose spironolactone therapy is safe in oligoanuric hemodialysis patients. ( Arihara, K; Kageyama, S; Matsumoto, Y; Mori, Y; Ohmura, H; Shio, N; Sugiyama, H; Sugiyama, T; Yakushigawa, T, 2009)
"Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for proteinuria and chronic kidney disease independent of diabetes and hypertension; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated."	1.33	Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy of rats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derived factors. ( Ando, K; Fujita, T; Gotoda, T; Nagase, M; Nagase, T; Shibata, S; Yoshida, S, 2006)
"Eplerenone has not been studied in ESRD in a therapeutic or safety capacity."	1.32	Aldosterone-receptor antagonism and end-stage renal disease. ( Gehr, TW; McLaughlin, N; Sica, DA, 2004)
"If a patient with hypertension has renal functional impairment it is essential to lower the blood pressure to normal."	1.26	The kidney and antihypertensive therapy. ( Bailey, RR, 1976)

Research

Studies (95)

Authors

Clinical Trials (30)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

All-cause Hospitalization

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	24 (25.26)	18.7374
1990's	1 (1.05)	18.2507
2000's	28 (29.47)	29.6817
2010's	40 (42.11)	24.3611
2020's	2 (2.11)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Wang, CC	1
Lee, AS	1
Liu, SH	1
Chang, KC	1
Shen, MY	1
Chang, CT	1
Agarwal, A	1
Cheung, AK	1
Chung, EY	1
Ruospo, M	1
Natale, P	1
Bolignano, D	2
Navaneethan, SD	2
Palmer, SC	2
Strippoli, GF	2
Hayer, MK	1
Edwards, NC	3
Slinn, G	1
Moody, WE	1
Steeds, RP	3
Ferro, CJ	4
Price, AM	1
Andujar, C	1
Dutton, M	1
Webster, R	1
Webb, DJ	1
Semple, S	1
MacIntyre, I	1
Melville, V	1
Wilkinson, IB	1
Hiemstra, TF	1
Wheeler, DC	1
Herrey, A	1
Grant, M	1
Mehta, S	1
Ives, N	1
Townend, JN	4
Franken, PR	1
Woltersdorf, R	1
Charytan, DM	1
Himmelfarb, J	1
Ikizler, TA	1
Raj, DS	1
Hsu, JY	1
Landis, JR	1
Anderson, AH	1
Hung, AM	1
Mehrotra, R	1
Sharma, S	1
Weiner, DE	1
Williams, M	1
DiCarli, M	1
Skali, H	1
Kimmel, PL	1
Kliger, AS	1
Dember, LM	1
Hammer, F	3
Malzahn, U	1
Donhauser, J	1
Betz, C	1
Schneider, MP	1
Grupp, C	1
Pollak, N	2
Störk, S	2
Wanner, C	2
Krane, V	2
Rossignol, P	2
Frimat, L	1
Zannad, F	3
Flevari, P	1
Kalogeropoulou, S	1
Drakou, A	1
Leftheriotis, D	1
Panou, F	1
Lekakis, J	1
Kremastinos, D	1
Vlahakos, DV	1
Martinuč Bergoč, M	1
Lindič, J	1
Kovač, D	1
Ferluga, D	1
Pajek, J	1
Röser, C	1
Hofmann, K	1
Allolio, B	1
Matsumoto, Y	2
Mori, Y	2
Kageyama, S	2
Arihara, K	2
Sugiyama, T	2
Ohmura, H	2
Yakushigawa, T	2
Sugiyama, H	2
Shimada, Y	1
Nojima, Y	1
Shio, N	2
Pitt, B	4
Ito, Y	1
Mizuno, M	1
Suzuki, Y	1
Tamai, H	1
Hiramatsu, T	1
Ohashi, H	1
Ito, I	1
Kasuga, H	1
Horie, M	1
Maruyama, S	1
Yuzawa, Y	1
Matsubara, T	1
Matsuo, S	1
Ng, KP	1
Jain, P	1
Heer, G	1
Redman, V	1
Chagoury, OL	1
Dowswell, G	1
Greenfield, S	1
Freemantle, N	1
Gill, PS	1
McManus, RJ	1
Kannan, A	1
Poongkunran, C	1
Balamuthusamy, S	1
Yongsiri, S	1
Thammakumpee, J	1
Prongnamchai, S	1
Tengpraettanakorn, P	1
Chueansuwan, R	1
Tangjaturonrasme, S	1
Dinchuthai, P	1
Yelken, B	1
Gorgulu, N	1
Gursu, M	1
Yazici, H	1
Caliskan, Y	1
Telci, A	1
Ozturk, S	1
Kazancioglu, R	1
Ecder, T	1
Bozfakioglu, S	1
Kim, HY	1
Bae, EH	1
Ma, SK	1
Kim, SW	1
Agrawal, S	1
Agrawal, N	1
Garg, J	1
Mohandas, R	1
Gupta, T	1
Segal, M	1
Walsh, M	1
Manns, B	1
Garg, AX	1
Bueti, J	1
Rabbat, C	1
Smyth, A	1
Tyrwhitt, J	1
Bosch, J	1
Gao, P	1
Devereaux, PJ	1
Wald, R	1
Lin, C	1
Zhang, Q	1
Zhang, H	1
Lin, A	1
Chung, YW	1
Yang, YH	1
Wu, CK	1
Yu, CC	1
Juang, JM	1
Wang, YC	1
Tsai, CT	1
Lin, LY	1
Lai, LP	1
Hwang, JJ	1
Chiang, FT	1
Chen, PC	1
Lin, JL	1
Wang, S	1
Li, B	1
Li, C	1
Cui, W	1
Miao, L	1
Georgianos, PI	2
Sarafidis, PA	1
Liakopoulos, V	2
Balaskas, EV	1
Zebekakis, PE	1
Riegel, W	1
Krüger, B	1
Bomback, AS	1
Vaios, V	1
Eleftheriadis, T	1
Zebekakis, P	1
Graf, K	1
Hucko, T	1
Stawowy, P	1
Karabayeva, AZh	1
Esaian, AM	2
Kayukov, IG	1
Parastaeva, MM	1
Beresneva, ON	1
Kotenko, LV	1
Sevastyanova, IE	1
Saran, R	1
Ku, E	1
Campese, VM	1
Kuriyama, S	1
Sugano, N	1
Ueda, H	1
Otsuka, Y	1
Kanzaki, G	1
Hosoya, T	2
Stewart, PM	2
Guney, I	1
Selcuk, NY	1
Altintepe, L	1
Atalay, H	1
Başarali, MK	1
Büyükbaş, S	1
Vukusich, A	2
Kunstmann, S	1
Varela, C	1
Gainza, D	1
Bravo, S	1
Sepulveda, D	1
Cavada, G	1
Michea, L	2
Marusic, ET	2
Hughes, BA	1
Chua, D	1
Lo, A	1
Lo, C	1
Anker, SD	1
Bushinsky, DA	1
Kitzman, DW	1
Huang, IZ	1
Tsuboi, N	1
Kawamura, T	1
Okonogi, H	1
Ishii, T	1
Torigoe, K	1
Tamura, A	1
Kawano, Y	1
Shinozaki, K	1
Kotoku, M	1
Kadota, J	1
Boesby, L	1
Elung-Jensen, T	1
Klausen, TW	1
Strandgaard, S	1
Kamper, AL	1
Filippatos, G	1
Gheorghiade, M	1
Kober, L	1
Krum, H	1
Ponikowski, P	1
Nowack, C	1
Kolkhof, P	1
Kim, SY	1
Taheri, S	1
Mortazavi, M	1
Pourmoghadas, A	1
Seyrafian, S	1
Alipour, Z	1
Karimi, S	1
Costanzo, MR	1
Heywood, JT	1
Massie, BM	1
Iwashita, J	1
Henderson, L	1
Mamatsashvili, M	1
Sisakian, H	1
Hayrapetyan, H	1
Sager, P	1
van Veldhuisen, DJ	1
Albrecht, D	1
Baker, WL	1
White, WB	1
Kikkawa, K	1
Krämer, B	1
Azar, R	1
Hogede, L	1
Carru, V	1
Fenwick, S	1
Bell, GM	1
Nitta, K	1
Akiba, T	1
Nihei, H	1
Hussain, S	1
Dreyfus, DE	1
Marcus, RJ	1
Biederman, RW	1
McGill, RL	1
Saudan, P	1
Mach, F	1
Perneger, T	1
Schnetzler, B	1
Stoermann, C	1
Fumeaux, Z	1
Rossier, M	1
Martin, PY	1
McLaughlin, N	1
Gehr, TW	1
Sica, DA	1
González, M	1
Zehnder, C	1
Sato, A	1
Hayashi, K	1
Saruta, T	1
Gross, E	1
Rothstein, M	1
Dombek, S	1
Juknis, HI	1
Shimizu, MH	1
Coimbra, TM	1
de Araujo, M	1
Menezes, LF	1
Seguro, AC	1
Blacher, J	1
Protogerou, AD	1
Safar, ME	1
Covic, A	1
Gusbeth-Tatomir, P	1
Goldsmith, DJ	1
Lepenies, J	1
Quinkler, M	1
Nagase, M	1
Yoshida, S	1
Shibata, S	1
Nagase, T	1
Gotoda, T	1
Ando, K	1
Fujita, T	1
Kazory, A	1
Weiner, ID	1
Karabaeva, AZh	1
Kaiukov, IG	1
Edwards, KD	1
Sinnett, PF	1
Stewart, JH	1
Hayes, CP	1
McLeod, ME	1
Robinson, RR	1
Atkinson, AB	1
Brown, JJ	2
Davies, DL	1
Lever, AF	2
Robertson, JI	2
Bernardi, M	1
Trevisani, F	1
Santini, C	1
Pini, P	1
Turci, P	1
Fuster, D	1
Frey, FJ	1
Ferrari, P	1
Epstein, M	1
Vlassopoulos, D	1
Sonikian, M	1
Dardioti, V	1
Pani, I	1
Hadjilouka-Mantaka, A	1
Hadjiconstantinou, V	1
Almirall, J	1
Lopez, T	1
Bailey, RR	1
Berl, T	1
Katz, FH	1
Henrich, WL	1
de Torrente, A	1
Schrier, RW	2
Elo, H	1
Lant, A	1
Rahn, KH	1
Raynaud, R	1
Brochier, M	1
Raynaud, P	1
Fauchier, JP	1
Fukuchi, S	1
Nakajima, K	1
Takenouchi, T	1
Nishisato, K	1
Lagrue, G	1
Fournier, A	1
Beevers, DG	1
Ferriss, JB	1
Fraser, R	1
Regal, EM	1
Baglin, A	2
Weiss, Y	1
Safar, M	2
Milliez, P	2
Fishback, DB	1
Olbing, H	1
Greifer, I	1
Bennett, BP	1
Bernstein, J	1
Spitzer, A	1
Paris, GL	1
Macoul, KL	1
Anderton, JL	1
Kincaid-Smith, P	1
Schmidt, P	1
Kleeman, CR	1
Okun, R	1
Heller, RJ	1
Rieselbach, RE	1
Rastogi, SP	1
Volans, G	1
Elliott, RW	1
Eccleston, DW	1
Ashcroft, R	1
Webster, D	1
Kerr, DN	1
Andrieu, J	1
Lesueur, G	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Proteomic Prediction and Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibition Prevention Of Early Diabetic nephRopathy In TYpe 2 Diabetic Patients With Normoalbuminuria[NCT02040441]	Phase 2/Phase 3	1,777 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effect of Spironolactone, in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria on Long-Term Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy, With or With Out an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker[NCT00106561]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants	Interventional	2002-01-31	Completed
Eplerenone, ACE Inhibition and Albuminuria[NCT00315016]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Spironolactone Therapy[NCT00335413]	Phase 4	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Aldosterone Inhibition on Proteinuria in Patients With Progressive Renal Disease[NCT00430924]	Phase 4	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Influence of Adding Aldosterone Receptor Blocker to Dual Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade on Proteinuria[NCT00528385]		0 participants	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
Is Spironolactone Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Mild Chronic Renal Failure?[NCT00291720]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Spironolactone for Reducing Proteinuria in Diabetic Nephropathy[NCT00498537]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Aldosterone Blockade in Chronic Kidney Disease. Influence on Arterial Stiffness and Kidney Function[NCT01100203]	Phase 3	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to It was not possible within the time frame to recruit the planned no. of patients.)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter, Event-driven Phase 3 Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Finerenone, in Addition to Standard of Care, on the Progression of Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Dia[NCT02540993]	Phase 3	5,734 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-17	Completed
South Danish Hypertension and Diabetes Study[NCT01062763]	Phase 3	119 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacity of Indometacin and Two Potassium Sparing Diuretics in Adult Patients Affected by Gitelman Syndrome[NCT01146197]	Phase 1/Phase 2	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism in the Reduction of Albuminuria and Diastolic Disfunction of Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy.[NCT00870402]	Phase 4	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Recruiting
Improving Outcomes in Diabetic Nephropathy[NCT00381134]	Phase 2	92 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
The Effect Of Eplerenone Versus Placebo On Cardiovascular Mortality And Heart Failure Hospitalization In Subjects With NYHA Class II Chronic Systolic Heart Failure[NCT00232180]	Phase 3	2,743 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center Study to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Stable Chronic Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Mild (Part A) or Moderate (Part B) Chronic [NCT01345656]	Phase 2	457 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-09	Completed
Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT)[NCT00094302]	Phase 3	3,445 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of CS-3150 in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Microalbuminuria[NCT02345057]	Phase 2	365 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Aldosterone Targeted Neurohormonal Combined With Natriuresis Therapy - HF (ATHENA-HF)[NCT02235077]	Phase 2	360 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multi-center Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Emergency Presentation at the Hospital Because of Worsening Chronic Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Systo[NCT01807221]	Phase 2	1,066 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-17	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Nephropathy[NCT01874431]	Phase 2	823 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-12	Completed
Comparison of Efficacy of Losartan/Spironolactone and Losartan/Enalapril on Urinary Albumin Excretion, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Nephropathy[NCT01667614]	Phase 2	136 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Phase II Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Hemodialysis Patients[NCT01691053]	Phase 2	118 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Effect of Spironolactone on the Progression of Coronary Calcification in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients[NCT03314493]	Phase 3	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-07	Completed
[NCT01687699]	Phase 4	157 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
Aldosterone bloCkade for Health Improvement EValuation in End-stage Renal Disease[NCT03020303]	Phase 3	2,750 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-07-07	Recruiting
A Randomised Open Label, Blinded End Point Trial to Compare the Effects of Spironolactone With Chlortalidone on LV Mass in Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease (SPIRO-CKD)[NCT02502981]	Phase 4	154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate the Effects of Patiromer in Heart Failure Patients[NCT00868439]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-center Study Comparing CLP Versus Placebo in Heart Failure Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease[NCT01265524]	Phase 2	113 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Protective Mechanisms of Aldosterone Antagonists and Their Effects on Cardiovascular Damage in Chronic Renal Failure: Clinical and Experimental Studies[NCT00277693]	Phase 4	0 participants	Interventional		Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of a hospitalization event were evaluated. Number of participants with the event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the hospitalization due to any cause, or censoring at the end of study, with an average of 32 months

All-cause Mortality

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	1263
Placebo	1321

Count of participants and time from randomization until death due to any cause were evaluated. Number of participants with outcome death is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. Number of participants with outcome death reported here includes deaths occurred after randomization until the end of the study visit. Deaths after end of study visit are not included in this table. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until death due to any cause, or censoring at the end of the study visit, with an average of 32 months

Change in Urinary Albumin-to-creatinine Ratio (UACR) From Baseline to Month 4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	219
Placebo	244

First morning void urine samples were collected to evaluate the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Month 4 was the visit closest to day 120 within a time window of 120 ± 30 days after randomization. If no measurements were available in this time window, the participant was excluded from this analysis. Ratio of UACR at Month 4 to UACR at baseline is reported as the change. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From baseline up until Month 4

The First Occurrence of the Composite Endpoint of Cardiovascular Death, Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction, Non-fatal Stroke, or Hospitalization for Heart Failure

Intervention	Ratio (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone	0.655
Placebo	0.952

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of the key secondary cardiovascular (CV) composite outcome, CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure were evaluated. Number of participants with the outcome event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the key secondary CV composite endpoint, or censoring at the end of the study, with an average of 32 months

The First Occurrence of the Composite Endpoint of Onset of Kidney Failure, a Sustained Decrease in eGFR of ≥57% From Baseline Over at Least 4 Weeks, or Renal Death

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	367
Placebo	420

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of the secondary renal composite outcome, onset of kidney failure, a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥57% from baseline over at least 4 weeks, or renal death were evaluated. Number of participants with the outcome event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the composite primary endpoint, or censoring at the end of the study, with an average of 32 months

The First Occurrence of the Composite Endpoint of Onset of Kidney Failure, a Sustained Decrease of eGFR ≥40% From Baseline Over at Least 4 Weeks, or Renal Death

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	252
Placebo	326

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of the primary renal composite outcome, onset of kidney failure, a sustained decrease of eGFR ≥40% from baseline over at least 4 weeks, or renal death were evaluated. Number of participants with the outcome event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the primary renal composite endpoint, or censoring at the end of the study, with an average follow-up time of 32 months

Adverse Effects

Change of Diastolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	504
Placebo	600

Intervention	participants (Number)
Addition of Spironolactone	4
Placebo	0

Change of diastolic blood pressure from baseline to study end at four months. (NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Change of of Systolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Addition of Spironolactone	-3.9
Placebo	-0.3

Change of systolic blood pressure from baseline to study end at four months. (NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality or Hospitalization Due to Heart Failure (HF) (Adjudicated)

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Addition of Spironolactone	-9.6
Placebo	-0.7

CV mortality is defined as death due to heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA), other CV cause (such as aneurysm or pulmonary embolism). Hospitalization due to HF is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality or Hospitalization Due to Heart Failure (HF) (Adjudicated): Up to Cut-off Date

Intervention	participants (Number)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	288
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	392

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	249
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	356

Hospitalization due to any cause is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Mortality (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	408	463
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	491	552

Death due to any cause. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Mortality or All-Cause Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	171	205
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	213	253

Death due to any cause or hospitalization due to any cause. Hospitalization due to any cause is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Mortality or Heart Failure (HF) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	462	530
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	569	636

Death due to any cause or first of occurrence HF hospitalization. HF hospitalization is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	270	311
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	376	418

First occurrence of CV hospitalization. CV hospitalization is defined as hospitalization due to HF (first or subsequent), acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris (unstable), cardiac arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation [AF], atrial flutter, supraventricular arrhythmias, or ventricular arrhythmias), stroke/CVA, other CV reasons (such as hypotension or peripheral vascular disease), implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with CV event as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	304	346
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	399	439

CV mortality is defined as death due to heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA), other CV cause (such as aneurysm or pulmonary embolism). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Fatal or Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	147	178
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	185	215

(NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	45	49
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	33	40

(NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Heart Failure (HF) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	21	24
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	26	31

First occurrence of HF hospitalization. Hospitalization due to HF is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence Of Heart Failure (HF) Mortality or Heart Failure (HF) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	164	186
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	253	277

Death due to HF or first occurrence of HF hospitalization. Hospitalization due to HF is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Hospitalization Due to Hyperkalemia (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	170	194
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	262	287

First occurrence of hospitalization due to hyperkalemia. Hospitalization due to hyperkalemia is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to hyperkalemia as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by endpoint committee adjudicator. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level greater than (>) 5.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Hospitalization Due to Worsening Renal Function (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	4	4
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	3	3

First occurrence of hospitalization due to worsening renal function. Hospitalization due to worsening renal function is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to worsening renal function as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by endpoint committee adjudicator. Worsening renal function is defined as doubling of serum creatinine level from baseline level. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Implantation of Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	9	10
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	8	10

First occurrence of implantation of cardiac defibrillator (ICD). ICD is an electronic device capable of monitoring the heart rhythm. When the heart is beating normally, the device remains inactive. If the heart develops a life-threatening tachycardia, the ICD delivers electrical shocks to the heart to terminate the abnormal rhythm and return the heart rhythm to normal. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Implantation of Resynchronization Device (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy [CRT]) (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	61	76
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	59	78

First occurrence of implantation of resynchronization device. CRT is use of a specialized pacemaker to re-coordinate the action of the right and left ventricles in heart failure. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With New Onset Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	33	45
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	41	53

New onset of atrial fibrillation or flutter is defined as the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter in a participant after randomization, where atrial fibrillation was not present before randomization. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With New Onset Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 950, 937)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 956, 940)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	32	41
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	52	59

The definition of new onset diabetes mellitus is the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in a participant after randomization, when DM was not present before randomization. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Aborted Cardiac Arrest

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 904, 973)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 907, 975)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	34	42
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	40	47

First incidence of aborted cardiac arrest (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

All-cause Mortality

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	0.09
Spironolactone	0.05

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Cardiovascular Mortality

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	4.6
Spironolactone	4.2

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Cardiovascular-related Hospitalization

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	3.1
Spironolactone	2.8

Hospitalization for MI, stroke or the management of heart failure, whichever occurred first (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Chloride

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	6.2
Spironolactone	5.5

Average post-baseline Chloride, taking into consideration baseline Chloride, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality or Cardiovascular-related Hospitalization (i.e., Hospitalization for Myocardial Infarction(MI), Stroke, or the Management of Heart Failure), Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	mEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	102.33
Spironolactone	102.26

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure, Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	7.8
Spironolactone	7.2

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Sudden Death or Aborted Cardiac Arrest, Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	6.6
Spironolactone	5.9

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Sudden Death, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Ventricular Tachycardia, Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.1
Spironolactone	1.0

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Depression Symptoms, as Measured by Patient Health Questionnaire.

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.1
Spironolactone	1.0

"Average post-baseline depression, taking into consideration baseline depression, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a 10-item, self-administered instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression. Scores can range from 0-27, in which lower scores reflect better mental health status. The PH-Q was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 12 and annually thereafter. Valid translations of this questionnaire were only available for subjects enrolled in the United States and Canada." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Deterioration of Renal Function

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	5.6
Spironolactone	5.1

First incidence of a deterioration of renal function. The TOPCAT protocol defines deterioration of renal function as occurring if a subject has a serum creatinine value which is at least double the baseline value for that subject, and is also above the upper limit of normal (assumed to be 1.0 mg/dL for females and 1.2 mg/dL for males.) (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Development of Atrial Fibrillation, Among Subjects Without a History of Atrial Fibrillation at Baseline.

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	2.2
Spironolactone	3.2

First incidence of atrial fibrillation among subjects without a history of atrial fibrillation at baseline (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.4
Spironolactone	1.4

Average post-baseline GFR, taking into consideration baseline GFR, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Hospitalization for Any Reason

Intervention	mL/min/1.73m2 (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	67.50
Spironolactone	65.20

First incidence of a hospitalization for any reason (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	20.0
Spironolactone	18.8

First incidence of a hospitalization for the management of heart failure (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Myocardial Infarction

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	4.6
Spironolactone	3.8

First incidence of myocardial infarction (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

New Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Among Subjects Without a History of Diabetes Mellitus at Baseline.

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.1
Spironolactone	1.2

First incidence of new onset diabetes mellitus among subjects without a history of diabetes mellitus at baseline. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Potassium

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	0.7
Spironolactone	0.7

Average post-baseline Potassium, taking into consideration baseline Potassium, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Quality of Life, as Measured by McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation Questionnaire.

Intervention	mEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	4.32
Spironolactone	4.49

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life and treatment group.~The McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation questionnaire is a self-administered 3-item instrument that measures a patient's perception of change in their health-related quality of life since the start of therapy. The questionnaire consists of a single question - Since treatment started, has there been any change in your activity limitation, symptoms and/or feelings related to your heart condition? Scores can range from -7 to +7, and higher scores reflect better health status. The questionnaire was administered at the following study visits: month 4 and month 12. Valid translations of this questionnaire were only available for subjects enrolled in the United States, Canada and Argentina." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Quality of Life, as Measured by the EuroQOL Visual Analog Scale.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	1.2
Spironolactone	1.2

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The EuroQOL visual analog scale (EQ5D) is a single-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies current health status. Scores can range from 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. The EQ5D was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 4, month 12 and annually thereafter." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Quality of Life, as Measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire.

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. The KCCQ was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 4, month 12 and annually thereafter." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Serum Creatinine

Average post-baseline serum creatinine, taking into consideration baseline serum creatinine, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Sodium

Average post-baseline Sodium, taking into consideration baseline Sodium, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Stroke

First incidence of stroke (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Total Hospitalizations (Including Repeat Hospitalizations) for the Management of Heart Failure

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

96 Hour Change in Body Weight

Baseline body weight assessment will be completed, and changes in weight documented daily through 96 hours or earlier discharge (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours or earlier discharge

96 Hour Change in Clinical Congestion Score

Clinical congestion score will be assessed at randomization, 96 hours, and at discharge. Scale consisted of sum of six signs and symptoms of congestion, each scored 0-3. Zero indicates no sign/symptom and 3 indicates worst case of sign/symptom. Score range 0-18 with 18 being worst score. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

96 Hour Change in Dyspnea Visual Analog Scale

Dyspnea visual analog scale change from randomization to 96 hours. Scale range 0-100 with 100 being the best possible score. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization to 96 hours

96 Hour Change in NT-proBNP

The Core Laboratory at Vermont will determine NT-proBNP levels for calculation of the endpoint from samples obtained at randomization and 96 hours respectively. NT-proBNP was converted to log scale. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization to 96 hours

96 Hour Change in Serum Creatinine

Renal function via serum creatinine, will be assessed at randomization and daily through 96 hours (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

96 Hour Change in Serum Potassium Levels

Change in serum potassium levels at 96 hours as compared to baseline. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Baseline, 96 hours

96 Hour Net Fluid Output

Fluid intake and urine output will be assessed daily while in hospital through 96 hours. Net fluid output (output minus input) through 96 hours is reported. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

Change in Loop Diuretics Requirements From Baseline to 30 Days

Medications will be reviewed to assess loop diuretic dose requirements through Day 30 following randomization (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through Day 30

Day 60 Mortality

All participants will be contacted by telephone at 60 days, +/- 3 days post randomization to assess vital status (death). (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: 60 days post randomization

Presence of Outpatient Worsening Heart Failure Symptoms Through Day 30

Outpatient worsening heart failure symptoms will be assessed from discharge through Day 30 (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Hospital discharge through Day 30

Percentage of Participants With a Relative Decrease in NT-proBNP of More Than 30% From Baseline to Day 90

N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute and chronic heart failure (CHF) and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90

Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure at Specified Visits

(NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline,Day 7,14,30,60,90,Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline in EQ-5D-3L Questionnaire Scores at Specified Visits

EuroQol Group 5-Dimension, 3-Level (EQ-5D-3L): participant rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life. It consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ-5D Visual Analog Scale (VAS). EQ-5D-3L descriptive system comprises the following 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 3 levels: no problems (1), some problems (2), and extreme problems (3). For this population, the possible EQ-5D-3L index scores ranges from -0.11 (that is, 3 for all 5 dimensions) to 1.0 (that is, 1 for all 5 dimensions), where higher scores indicate a better health state. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 30, Day 90, Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline in Heart Rate at Specified Visits

Change From Baseline in KCCQ Questionnaire Scores at Specified Visits

The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) was the leading health related quality of life measure for subjects with CHF. KCCQ was a 23 item questionnaire that independently measures the impact of subjects HF, or its treatment, on 7 distinct domains: self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. KCCQ clinical summary score is a composite assessment of physical limitations and total symptom scores. Results from the total symptom summary score are presented. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. In the below table, categorical data represents change from baseline data at respective time points. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 30 and Day 90

Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium at Specified Visits

(NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure at Specified Visits

Number of Participants With Cardiovascular Hospitalization

Hospitalizations were defined as any unplanned admission to hospital, i.e. completion of hospital admission procedures and one overnight [i.e. date change] stay or until the death of subject occurred. Hospitalizations and deaths were classified by 2 primary categories: CV and non-CV. The pre-specified subcategories for CV hospitalizations were as follows: 1. Worsening heart failure, 2.Acute myocardial infarction, 3. Arrhythmia, 4.Transient ischemic attack and stroke, 5. Other CV hospitalizations. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Number of Participants With Death Due to Any Cause

Death due to any cause include cardiovascular (CV) death and Non-CV death. Non-CV death was classified by 2 subcategories: non-malignant causes and malignant causes. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Number of Participants With Emergency Presentations for Worsening Chronic Heart Failure (WCHF)

Emergency presentations for WCHF were defined as newly developing signs and symptoms of WCHF after start of treatment with study drug, requiring an additional emergency presentation to hospital and IV treatment with diuretics and/or positive inotropic agents. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Ratio of BNP at Specified Visits to BNP at Baseline

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute chronic heart failure (CHF) and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90, Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Ratio of NT-proBNP at Specified Visits to NT-proBNP at Baseline

N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute chronic heart failure (CHF) and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90, Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in eGFR

An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) indicates the renal function. An eGFR was calculated based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in EQ-5D Scores (EQ5D - Visual Analog Scale)

EuroQol Group 5-Dimension, 3-Level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaires consist of the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). The EQ-5D-3L descriptive system comprises the following 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 3 levels: no problems, some problems, extreme problems. EQ VAS was analyzed for this endpoint and it ranges from 0 (worst possible health state) to 100 (best possible health state). (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in KDQOL-36 Domain Score (Effects of Kidney Disease)

"The Kidney Disease QOL [KDQOL]-36 questionnaire is a specific measure of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) that includes effects and burden of kidney disease as well as physical and mental health scores. Index score ranges from 0 (severe problems in all items) to 100 (no problem in all items). Effects of Kidney disease subscore was analyzed." (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in Serum Potassium

Ratio of UACR at Day 90 to UACR at Baseline

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) is defined as gram of albumin per kilogram of creatinine. UACR was calculating the average of 3 first morning void samples taken on 3 consecutive days. (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium to the End of the 28-day Treatment Period.

Proportion of Participants Discontinuing the Study Due to Serum Potassium Elevation (Serum K+ > 5.5 mEq/L).

Proportion of Participants Whose Spironolactone Dose Was Increased.

Proportion of Participants With a Serum Potassium Level During the 28-day Treatment Period That Was > 5.5 mEq/L.

Proportion of Participants With an Increase in Serum Potassium Level From Baseline to the End of the 28-day Treatment Period That Was ≥ 0.5 mEq/L

Time to First Elevated Serum K+ > 5.5 mEq/L.

6MWT Distance at Week 8

Increase in the 6 minute walk test (6MWT) distance from baseline to Week 8. The test was performed according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS)Guidelines 2002. (NCT01265524)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

Change in Serum Potassium

Change in serum potassium from baseline to Week 8. (NCT01265524)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

Frequency of Marked or Disabling Exertional Dyspnea by Physician Assessment at Week 4

The frequency of marked or disabling exertional dyspnea was physician assessed based on physical exam at week 4. (NCT01265524)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Frequency of Marked or Disabling Exertional Dyspnea by Physician Assessment at Week 8

The frequency of marked or disabling exertional dyspnea was physician assessed based on physical exam at week 8. (NCT01265524)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Eplerenone (INSPRA®)	37.2
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 2.5-5 mg OD	30.9
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 5-10 mg OD	32.5
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 7.5-15 mg OD	37.3
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 10-20 mg OD	38.8
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 15-20 mg OD	34.2

Intervention	millimeter for mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
	Baseline	Day 7	Day 14	Day 30	Day 60	Day 90	Premature discontinuation	Follow-up
Eplerenone (INSPRA®)	71.633	-1.351	-3.442	-0.503	-0.613	-0.716	-3.185	-1.218
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 10-20 mg OD	70.343	-0.738	-2.387	-0.094	0.17	-0.545	-2.96	-0.298
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 15-20 mg OD	71.145	-1.166	-0.625	-1.163	-0.575	-0.877	-0.083	-0.172
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 2.5-5 mg OD	71.044	-1.693	-0.537	0.146	-0.199	-0.106	0.868	0.696
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 5-10 mg OD	71.442	-2.143	1.608	-0.845	-2.144	-1.738	-2.194	-0.444
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 7.5-15 mg OD	70.61	0.013	-0.083	-0.068	-0.85	-1.121	4.101	-1.16

Intervention	mL/min/1.73m^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	-2.364
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	-3.189
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	-2.497
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	-3.378
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	-4.192
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	-3.806
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	-4.024
Placebo	-1.578

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	1.381
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	3.888
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	3.124
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	2.851
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	2.698
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	2.743
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	1.914
Placebo	4.425

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	-2.116
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	0.104
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	-1.229
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	-1.185
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	-2.596
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	0.112
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	0.058
Placebo	0.747

Intervention	millimole per liter (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	0.109
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	0.123
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	0.202
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	0.127
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	0.167
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	0.238
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	0.188
Placebo	0.002

Intervention	Ratio (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	0.869
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	0.89
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	0.824
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	0.739
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	0.708
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	0.63
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	0.585
Placebo	0.938

Article	Year
A randomized, multicenter, open-label, blinded end point trial comparing the effects of spironolactone to chlorthalidone on left ventricular mass in patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease: Rationale and design of the SPIRO-CKD trial. American heart journal, 2017, Volume: 191 Topics: Adult; Aged; Chlorthalidone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fo	2017
Safety and cardiovascular efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent ESRD (SPin-D): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial. Kidney international, 2019, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diastole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Doubl	2019
A randomized controlled trial of the effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass in hemodialysis patients. Kidney international, 2019, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Double-Blind Method; Female; Heart Failure; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Fai	2019
Spironolactone improves endothelial and cardiac autonomic function in non heart failure hemodialysis patients. Journal of hypertension, 2013, Volume: 31, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Autonomic Pathways; Diuretics; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Kidney Failu	2013
Rationale and design of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in End-Stage Renal Disease Study (MiREnDa). Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kidney Fai	2014
Spironolactone reduces cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, Feb-18, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Japan; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male	2014
Spironolactone reduces cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, Feb-18, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Japan; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male	2014
Spironolactone reduces cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, Feb-18, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Japan; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male	2014
Spironolactone reduces cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, Feb-18, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Japan; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male	2014
Long-term effects of spironolactone in peritoneal dialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2014, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Drug	2014
Spironolactone to prevent cardiovascular events in early-stage chronic kidney disease (STOP-CKD): study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial. Trials, 2014, May-06, Volume: 15 Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical Protocols; Double-Blind	2014
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of spironolactone for hypokalemia in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2015, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Drug	2015
The Safety of Eplerenone in Hemodialysis Patients: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2015, Sep-04, Volume: 10, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Eplerenone; Female; Hum	2015
Long-Term Effects of Low-Dose Spironolactone on Chronic Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2016, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Monitoring;	2016
Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009, Aug-04, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Con	2009
Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009, Aug-04, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Con	2009
Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009, Aug-04, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Con	2009
Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009, Aug-04, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Con	2009
Antifibrotic effects of aldosterone receptor blocker (spironolactone) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Renal failure, 2009, Volume: 31, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic Antagonists; Adult; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Disease Progression; Female	2009
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of spironolactone on carotid intima-media thickness in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2010, Volume: 5, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Chile; Disease Progression; Double-Blin	2010
The effect of spironolactone upon corticosteroid hormone metabolism in patients with early stage chronic kidney disease. Clinical endocrinology, 2010, Volume: 73, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Blood Pressure; Female; Humans; H	2010
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial. European heart journal, 2011, Volume: 32, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Chronic Disease; Double	2011
Moderate antiproteinuric effect of add-on aldosterone blockade with eplerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. A randomized cross-over study. PloS one, 2011, Volume: 6, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Cross-Over Studies; Eplerenone; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle A	2011
Rationale and design of ARTS: a randomized, double-blind study of BAY 94-8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease. European journal of heart failure, 2012, Volume: 14, Issue:6 Topics: Aldosterone; Confidence Intervals; Double-Blind Method; Eplerenone; Female; Health Status Indicators	2012
A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with advanced congestive heart failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Biomarkers; Chi-Square Distribution; Double-Blind Method; Drug Mo	2012
A double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled study examining the effect of cross-linked polyelectrolyte in heart failure patients with chronic kidney disease. European journal of heart failure, 2012, Volume: 14, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Linking Reagents; Double-Blind Method; Electrolytes; Exercise Test; F	2012
Is spironolactone safe for dialysis patients? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aldosterone; Female; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic;	2003
Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Canrenone; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Middle Aged; Min	2003
Effect of spironolactone on K(+) homeostasis and ENaC expression in lymphocytes from chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney international, 2004, Volume: 66, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Dietary Carbohydrates; Epithelial Sodium Channels; Female; Hom	2004
Antiproteinuric effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in patients with chronic renal disease. American journal of hypertension, 2005, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Collagen Type IV; Diabetes Mellitus,	2005
Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in oligo-anuric hemodialysis patients. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2005, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aldosterone; Antihypertensive Agents; Anuria; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cross-Over Studies	2005

Article	Year
Spironolactone ameliorates endothelial dysfunction through inhibition of the AGE/RAGE axis in a chronic renal failure rat model. BMC nephrology, 2019, 09-06, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chr	2019
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in ESKD. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2020, 07-01, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Aldosterone; Cardiovascular Diseases; Eplerenone; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid	2020
Risk of renal dysfunction in an elderly patient with chronic heart failure. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:10 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Atrial Fibrillation; Carbazoles; Carvedilol; Diclofenac; Digoxin; Drug Interactio	2016
The safety of mineralocorticoid antagonists in maintenance hemodialysis patients: two steps forward. Kidney international, 2019, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Renal Dialysi	2019
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, Feb-18, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Mineralocorticoid Receptor A	2014
Effect of spironolactone in CV mortality in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2014, Aug-05, Volume: 64, Issue:5 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Mineralocorticoid Receptor A	2014
Effects of spironolactone on residual renal function and peritoneal function in peritoneal dialysis patients. Advances in peritoneal dialysis. Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis, 2014, Volume: 30 Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; CA-125 Antigen; Connective Tissue Growth Factor; Diuretics; Female; Glomeru	2014
Effects of spironolactone in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with proteinuria. Kidney & blood pressure research, 2014, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Drug Therap	2014
Spironolactone is associated with reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. International journal of cardiology, 2016, Jan-01, Volume: 202 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Databases, Factual; Diuretics; Female; Follow-Up Studi	2016
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism for Cardiovascular Protection in End-Stage Renal Disease: New Data But the Controversy Continues. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2016, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Aldosterone; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists;	2016
Cardiac benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor inhibition in renal failure. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Cohort Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular;	2008
Effect of spironolactone on hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium in wistar rats with experimental uremia. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine, 2008, Volume: 145, Issue:6 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Kidney Failure, Chron	2008
Long-term low-dose spironolactone therapy is safe in oligoanuric hemodialysis patients. Cardiology, 2009, Volume: 114, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Longitudinal Studies	2009
The role of aldosterone blockade in end-stage renal disease. Cardiology, 2009, Volume: 114, Issue:1 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Drug Ther	2009
Successful effect of triple blockade of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on massive proteinuria in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2009, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Eplerenone; Glome	2009
The long-term antiproteinuric effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Diabetic Nephropathies; Eplerenone; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate;	2012
The number of leads with fragmented QRS is independently associated with cardiac death or hospitalization for heart failure in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Journal of cardiology, 2012, Volume: 59, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Failure; Hospitalization; Humans; Kaplan-Meier	2012
[Is eplerenone nephrotoxic?]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2012, Volume: 137, Issue:45 Topics: Aged; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Creatinine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eplerenone;	2012
Aldactone therapy in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Heart Failure; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Peritoneal D	2003
Aldactone therapy in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Heart Failure; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Peritoneal Dialysis; Spironol	2003
Aldosterone blockade and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. The American journal of medicine, 2003, Aug-15, Volume: 115, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Calcinosis; Eplerenone; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle	2003
Aldosterone-receptor antagonism and end-stage renal disease. Current hypertension reports, 2004, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Eplerenone; Heart; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor	2004
N-acetylcysteine attenuates the progression of chronic renal failure. Kidney international, 2005, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Aldosterone; Animals; Antioxidants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glomerular Filtration	2005
Is it time for spironolactone therapy in dialysis patients? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Aldosterone; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Renal Dialysis	2006
MR blockade in patients with chronic renal disease--not the more the merrier, but the earlier the better. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor A	2006
Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy of rats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derived factors. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2006, Volume: 17, Issue:12 Topics: Adipocytes; Adrenal Glands; Aldosterone; Animals; Cyclic N-Oxides; Disease Models, Animal; Eplerenon	2006
Primary hyperaldosteronism in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Aldosterone; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Follow-Up Studies; Fosinopril	2007
[The characteristics of left ventricular myocardial remodeling in patients with chronic renal disease, and the effects of spironolactone therapy]. Klinicheskaia meditsina, 2007, Volume: 85, Issue:12 Topics: Diuretics; Echocardiography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Kidney Failure, Ch	2007
Ethacrynic acid: assessment of saluretic and diuretic potency in patients with severe chronic renal failure. The Medical journal of Australia, 1967, Feb-25, Volume: 1, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bendroflumethiazide; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Chlorides; Creatine; Diuretics;	1967
An extravenal mechanism for the maintenance of potassium balance in severe chronic renal failure. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1967, Volume: 80 Topics: Chlorothiazide; Creatinine; Diet; Feces; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Function Tests; Met	1967
Combined captopril and spironolactone treatment in Conn's syndrome with renal impairment and refractory hypertension. Clinical endocrinology, 1981, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Angiotensin II; Captopril; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertensio	1981
[Physiopathology and therapy of the ascites in liver cirrhosis]. Giornale di clinica medica, 1982, Volume: 63, Issue:10 Topics: Aldosterone; Ascites; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Liver Cirrhosis; Sod	1982
[Dangerous hyperkalemia as sequelae of new treatment strategies of heart failure]. Praxis, 2000, Dec-07, Volume: 89, Issue:49 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Captopril; Drug Therapy, Combination; Heart Failure; Human	2000
Insulin and mineralocorticoids influence on extrarenal potassium metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. Renal failure, 2001, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aldosterone; Female; Fludrocortisone; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Sec	2001
Spironolactone and ACE inhibition in chronic renal failure. The New England journal of medicine, 2002, Feb-07, Volume: 346, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Diabetes Complications; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans;	2002
The kidney and antihypertensive therapy. Drugs, 1976, Volume: 11 SUPPL 1 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hy	1976
Role of aldosterone in the control of sodium excretion in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. Kidney international, 1978, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aldosterone; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diet; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Mi	1978
[Spironolactone, potassium chloride and hyperkalemia in patients with kidney failure]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 1992, Volume: 108, Issue:19 Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Furosemide; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Potassium Chlo	1992
[Differential therapeutic principles in the drug therapy of high blood pressure]. Der Internist, 1974, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Benzothiadiazines; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Vol	1974
[Hyperkalemias in cardiac patients]. La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris, 1974, Oct-08, Volume: 50, Issue:40 Topics: Acidosis; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; F	1974
Plasma aldosterone in essential hypertension with low renin activity. Japanese circulation journal, 1974, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Aldosterone; Body Weight; Corticosterone; Cushing Syndrome; Furosemide; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide;	1974
[Nephrology in 1972]. La Revue du praticien, 1972, May-21, Volume: 22, Issue:15 Topics: Bone Resorption; Calcium; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gentamicins; Glomerulone	1972
Influence of aldosterone on sodium, water and potassium metabolism in chronic renal disease. Kidney international, 1972, Volume: 1, Issue:3 Topics: Aldosterone; Blood; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Water; Creatinine; Desoxycorticosterone; Diet, Sodium-	1972
[Primary hyperaldosteronism with malignant hypertension]. La Nouvelle presse medicale, 1973, Feb-03, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Adenoma; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenalectomy; Adult; Blood Pressure Determination; Female; Humans	1973
Fluorescein circulation time and the treatment of hypertension in the aged. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1973, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Blood Circulation Time; Blood Pressure; Carbamates; Ethacrynic Acid; Femal	1973
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. Kidney international, 1973, Volume: 3, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Aminohippuric Acids; Basement Membrane; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cr	1973
Reversible bullous retinal detachment in chronic renal disease. American journal of ophthalmology, 1969, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Angiography; Diet; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypertension, Renal; Hy	1969
[Malignant arterial hypertension. Intensive treatment by acute sodium depletion and antihypertensive agents]. La Nouvelle presse medicale, 1972, Jan-29, Volume: 1, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Diuretics; Female;	1972
[Diuresis and diuretics]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1971, Jun-25, Volume: 83, Issue:25 Topics: Acetazolamide; Acute Disease; Agranulocytosis; Anuria; Biological Transport; Blood Platelet Disorder	1971
The renal regulation of sodium and potassium in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and the effect of diuretics on the excretion of these ions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1966, Nov-22, Volume: 139, Issue:2 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Diuretics; Ethacrynic Acid; Female; Furosemide; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Hu	1966
The new diuretics. Wisconsin medical journal, 1970, Volume: 69, Issue:7 Topics: Acetazolamide; Chlorothiazide; Diuresis; Diuretics; Edema; Ethacrynic Acid; Furosemide; Humans; Hypo	1970
High dose frusemide in the treatment of hypertension in chronic renal insufficiency and of terminal renal failure. Postgraduate medical journal, 1971, Volume: 47 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Creatine; Creatinine; Diuresis; Female; Furosemide; Gout; Humans; Hypertension, R	1971
[Diuretics in cirrhosis. Accidents. Indications]. La Presse medicale, 1969, Mar-29, Volume: 77, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alkalosis; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Blood Volume; Diuretics; Edema; Ethacrynic	1969