spironolactone and Proteinuria studies

Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.

Proteinuria: The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of spironolactone versus spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in decreasing proteinuria in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients."	9.20	Evaluation of spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in reducing proteinuria in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. ( Behradmanesh, MS; Karami Horestani, M; Kheiri, S; Momeni, A, 2015)
"Addition of a modest dose of spironolactone to a regimen of ACEI or ARB in patients with diabetic proteinuria causes further reduction in proteinuria and also lowers the systolic BP."	9.13	Effects of additive therapy with spironolactone on proteinuria in diabetic patients already on ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. ( Gyebi, LK; Saklayen, MG; Tasosa, J; Yap, J, 2008)
" In the present prospective randomized open-label study, we evaluated the effects of spironolactone (25 mg/day for 1 year) on proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate in 83 patients with chronic kidney disease already treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists."	9.12	Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. ( Bianchi, S; Bigazzi, R; Campese, VM, 2006)
"To study the effects of addition of spironolactone to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or angiotensin II (AngII) receptor antagonism on proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy."	9.12	Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. ( Baggen, RG; Boomsma, F; Lindemans, A; Pauli, S; Poldermans, D; van den Meiracker, AH; Vulto, AG, 2006)
"One hundred forty transplant recipients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were divided into 3 groups, according to proteinuria levels at the beginning of spironolactone therapy: low (<1 g/24 h), intermediate (1-3 g/24 h), and nephrotic (>3 g/24 h)."	7.85	Spironolactone in Post-Transplant Proteinuria: A Safe Alternative Therapy. ( Camargo, LF; de Sousa, MV; do Valle, CF; Guida, JP; Mazzali, M; Rivelli, GG, 2017)
"We retrospectively analyzed data of 304 patients with persistent proteinuria, who were administered spironolactone (25 mg/day) after treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for >3 months."	7.80	Effects of spironolactone in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with proteinuria. ( Bae, EH; Kim, HY; Kim, SW; Ma, SK, 2014)
"The addition of spironolactone to the combination of an ACE inhibitor, and ARB, and a direct renin inhibitor brought about dramatic and sustained reversal of 4-plus proteinuria in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hypertension."	7.78	Dramatic reduction of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy by the use of spironolactone. ( Floyd, HW, 2012)
" The present study was conducted to examine whether spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, alone or in combination with cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ameliorates proteinuria and renal lesions in an immune-initiated progressive nephritis model."	7.72	Spironolactone in combination with cilazapril ameliorates proteinuria and renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with anti-Thy-1 irreversible nephritis. ( Asai, M; Fukuda, S; Hayashi, M; Kawachi, H; Marumo, T; Monkawa, T; Saruta, T; Shimizu, F; Tsuji, M; Yoshino, J, 2004)
"Malignant hypertension was induced with dietary indole-3-carbinol (0."	5.34	Aldosterone receptor antagonism alleviates proteinuria, but not malignant hypertension, in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats. ( Graciano, ML; Mitchell, KD; Mullins, JJ; Ortiz, RM, 2007)
"Five patients with Alport syndrome were enrolled and SP treatment (25 mg/day) was started."	5.33	The effect of aldosterone blockade in patients with Alport syndrome. ( Iijima, K; Kaito, H; Kanda, K; Matsuo, M; Nakanishi, K; Nozu, K; Przybyslaw Krol, R; Yoshikawa, N; Yoshiya, K, 2006)
"Proteinuria was prominent in SHR/NDmcr-cp compared with nonobese SHR, which was accompanied by podocyte injury as evidenced by foot process effacement, induction of desmin and attenuation of nephrin."	5.33	Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy of rats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derived factors. ( Ando, K; Fujita, T; Gotoda, T; Nagase, M; Nagase, T; Shibata, S; Yoshida, S, 2006)
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of spironolactone versus spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in decreasing proteinuria in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients."	5.20	Evaluation of spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in reducing proteinuria in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. ( Behradmanesh, MS; Karami Horestani, M; Kheiri, S; Momeni, A, 2015)
" The aim was to compare the effects on albuminuria of the therapy with either: (i) telmisartan 80 mg and aliskiren 300 mg, (ii) telmisartan 80 mg and eplerenone 50 mg, (iii) telmisartan 160 mg as monotherapy."	5.16	The enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system pharmacological blockade--which is the best?. ( Bednarski, R; Donderski, R; Heleniak, Z; Lizakowski, S; Manitius, J; Przybylska, M; Renke, M; Rutkowski, B; Rutkowski, P; Sulikowska, B; Tylicki, L, 2012)
"The reduction in proteinuria induced by lisinopril (11."	5.14	[The antiproteinuric effect of the blockage of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in obese patients. Which treatment option is the most effective? ]. ( Gutiérrez Solís, E; Gutiérrez, E; Huerta, A; Morales, E; Praga, M; Segura, J, 2009)
"Addition of a modest dose of spironolactone to a regimen of ACEI or ARB in patients with diabetic proteinuria causes further reduction in proteinuria and also lowers the systolic BP."	5.13	Effects of additive therapy with spironolactone on proteinuria in diabetic patients already on ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. ( Gyebi, LK; Saklayen, MG; Tasosa, J; Yap, J, 2008)
" In the present prospective randomized open-label study, we evaluated the effects of spironolactone (25 mg/day for 1 year) on proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate in 83 patients with chronic kidney disease already treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists."	5.12	Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. ( Bianchi, S; Bigazzi, R; Campese, VM, 2006)
"To study the effects of addition of spironolactone to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or angiotensin II (AngII) receptor antagonism on proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy."	5.12	Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. ( Baggen, RG; Boomsma, F; Lindemans, A; Pauli, S; Poldermans, D; van den Meiracker, AH; Vulto, AG, 2006)
" In this study, we explored the effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone on urinary protein excretion in patients with chronic renal disease with proteinuria persistently more than 0."	5.11	Antiproteinuric effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in patients with chronic renal disease. ( Hayashi, K; Saruta, T; Sato, A, 2005)
"This study shows that spironolactone may effectively reduce proteinuria in patients with CKD."	5.11	Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study. ( Bianchi, S; Bigazzi, R; Campese, VM, 2005)
"To evaluate the effects of aldosterone antagonists (selective (eplerenone), non-selective (spironolactone or canrenone), or non-steroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists (finerenone)) in adults who have CKD with proteinuria (nephrotic and non-nephrotic range) on: patient-centred endpoints including kidney failure (previously know as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)), major cardiovascular events, and death (any cause); kidney function (proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and doubling of serum creatinine); blood pressure; and adverse events (including hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury, and gynaecomastia)."	5.05	Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. ( Bolignano, D; Chung, EY; Natale, P; Navaneethan, SD; Palmer, SC; Ruospo, M; Strippoli, GF, 2020)
"To evaluate the effect of aldosterone antagonists (both selective (eplerenone) and non-selective (spironolactone)) alone or in combination with ACEi or ARB in adults who have CKD with proteinuria (nephrotic and non-nephrotic range) on: patient-centred endpoints including major cardiovascular events, hospitalisation and all-cause mortality; kidney function (proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum creatinine, and need for renal replacement therapy; and adverse events (including gynaecomastia and hyperkalaemia)."	4.90	Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. ( Bolignano, D; Navaneethan, SD; Palmer, SC; Strippoli, GF, 2014)
"Either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, eplerenone appears to be effective for the treatment of hypertension."	4.82	The cardiovascular effects of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone-receptor antagonist. ( Davis, KL; Nappi, JM, 2003)
" Notably, spironolactone treatment concomitantly suppressed the release of Bsg-bearing EVs in correlation with decreased albuminuria."	4.31	Basigin is released in extracellular vesicles derived from the renal tubular epithelium in response to albuminuria. ( Kadomatsu, K; Kato, N; Kato, S; Kosugi, T; Maeda, K; Maruyama, S; Ryuge, A; Sato, Y; Seko, H; Sugimura, M; Watanabe, T, 2023)
"Although matching aligned key demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohorts, a significantly greater proportion of spironolactone users than non-users had oedema, proteinuria, and cardiovascular disease at baseline (P < 0."	3.96	Disease characteristics and outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: a matched cohort study of spironolactone users and non-users. ( Blankenburg, M; Fett, AK; Gay, A; Griner, RG; Kovesdy, CP, 2020)
"We retrospectively analyzed data of 304 patients with persistent proteinuria, who were administered spironolactone (25 mg/day) after treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for >3 months."	3.80	Effects of spironolactone in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with proteinuria. ( Bae, EH; Kim, HY; Kim, SW; Ma, SK, 2014)
"We prospectively studied the effects of adding spironolactone (25 mg/day) to 87 patients who maintained proteinuria higher than 1 g/day in spite of renin-angiotensin system blockade."	3.79	Renoprotective effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers in patients with proteinuric kidney diseases. ( Egido, J; Gutiérrez, E; Gutiérrez-Solís, E; Huerta, A; Millet, VG; Morales, E; Praga, M; Rojas-Rivera, J, 2013)
"The long-term administration of low-dose eplerenone was effective and safe for the treatment of non-diabetic CKD patients who showed persistent proteinuria in spite of therapy with RAS inhibitors."	3.78	The long-term antiproteinuric effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. ( Hosoya, T; Ishii, T; Kawamura, T; Okonogi, H; Tsuboi, N, 2012)
"The addition of spironolactone to the combination of an ACE inhibitor, and ARB, and a direct renin inhibitor brought about dramatic and sustained reversal of 4-plus proteinuria in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hypertension."	3.78	Dramatic reduction of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy by the use of spironolactone. ( Floyd, HW, 2012)
" We sought to determine whether treatment with an MR blocker, eplerenone, enhances the effects of an ARB, telmisartan, on podocyte injury and proteinuria in type 2 diabetic Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima-Fatty (OLETF) rats."	3.76	Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade enhances the antiproteinuric effect of an angiotensin II blocker through inhibiting podocyte injury in type 2 diabetic rats. ( Hamada, M; Hitomi, H; Imanishi, M; Kishida, M; Kobori, H; Konishi, Y; Maeda, I; Morikawa, T; Nagai, Y; Nakagawa, T; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A; Ohashi, N; Okumura, M, 2010)
" The present study was conducted to examine whether spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, alone or in combination with cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ameliorates proteinuria and renal lesions in an immune-initiated progressive nephritis model."	3.72	Spironolactone in combination with cilazapril ameliorates proteinuria and renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with anti-Thy-1 irreversible nephritis. ( Asai, M; Fukuda, S; Hayashi, M; Kawachi, H; Marumo, T; Monkawa, T; Saruta, T; Shimizu, F; Tsuji, M; Yoshino, J, 2004)
"Eplerenone was thus well tolerated and no patients were withdrawn due to hyperkalaemia."	2.76	Moderate antiproteinuric effect of add-on aldosterone blockade with eplerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. A randomized cross-over study. ( Boesby, L; Elung-Jensen, T; Kamper, AL; Klausen, TW; Strandgaard, S, 2011)
"Aldosterone antagonism is effective and safe for achieving a BP goal among people with diabetic nephropathy when added to a triple antihypertensive regimen that includes a blocker of the renin-angiotensin system and an appropriately selected and dosed diuretic."	2.74	Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade. ( Bakris, GL; Kalaitzidis, R; Khosla, N, 2009)
"Type 1 diabetes was induced in female Wistar rats by a single tail vein injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and SPL was administrated daily by gavage, from days 3-21."	1.46	Aldosterone signaling regulates the over-expression of claudin-4 and -8 at the distal nephron from type 1 diabetic rats. ( González-Ramírez, R; Molina-Jijón, E; Namorado-Tónix, C; Pedraza-Chaverri, J; Reyes, JL; Rodríguez-Muñoz, R, 2017)
"Spironolactone treatment immediately or 1."	1.42	Mild ischemic injury leads to long-term alterations in the kidney: amelioration by spironolactone administration. ( Barrera-Chimal, J; Bobadilla, NA; Durand, M; Jaisser, F; Ortega, JA; Pérez-Villalva, R; Rodríguez-Romo, R; Sánchez, A, 2015)
"Aldosterone and high salt were associated with lower NO levels and greater renal oxidative stress."	1.37	Eplerenone suppresses aldosterone/ salt-induced expression of NOX-4. ( Adiyiah, J; Bayorh, MA; Eatman, D; Lyn, D; Rollins-Hairston, A, 2011)
"Proteinuria was decreased in groups MR and AR compared with group P (on day 14 after PAN administration, respectively; group P vs AR, P < 0."	1.36	Effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II receptor blockers on proteinuria and glomerular podocyte protein expression in a model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. ( Fujimoto, S; Fukuda, A; Iwatsubo, S; Kawachi, H; Kitamura, K, 2010)
"Male Wistar rats fed with an unrestricted sodium diet received CsA 15 mg/kg/day or CsA at the same dosage plus 20 mg/kg/day of spironolactone."	1.35	The effect of aldosterone antagonist in experimental nephropathy induced by cyclosporine A. ( Miorin, LA; Sens, YA; Silva, FM, 2008)
"Spironolactone-treated mice exhibited decreased histopathologic evidence of inflammation and tissue damage, as compared with control mice."	1.35	The role of aldosterone blockade in murine lupus nephritis. ( Anderson, MR; Bradke, A; Kaplan, MJ; Killen, PD; Monrad, SU, 2008)
"Treatment with eplerenone, a selective aldosterone receptor blocker, almost completely prevented podocyte damage and proteinuria, with normalization of elevated reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity."	1.34	Podocyte as the target for aldosterone: roles of oxidative stress and Sgk1. ( Fujita, T; Kawachi, H; Nagase, M; Shibata, S; Yoshida, S, 2007)
"Malignant hypertension was induced with dietary indole-3-carbinol (0."	1.34	Aldosterone receptor antagonism alleviates proteinuria, but not malignant hypertension, in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats. ( Graciano, ML; Mitchell, KD; Mullins, JJ; Ortiz, RM, 2007)
"Five patients with Alport syndrome were enrolled and SP treatment (25 mg/day) was started."	1.33	The effect of aldosterone blockade in patients with Alport syndrome. ( Iijima, K; Kaito, H; Kanda, K; Matsuo, M; Nakanishi, K; Nozu, K; Przybyslaw Krol, R; Yoshikawa, N; Yoshiya, K, 2006)
"Proteinuria was prominent in SHR/NDmcr-cp compared with nonobese SHR, which was accompanied by podocyte injury as evidenced by foot process effacement, induction of desmin and attenuation of nephrin."	1.33	Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy of rats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derived factors. ( Ando, K; Fujita, T; Gotoda, T; Nagase, M; Nagase, T; Shibata, S; Yoshida, S, 2006)
"Spironolactone treatment did not induce any significant differences in body weight, kidney/body weight ratio, serum creatinine concentration, blood glucose levels, or systolic blood pressure."	1.33	Spironolactone ameliorates renal injury and connective tissue growth factor expression in type II diabetic rats. ( Cha, DR; Han, JY; Han, KH; Han, SY; Jee, YH; Kang, YS; Kim, HK; Kim, YS; Lee, MH, 2006)
"Spironolactone treatment decreased PAI-1 immunoreactivity and reduced in a dose-dependent fashion cardiac and renal damage."	1.32	Aldosterone and not plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a critical mediator of early angiotensin II/NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced myocardial injury. ( Adler, GK; Jonasson, L; Martinez-Vasquez, D; Mukasa, K; Oestreicher, EM; Roubsanthisuk, W; Stone, JR, 2003)
"Aldosterone promotes nephrosclerosis in several rat models, whereas aldosterone receptor antagonism blunts the effect of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on nephrosclerosis, independent of effects on blood pressure."	1.31	Aldosterone modulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and glomerulosclerosis in vivo. ( Brown, NJ; Donnert, E; Fogo, AB; Freeman, M; Ma, L; Nakamura, I; Nakamura, S; Vaughan, DE, 2000)
"Spironolactone did not enhance water and electrolyte excretion."	1.30	Mineralocorticoid blockade reduces vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats. ( Chander, PN; Khanna, K; Rocha, R; Stier, CT; Zuckerman, A, 1998)

Research

Studies (81)

Authors

Clinical Trials (25)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

All-cause Hospitalization

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	12 (14.81)	18.7374
1990's	1 (1.23)	18.2507
2000's	37 (45.68)	29.6817
2010's	28 (34.57)	24.3611
2020's	3 (3.70)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Watanabe, T	1
Maeda, K	1
Kato, N	1
Seko, H	1
Sugimura, M	1
Sato, Y	1
Ryuge, A	1
Kato, S	1
Kadomatsu, K	1
Maruyama, S	1
Kosugi, T	1
Blankenburg, M	1
Kovesdy, CP	1
Fett, AK	1
Griner, RG	1
Gay, A	1
Chung, EY	1
Ruospo, M	1
Natale, P	1
Bolignano, D	2
Navaneethan, SD	2
Palmer, SC	2
Strippoli, GF	2
de Sousa, MV	1
Guida, JP	1
do Valle, CF	1
Camargo, LF	1
Rivelli, GG	1
Mazzali, M	1
Molina-Jijón, E	1
Rodríguez-Muñoz, R	1
González-Ramírez, R	1
Namorado-Tónix, C	1
Pedraza-Chaverri, J	1
Reyes, JL	1
Bursztyn, M	1
Touyz, RM	1
Laffer, CL	1
Carey, RM	1
Dominiczak, AF	1
Momeni, A	1
Behradmanesh, MS	1
Kheiri, S	1
Karami Horestani, M	1
Giani, M	1
Mastrangelo, A	1
Villa, R	1
Turolo, S	1
Marra, G	1
Tirelli, AS	1
Hopfer, H	1
Edefonti, A	1
Esteghamati, A	1
Noshad, S	1
Jarrah, S	1
Mousavizadeh, M	1
Khoee, SH	1
Nakhjavani, M	1
Kim, HY	1
Bae, EH	1
Ma, SK	1
Kim, SW	1
Barrera-Chimal, J	1
Pérez-Villalva, R	1
Ortega, JA	1
Sánchez, A	1
Rodríguez-Romo, R	1
Durand, M	1
Jaisser, F	1
Bobadilla, NA	1
Silva, FM	1
Miorin, LA	1
Sens, YA	1
Lindner, T	1
Waanders, F	1
Rienstra, H	1
Boer, MW	1
Zandvoort, A	1
Rozing, J	1
Navis, G	1
van Goor, H	2
Hillebrands, JL	1
Du, J	1
Fan, YY	1
Hitomi, H	2
Kiyomoto, H	2
Kimura, S	2
Kong, CZ	1
Noma, T	1
Kohno, M	2
Nishiyama, A	3
Nakano, D	2
Kuriyama, S	1
Sugano, N	1
Ueda, H	1
Otsuka, Y	1
Kanzaki, G	1
Hosoya, T	2
Khosla, N	1
Kalaitzidis, R	1
Bakris, GL	1
Morales, E	3
Huerta, A	2
Gutiérrez, E	2
Gutiérrez Solís, E	1
Segura, J	1
Praga, M	3
Kobori, H	1
Konishi, Y	1
Morikawa, T	1
Maeda, I	1
Okumura, M	1
Kishida, M	1
Hamada, M	1
Nagai, Y	2
Nakagawa, T	1
Ohashi, N	1
Imanishi, M	1
Sengul, E	1
Sahin, T	1
Sevin, E	1
Yilmaz, A	1
Bianchi, S	3
Bigazzi, R	3
Campese, VM	3
Nagase, M	4
Fujita, T	4
Fukuda, A	1
Fujimoto, S	1
Iwatsubo, S	1
Kawachi, H	4
Kitamura, K	2
Mavrakanas, TA	1
Cheva, A	1
Kallaras, K	1
Karkavelas, G	1
Mironidou-Tzouveleki, M	1
Liang, W	1
Chen, C	1
Shi, J	1
Ren, Z	1
Hu, F	1
Singhal, PC	1
Ding, G	1
González Monte, E	1
Andrés, A	1
Polanco, N	1
Toribio, MJ	1
Santana, R	1
Gutiérrez Martínez, E	1
González, J	1
Ramírez, E	1
Hernández, A	1
Morales, JM	1
Suzuki, J	1
Otsuka, F	1
Inagaki, K	1
Tanabe, K	1
Tsukamoto, N	1
Miyoshi, T	1
Nakamura, E	1
Ogura, T	1
Kumagai, I	1
Makino, H	1
Toyonaga, J	1
Tsuruya, K	1
Ikeda, H	1
Noguchi, H	1
Yotsueda, H	1
Fujisaki, K	1
Hirakawa, M	1
Taniguchi, M	1
Masutani, K	1
Iida, M	1
Bayorh, MA	1
Rollins-Hairston, A	1
Adiyiah, J	1
Lyn, D	1
Eatman, D	1
Fang, Z	1
Zhang, C	1
He, F	1
Chen, S	1
Sun, X	1
Zhu, Z	1
Liu, J	1
Meng, X	1
Tsuboi, N	1
Kawamura, T	1
Okonogi, H	1
Ishii, T	1
Boesby, L	1
Elung-Jensen, T	1
Klausen, TW	1
Strandgaard, S	1
Kamper, AL	1
Homma, T	1
Sonoda, H	1
Manabe, K	1
Arai, K	1
Mizuno, M	1
Sada, T	1
Ikeda, M	1
Nariai, T	1
Fujita, K	1
Mori, M	1
Katayama, S	1
Hori, S	1
Matsui, K	1
Crovetto, F	1
Moroni, G	1
Zaina, B	1
Acaia, B	1
Ossola, MW	1
Fedele, L	1
Millet, VG	1
Rojas-Rivera, J	1
Gutiérrez-Solís, E	1
Egido, J	1
Tylicki, L	2
Lizakowski, S	1
Rutkowski, P	2
Renke, M	2
Sulikowska, B	1
Heleniak, Z	1
Donderski, R	1
Bednarski, R	1
Przybylska, M	1
Manitius, J	1
Rutkowski, B	2
Floyd, HW	1
Griffin, KA	1
Abu-Amarah, I	1
Picken, M	1
Bidani, AK	1
ISASA, FA	1
JOHNSTON, LC	1
GRIEBLE, HG	1
SCHOENBERGER, JA	1
FULLER, JB	1
Oestreicher, EM	1
Martinez-Vasquez, D	1
Stone, JR	1
Jonasson, L	1
Roubsanthisuk, W	1
Mukasa, K	1
Adler, GK	1
Yonemura, K	1
Yasuda, H	1
Hishida, A	1
Davis, KL	1
Nappi, JM	1
Yao, L	1
Miyata, K	1
Yoshizumi, M	1
Kagami, S	1
Kondo, S	1
Shokoji, T	1
Abe, Y	1
Sato, A	1
Hayashi, K	1
Saruta, T	2
Kobayashi, N	1
Hara, K	1
Tojo, A	1
Onozato, ML	1
Honda, T	1
Yoshida, K	1
Mita, S	1
Nakano, S	1
Tsubokou, Y	1
Matsuoka, H	1
Asai, M	1
Monkawa, T	1
Marumo, T	1
Fukuda, S	1
Tsuji, M	1
Yoshino, J	1
Shimizu, F	1
Hayashi, M	1
Tomita, K	1
Aldigier, JC	1
Kanjanbuch, T	1
Ma, LJ	1
Brown, NJ	2
Fogo, AB	2
Shibata, S	3
Yoshida, S	3
Nagase, T	2
Gotoda, T	2
Han, KH	1
Kang, YS	1
Han, SY	1
Jee, YH	1
Lee, MH	1
Han, JY	1
Kim, HK	1
Kim, YS	1
Cha, DR	1
Kaito, H	1
Nozu, K	1
Iijima, K	1
Nakanishi, K	1
Yoshiya, K	1
Kanda, K	1
Przybyslaw Krol, R	1
Yoshikawa, N	1
Matsuo, M	1
van den Meiracker, AH	1
Baggen, RG	1
Pauli, S	1
Lindemans, A	1
Vulto, AG	1
Poldermans, D	1
Boomsma, F	1
Ando, K	1
Chrysostomou, A	2
Pedagogos, E	1
MacGregor, L	1
Becker, GJ	1
Ortiz, RM	1
Graciano, ML	1
Mullins, JJ	1
Mitchell, KD	1
Nakhoul, F	1
Khankin, E	1
Yaccob, A	1
Karram, T	1
Awaad, H	1
Nakhoul, N	1
Hoffman, A	1
Abassi, Z	1
Monrad, SU	1
Killen, PD	1
Anderson, MR	1
Bradke, A	1
Kaplan, MJ	1
Furumatsu, Y	1
Nagasawa, Y	1
Tomida, K	1
Mikami, S	1
Kaneko, T	1
Okada, N	1
Tsubakihara, Y	1
Imai, E	1
Shoji, T	1
Saklayen, MG	1
Gyebi, LK	1
Tasosa, J	1
Yap, J	1
Larczyński, W	1
Aleksandrowicz, E	1
Lysiak-Szydlowska, W	1
Moyer, JH	1
Rocha, R	1
Chander, PN	1
Khanna, K	1
Zuckerman, A	1
Stier, CT	1
Nakamura, S	1
Ma, L	1
Nakamura, I	1
Donnert, E	1
Freeman, M	1
Vaughan, DE	1
Becker, G	1
Epstein, FH	1
Almirall, J	1
Lopez, T	1
Dathan, JR	1
Heyworth, MF	1
MacIver, AG	1
Sutherland, LE	1
Hartroft, P	1
Balis, JU	1
Bailey, JD	1
Lynch, MJ	1
Lagrue, G	1
Fournier, A	1
Dehart, HS	1
Bath, NM	1
Glenn, JF	1
Gunnells, JC	1
D'Souza, MF	1
Mahon, WE	1
Clancy, RL	1
Stiel, JN	1
Stefan, H	1
Helge, H	1
Merker, HJ	1
Bachmann, D	1
Lumbers, ER	1
Skinner, SL	1
Schneider, PJ	1
Eytel, CS	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Proteomic Prediction and Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibition Prevention Of Early Diabetic nephRopathy In TYpe 2 Diabetic Patients With Normoalbuminuria[NCT02040441]	Phase 2/Phase 3	1,777 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effect of Spironolactone, in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria on Long-Term Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy, With or With Out an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker[NCT00106561]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants	Interventional	2002-01-31	Completed
Eplerenone, ACE Inhibition and Albuminuria[NCT00315016]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Spironolactone Therapy[NCT00335413]	Phase 4	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Aldosterone Inhibition on Proteinuria in Patients With Progressive Renal Disease[NCT00430924]	Phase 4	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Influence of Adding Aldosterone Receptor Blocker to Dual Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade on Proteinuria[NCT00528385]		0 participants	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
Is Spironolactone Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Mild Chronic Renal Failure?[NCT00291720]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Spironolactone for Reducing Proteinuria in Diabetic Nephropathy[NCT00498537]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Aldosterone Blockade in Chronic Kidney Disease. Influence on Arterial Stiffness and Kidney Function[NCT01100203]	Phase 3	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to It was not possible within the time frame to recruit the planned no. of patients.)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter, Event-driven Phase 3 Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Finerenone, in Addition to Standard of Care, on the Progression of Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Dia[NCT02540993]	Phase 3	5,734 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-17	Completed
South Danish Hypertension and Diabetes Study[NCT01062763]	Phase 3	119 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacity of Indometacin and Two Potassium Sparing Diuretics in Adult Patients Affected by Gitelman Syndrome[NCT01146197]	Phase 1/Phase 2	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism in the Reduction of Albuminuria and Diastolic Disfunction of Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy.[NCT00870402]	Phase 4	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Recruiting
Improving Outcomes in Diabetic Nephropathy[NCT00381134]	Phase 2	92 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
The Effect Of Eplerenone Versus Placebo On Cardiovascular Mortality And Heart Failure Hospitalization In Subjects With NYHA Class II Chronic Systolic Heart Failure[NCT00232180]	Phase 3	2,743 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center Study to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Stable Chronic Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Mild (Part A) or Moderate (Part B) Chronic [NCT01345656]	Phase 2	457 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-09	Completed
Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT)[NCT00094302]	Phase 3	3,445 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of CS-3150 in Japanese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Microalbuminuria[NCT02345057]	Phase 2	365 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Aldosterone Targeted Neurohormonal Combined With Natriuresis Therapy - HF (ATHENA-HF)[NCT02235077]	Phase 2	360 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Multi-center Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Emergency Presentation at the Hospital Because of Worsening Chronic Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Systo[NCT01807221]	Phase 2	1,066 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-17	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetic Nephropathy[NCT01874431]	Phase 2	823 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-12	Completed
Comparison of Efficacy of Losartan/Spironolactone and Losartan/Enalapril on Urinary Albumin Excretion, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Nephropathy[NCT01667614]	Phase 2	136 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Mineralocorticoid Receptor, Coronary Microvascular Function, and Cardiac Efficiency in Hypertension[NCT05593055]	Phase 4	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-25	Recruiting
Short-Term Oral Mifepristone for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. A Placebo-controlled Dose Ranging Study of Mifepristone in the Treatment of CSC (STOMP-CSC)[NCT02354170]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
[NCT00005757]		293 participants (Actual)	Observational	1997-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of a hospitalization event were evaluated. Number of participants with the event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the hospitalization due to any cause, or censoring at the end of study, with an average of 32 months

All-cause Mortality

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	1263
Placebo	1321

Count of participants and time from randomization until death due to any cause were evaluated. Number of participants with outcome death is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. Number of participants with outcome death reported here includes deaths occurred after randomization until the end of the study visit. Deaths after end of study visit are not included in this table. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until death due to any cause, or censoring at the end of the study visit, with an average of 32 months

Change in Urinary Albumin-to-creatinine Ratio (UACR) From Baseline to Month 4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	219
Placebo	244

First morning void urine samples were collected to evaluate the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Month 4 was the visit closest to day 120 within a time window of 120 ± 30 days after randomization. If no measurements were available in this time window, the participant was excluded from this analysis. Ratio of UACR at Month 4 to UACR at baseline is reported as the change. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From baseline up until Month 4

The First Occurrence of the Composite Endpoint of Cardiovascular Death, Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction, Non-fatal Stroke, or Hospitalization for Heart Failure

Intervention	Ratio (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone	0.655
Placebo	0.952

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of the key secondary cardiovascular (CV) composite outcome, CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure were evaluated. Number of participants with the outcome event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the key secondary CV composite endpoint, or censoring at the end of the study, with an average of 32 months

The First Occurrence of the Composite Endpoint of Onset of Kidney Failure, a Sustained Decrease in eGFR of ≥57% From Baseline Over at Least 4 Weeks, or Renal Death

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	367
Placebo	420

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of the secondary renal composite outcome, onset of kidney failure, a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥57% from baseline over at least 4 weeks, or renal death were evaluated. Number of participants with the outcome event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the composite primary endpoint, or censoring at the end of the study, with an average of 32 months

The First Occurrence of the Composite Endpoint of Onset of Kidney Failure, a Sustained Decrease of eGFR ≥40% From Baseline Over at Least 4 Weeks, or Renal Death

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	252
Placebo	326

Count of participants and time from randomization to the first occurrence of the primary renal composite outcome, onset of kidney failure, a sustained decrease of eGFR ≥40% from baseline over at least 4 weeks, or renal death were evaluated. Number of participants with the outcome event is reported as descriptive result and hazard ratio is reported as statistical analysis. (NCT02540993)
Timeframe: From randomization up until the first occurrence of the primary renal composite endpoint, or censoring at the end of the study, with an average follow-up time of 32 months

Adverse Effects

Change of Diastolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Finerenone	504
Placebo	600

Intervention	participants (Number)
Addition of Spironolactone	4
Placebo	0

Change of diastolic blood pressure from baseline to study end at four months. (NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Change of of Systolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Addition of Spironolactone	-3.9
Placebo	-0.3

Change of systolic blood pressure from baseline to study end at four months. (NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality or Hospitalization Due to Heart Failure (HF) (Adjudicated)

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Addition of Spironolactone	-9.6
Placebo	-0.7

CV mortality is defined as death due to heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA), other CV cause (such as aneurysm or pulmonary embolism). Hospitalization due to HF is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality or Hospitalization Due to Heart Failure (HF) (Adjudicated): Up to Cut-off Date

Intervention	participants (Number)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	288
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	392

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	249
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	356

Hospitalization due to any cause is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Mortality (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	408	463
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	491	552

Death due to any cause. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Mortality or All-Cause Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	171	205
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	213	253

Death due to any cause or hospitalization due to any cause. Hospitalization due to any cause is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of All-Cause Mortality or Heart Failure (HF) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	462	530
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	569	636

Death due to any cause or first of occurrence HF hospitalization. HF hospitalization is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	270	311
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	376	418

First occurrence of CV hospitalization. CV hospitalization is defined as hospitalization due to HF (first or subsequent), acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris (unstable), cardiac arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation [AF], atrial flutter, supraventricular arrhythmias, or ventricular arrhythmias), stroke/CVA, other CV reasons (such as hypotension or peripheral vascular disease), implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with CV event as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Cardiovascular (CV) Mortality (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	304	346
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	399	439

CV mortality is defined as death due to heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA), other CV cause (such as aneurysm or pulmonary embolism). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Fatal or Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	147	178
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	185	215

(NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	45	49
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	33	40

(NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Heart Failure (HF) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	21	24
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	26	31

First occurrence of HF hospitalization. Hospitalization due to HF is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence Of Heart Failure (HF) Mortality or Heart Failure (HF) Hospitalization (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	164	186
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	253	277

Death due to HF or first occurrence of HF hospitalization. Hospitalization due to HF is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to HF as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by the endpoint committee adjudicator. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Hospitalization Due to Hyperkalemia (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	170	194
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	262	287

First occurrence of hospitalization due to hyperkalemia. Hospitalization due to hyperkalemia is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to hyperkalemia as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by endpoint committee adjudicator. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level greater than (>) 5.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Hospitalization Due to Worsening Renal Function (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	4	4
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	3	3

First occurrence of hospitalization due to worsening renal function. Hospitalization due to worsening renal function is defined as an overnight stay, or longer, in a hospital environment (emergency room, observation unit or in-patient care, or similar facility including admission to a day care facility) due to worsening renal function as the primary reason for hospitalization as determined by endpoint committee adjudicator. Worsening renal function is defined as doubling of serum creatinine level from baseline level. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Implantation of Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	9	10
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	8	10

First occurrence of implantation of cardiac defibrillator (ICD). ICD is an electronic device capable of monitoring the heart rhythm. When the heart is beating normally, the device remains inactive. If the heart develops a life-threatening tachycardia, the ICD delivers electrical shocks to the heart to terminate the abnormal rhythm and return the heart rhythm to normal. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With First Occurrence of Implantation of Resynchronization Device (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy [CRT]) (Adjudicated)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	61	76
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	59	78

First occurrence of implantation of resynchronization device. CRT is use of a specialized pacemaker to re-coordinate the action of the right and left ventricles in heart failure. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With New Onset Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 1364, 1373)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 1367, 1376)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	33	45
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	41	53

New onset of atrial fibrillation or flutter is defined as the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter in a participant after randomization, where atrial fibrillation was not present before randomization. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Number of Participants With New Onset Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 950, 937)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 956, 940)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	32	41
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	52	59

The definition of new onset diabetes mellitus is the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in a participant after randomization, when DM was not present before randomization. (NCT00232180)
Timeframe: Baseline (30 March 2006) up to 50 months (cut-off date: 25 May 2010), 59.5 months (complete DB phase: 18 March 2011)

Aborted Cardiac Arrest

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Up to 50 months (cut-off) (n= 904, 973)	Up to 59.5 months (complete DB) (n= 907, 975)
Eplerenone: Double-blind Phase	34	42
Placebo: Double-blind Phase	40	47

First incidence of aborted cardiac arrest (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

All-cause Mortality

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	0.09
Spironolactone	0.05

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Cardiovascular Mortality

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	4.6
Spironolactone	4.2

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Cardiovascular-related Hospitalization

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	3.1
Spironolactone	2.8

Hospitalization for MI, stroke or the management of heart failure, whichever occurred first (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Chloride

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	6.2
Spironolactone	5.5

Average post-baseline Chloride, taking into consideration baseline Chloride, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality or Cardiovascular-related Hospitalization (i.e., Hospitalization for Myocardial Infarction(MI), Stroke, or the Management of Heart Failure), Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	mEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	102.33
Spironolactone	102.26

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure, Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	7.8
Spironolactone	7.2

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Sudden Death or Aborted Cardiac Arrest, Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	6.6
Spironolactone	5.9

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Composite Outcome of Sudden Death, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Ventricular Tachycardia, Whichever Occurred First

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.1
Spironolactone	1.0

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Depression Symptoms, as Measured by Patient Health Questionnaire.

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.1
Spironolactone	1.0

"Average post-baseline depression, taking into consideration baseline depression, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a 10-item, self-administered instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression. Scores can range from 0-27, in which lower scores reflect better mental health status. The PH-Q was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 12 and annually thereafter. Valid translations of this questionnaire were only available for subjects enrolled in the United States and Canada." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Deterioration of Renal Function

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	5.6
Spironolactone	5.1

First incidence of a deterioration of renal function. The TOPCAT protocol defines deterioration of renal function as occurring if a subject has a serum creatinine value which is at least double the baseline value for that subject, and is also above the upper limit of normal (assumed to be 1.0 mg/dL for females and 1.2 mg/dL for males.) (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Development of Atrial Fibrillation, Among Subjects Without a History of Atrial Fibrillation at Baseline.

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	2.2
Spironolactone	3.2

First incidence of atrial fibrillation among subjects without a history of atrial fibrillation at baseline (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.4
Spironolactone	1.4

Average post-baseline GFR, taking into consideration baseline GFR, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Hospitalization for Any Reason

Intervention	mL/min/1.73m2 (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	67.50
Spironolactone	65.20

First incidence of a hospitalization for any reason (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	20.0
Spironolactone	18.8

First incidence of a hospitalization for the management of heart failure (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Myocardial Infarction

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	4.6
Spironolactone	3.8

First incidence of myocardial infarction (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

New Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Among Subjects Without a History of Diabetes Mellitus at Baseline.

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	1.1
Spironolactone	1.2

First incidence of new onset diabetes mellitus among subjects without a history of diabetes mellitus at baseline. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Potassium

Intervention	Events per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo	0.7
Spironolactone	0.7

Average post-baseline Potassium, taking into consideration baseline Potassium, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Quality of Life, as Measured by McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation Questionnaire.

Intervention	mEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	4.32
Spironolactone	4.49

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life and treatment group.~The McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation questionnaire is a self-administered 3-item instrument that measures a patient's perception of change in their health-related quality of life since the start of therapy. The questionnaire consists of a single question - Since treatment started, has there been any change in your activity limitation, symptoms and/or feelings related to your heart condition? Scores can range from -7 to +7, and higher scores reflect better health status. The questionnaire was administered at the following study visits: month 4 and month 12. Valid translations of this questionnaire were only available for subjects enrolled in the United States, Canada and Argentina." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Quality of Life, as Measured by the EuroQOL Visual Analog Scale.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	1.2
Spironolactone	1.2

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The EuroQOL visual analog scale (EQ5D) is a single-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies current health status. Scores can range from 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. The EQ5D was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 4, month 12 and annually thereafter." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Quality of Life, as Measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire.

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. The KCCQ was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 4, month 12 and annually thereafter." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Serum Creatinine

Average post-baseline serum creatinine, taking into consideration baseline serum creatinine, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Sodium

Average post-baseline Sodium, taking into consideration baseline Sodium, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Stroke

First incidence of stroke (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Total Hospitalizations (Including Repeat Hospitalizations) for the Management of Heart Failure

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

96 Hour Change in Body Weight

Baseline body weight assessment will be completed, and changes in weight documented daily through 96 hours or earlier discharge (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours or earlier discharge

96 Hour Change in Clinical Congestion Score

Clinical congestion score will be assessed at randomization, 96 hours, and at discharge. Scale consisted of sum of six signs and symptoms of congestion, each scored 0-3. Zero indicates no sign/symptom and 3 indicates worst case of sign/symptom. Score range 0-18 with 18 being worst score. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

96 Hour Change in Dyspnea Visual Analog Scale

Dyspnea visual analog scale change from randomization to 96 hours. Scale range 0-100 with 100 being the best possible score. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization to 96 hours

96 Hour Change in NT-proBNP

The Core Laboratory at Vermont will determine NT-proBNP levels for calculation of the endpoint from samples obtained at randomization and 96 hours respectively. NT-proBNP was converted to log scale. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization to 96 hours

96 Hour Change in Serum Creatinine

Renal function via serum creatinine, will be assessed at randomization and daily through 96 hours (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

96 Hour Change in Serum Potassium Levels

Change in serum potassium levels at 96 hours as compared to baseline. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Baseline, 96 hours

96 Hour Net Fluid Output

Fluid intake and urine output will be assessed daily while in hospital through 96 hours. Net fluid output (output minus input) through 96 hours is reported. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

Change in Loop Diuretics Requirements From Baseline to 30 Days

Medications will be reviewed to assess loop diuretic dose requirements through Day 30 following randomization (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through Day 30

Day 60 Mortality

All participants will be contacted by telephone at 60 days, +/- 3 days post randomization to assess vital status (death). (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: 60 days post randomization

Presence of Outpatient Worsening Heart Failure Symptoms Through Day 30

Outpatient worsening heart failure symptoms will be assessed from discharge through Day 30 (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Hospital discharge through Day 30

Percentage of Participants With a Relative Decrease in NT-proBNP of More Than 30% From Baseline to Day 90

N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute and chronic heart failure (CHF) and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90

Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure at Specified Visits

(NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline,Day 7,14,30,60,90,Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline in EQ-5D-3L Questionnaire Scores at Specified Visits

EuroQol Group 5-Dimension, 3-Level (EQ-5D-3L): participant rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life. It consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ-5D Visual Analog Scale (VAS). EQ-5D-3L descriptive system comprises the following 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 3 levels: no problems (1), some problems (2), and extreme problems (3). For this population, the possible EQ-5D-3L index scores ranges from -0.11 (that is, 3 for all 5 dimensions) to 1.0 (that is, 1 for all 5 dimensions), where higher scores indicate a better health state. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 30, Day 90, Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline in Heart Rate at Specified Visits

Change From Baseline in KCCQ Questionnaire Scores at Specified Visits

The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) was the leading health related quality of life measure for subjects with CHF. KCCQ was a 23 item questionnaire that independently measures the impact of subjects HF, or its treatment, on 7 distinct domains: self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. KCCQ clinical summary score is a composite assessment of physical limitations and total symptom scores. Results from the total symptom summary score are presented. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. In the below table, categorical data represents change from baseline data at respective time points. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 30 and Day 90

Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium at Specified Visits

(NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure at Specified Visits

Number of Participants With Cardiovascular Hospitalization

Hospitalizations were defined as any unplanned admission to hospital, i.e. completion of hospital admission procedures and one overnight [i.e. date change] stay or until the death of subject occurred. Hospitalizations and deaths were classified by 2 primary categories: CV and non-CV. The pre-specified subcategories for CV hospitalizations were as follows: 1. Worsening heart failure, 2.Acute myocardial infarction, 3. Arrhythmia, 4.Transient ischemic attack and stroke, 5. Other CV hospitalizations. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Number of Participants With Death Due to Any Cause

Death due to any cause include cardiovascular (CV) death and Non-CV death. Non-CV death was classified by 2 subcategories: non-malignant causes and malignant causes. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Number of Participants With Emergency Presentations for Worsening Chronic Heart Failure (WCHF)

Emergency presentations for WCHF were defined as newly developing signs and symptoms of WCHF after start of treatment with study drug, requiring an additional emergency presentation to hospital and IV treatment with diuretics and/or positive inotropic agents. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90 and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Ratio of BNP at Specified Visits to BNP at Baseline

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute chronic heart failure (CHF) and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90, Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Ratio of NT-proBNP at Specified Visits to NT-proBNP at Baseline

N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in the blood are used for screening, diagnosis of acute chronic heart failure (CHF) and may be useful to establish prognosis in heart failure. (NCT01807221)
Timeframe: Day 30, Day 60, Day 90, Premature discontinuation (only for participants who have discontinued the study prematurely, to be performed as soon as possible after withdrawal of study drug) and Follow-up (30 days post-last dose, assessed up to Day 120)

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in eGFR

An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) indicates the renal function. An eGFR was calculated based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in EQ-5D Scores (EQ5D - Visual Analog Scale)

EuroQol Group 5-Dimension, 3-Level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaires consist of the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). The EQ-5D-3L descriptive system comprises the following 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 3 levels: no problems, some problems, extreme problems. EQ VAS was analyzed for this endpoint and it ranges from 0 (worst possible health state) to 100 (best possible health state). (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in KDQOL-36 Domain Score (Effects of Kidney Disease)

"The Kidney Disease QOL [KDQOL]-36 questionnaire is a specific measure of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) that includes effects and burden of kidney disease as well as physical and mental health scores. Index score ranges from 0 (severe problems in all items) to 100 (no problem in all items). Effects of Kidney disease subscore was analyzed." (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Change From Baseline to Day 90 in Serum Potassium

Ratio of UACR at Day 90 to UACR at Baseline

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) is defined as gram of albumin per kilogram of creatinine. UACR was calculating the average of 3 first morning void samples taken on 3 consecutive days. (NCT01874431)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 90±2

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Eplerenone (INSPRA®)	37.2
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 2.5-5 mg OD	30.9
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 5-10 mg OD	32.5
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 7.5-15 mg OD	37.3
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 10-20 mg OD	38.8
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 15-20 mg OD	34.2

Intervention	millimeter for mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
	Baseline	Day 7	Day 14	Day 30	Day 60	Day 90	Premature discontinuation	Follow-up
Eplerenone (INSPRA®)	71.633	-1.351	-3.442	-0.503	-0.613	-0.716	-3.185	-1.218
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 10-20 mg OD	70.343	-0.738	-2.387	-0.094	0.17	-0.545	-2.96	-0.298
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 15-20 mg OD	71.145	-1.166	-0.625	-1.163	-0.575	-0.877	-0.083	-0.172
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 2.5-5 mg OD	71.044	-1.693	-0.537	0.146	-0.199	-0.106	0.868	0.696
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 5-10 mg OD	71.442	-2.143	1.608	-0.845	-2.144	-1.738	-2.194	-0.444
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) 7.5-15 mg OD	70.61	0.013	-0.083	-0.068	-0.85	-1.121	4.101	-1.16

Intervention	mL/min/1.73m^2 (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	-2.364
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	-3.189
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	-2.497
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	-3.378
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	-4.192
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	-3.806
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	-4.024
Placebo	-1.578

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	1.381
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	3.888
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	3.124
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	2.851
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	2.698
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	2.743
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	1.914
Placebo	4.425

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	-2.116
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	0.104
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	-1.229
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	-1.185
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	-2.596
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	0.112
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	0.058
Placebo	0.747

Intervention	millimole per liter (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	0.109
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	0.123
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	0.202
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	0.127
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	0.167
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	0.238
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	0.188
Placebo	0.002

Intervention	Ratio (Least Squares Mean)
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (1.25 mg)	0.869
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (2.5 mg)	0.89
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (5 mg)	0.824
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (7.5 mg)	0.739
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (10 mg)	0.708
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (15 mg)	0.63
Finerenone (BAY94-8862) (20 mg)	0.585
Placebo	0.938

Article	Year
Evaluation of spironolactone plus hydrochlorothiazide in reducing proteinuria in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS, 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Me	2015
Long-term effects of addition of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist to angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:11 Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Diabetic	2013
Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade. American journal of nephrology, 2009, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Press	2009
[The antiproteinuric effect of the blockage of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in obese patients. Which treatment option is the most effective? ]. Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia, 2009, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Benz	2009
Effect of spironolactone on urinary protein excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease. Renal failure, 2009, Volume: 31, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Prospective Studie	2009
Intensive versus conventional therapy to slow the progression of idiopathic glomerular diseases. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2010, Volume: 55, Issue:4 Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Disease Progression; Dru	2010
Moderate antiproteinuric effect of add-on aldosterone blockade with eplerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. A randomized cross-over study. PloS one, 2011, Volume: 6, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Cross-Over Studies; Eplerenone; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle A	2011
The enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system pharmacological blockade--which is the best?. Kidney & blood pressure research, 2012, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; Amides; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Benzimidazoles; Benzoates; Comorbidity	2012
Antiproteinuric effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in patients with chronic renal disease. American journal of hypertension, 2005, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Collagen Type IV; Diabetes Mellitus,	2005
Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2005, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive	2005
Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney international, 2006, Volume: 70, Issue:12 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Cohort Studies; D	2006
Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. Journal of hypertension, 2006, Volume: 24, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Bloo	2006
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of the aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone in patients who have persistent proteinuria and are on long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy, with or without an angiotensin II Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2006, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Double-Blin	2006
Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system triple blockade on non-diabetic renal disease: addition of an aldosterone blocker, spironolactone, to combination treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2008, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; C	2008
Effects of additive therapy with spironolactone on proteinuria in diabetic patients already on ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 2008, Volume: 56, Issue:4 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; C	2008
Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: an open-label crossover randomized controlled trial. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:3 Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme	2008

Article	Year
Basigin is released in extracellular vesicles derived from the renal tubular epithelium in response to albuminuria. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), 2023, Volume: 28, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; Basigin; Epithelium; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Proteinuria; Renal Insuffic	2023
Disease characteristics and outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: a matched cohort study of spironolactone users and non-users. BMC nephrology, 2020, 02-26, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Dise	2020
Spironolactone in Post-Transplant Proteinuria: A Safe Alternative Therapy. Transplantation proceedings, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Proteinuria; Retrospect	2017
Aldosterone signaling regulates the over-expression of claudin-4 and -8 at the distal nephron from type 1 diabetic rats. PloS one, 2017, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Claudin-4; Claudins; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2017
Case of Severe Hypertension and Nephrotic Range Proteinuria. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2018, Volume: 71, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Nephrotic	2018
Alport syndrome: the effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and urinary TGF-β1. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Aldosterone; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Child; Creatinine	2013
Effects of spironolactone in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with proteinuria. Kidney & blood pressure research, 2014, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Drug Therap	2014
Mild ischemic injury leads to long-term alterations in the kidney: amelioration by spironolactone administration. International journal of biological sciences, 2015, Volume: 11, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Ischemia; Kidney; Male; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Spironolactone	2015
The effect of aldosterone antagonist in experimental nephropathy induced by cyclosporine A. Renal failure, 2008, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Creatinine; Cyclosporine; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Glomerular Filtratio	2008
Aliskiren combined with losartan in diabetes and nephropathy. The New England journal of medicine, 2008, Sep-04, Volume: 359, Issue:10 Topics: Amides; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihyper	2008
Spironolactone ameliorates transplant vasculopathy in renal chronic transplant dysfunction in rats. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2009, Volume: 296, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Delayed Graft Function; Disease M	2009
Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade and calcium channel blockade have different renoprotective effects on glomerular and interstitial injury in rats. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2009, Volume: 297, Issue:3 Topics: Amlodipine; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cell Hypoxia	2009
Successful effect of triple blockade of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on massive proteinuria in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2009, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Eplerenone; Glome	2009
Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade enhances the antiproteinuric effect of an angiotensin II blocker through inhibiting podocyte injury in type 2 diabetic rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2010, Volume: 332, Issue:3 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Benzoates; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2010
Effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II receptor blockers on proteinuria and glomerular podocyte protein expression in a model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), 2010, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Animals; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Eplerenone	2010
Effect of ramipril alone compared to ramipril with eplerenone on diabetic nephropathy in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacology, 2010, Volume: 86, Issue:2 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diab	2010
Disparate effects of eplerenone, amlodipine and telmisartan on podocyte injury in aldosterone-infused rats. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2011, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Albuminuria; Aldosterone; Amlodipine; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Apoptosis;	2011
Addition of spironolactone to dual blockade of renin angiotensin system dramatically reduces severe proteinuria in renal transplant patients: an uncontrolled pilot study at 6 months. Transplantation proceedings, 2010, Volume: 42, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Combined M	2010
Effects of eplerenone on nephrotic syndrome in a patient with renovascular hypertension. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2011, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Amlodipine; Antihypertensive Agents; Dihydropyridines; Eplerenone; Humans; Hypertension, Renovascula	2011
Spironolactone inhibits hyperglycemia-induced podocyte injury by attenuating ROS production. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2011, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Hyperglycemia; Male; Mineralocorticoid	2011
Eplerenone suppresses aldosterone/ salt-induced expression of NOX-4. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Acetophenones; Aldosterone; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blotting, Western; Body Weight; Dinoprost; Eple	2011
Protective effects of eplerenone on podocyte injury in adriamycin nephropathy rats. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban, 2011, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Down-Regulation; Doxorubicin; Eplerenone; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Ma	2011
The long-term antiproteinuric effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Diabetic Nephropathies; Eplerenone; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate;	2012
Activation of renal angiotensin type 1 receptor contributes to the pathogenesis of progressive renal injury in a rat model of chronic cardiorenal syndrome. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2012, Mar-15, Volume: 302, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Animals; Cardio-Renal Syndrome; Gene Expression; Imidazoles	2012
Antihypertensive and cardiorenal protective effects of SM-368229, a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in aldosterone/salt-treated rats. Pharmacology, 2012, Volume: 89, Issue:1-2 Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Aldosterone; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Benzoxazines; Biomarkers; Bloo	2012
Renoprotective effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers in patients with proteinuric kidney diseases. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Pressure; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Disease Progression; Fe	2013
Dramatic reduction of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy by the use of spironolactone. Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975), 2012, Volume: 108, Issue:4 Topics: Diabetic Nephropathies; Diuretics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Proteinuria; Spironolactone	2012
Renoprotection by ACE inhibition or aldosterone blockade is blood pressure-dependent. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2003, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Pressure; Delayed-Action Preparations; Enal	2003
[DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROMES OF INFANCY]. Prensa medica argentina, 1963, Mar-29, Volume: 50 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Blood Protein Disorders	1963
TREATMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE WITH DIURETICS. III. CHLORTHALIDONE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH SPIRONOLACTONE. The American journal of the medical sciences, 1964, Volume: 247 Topics: Bendroflumethiazide; Cardiomegaly; Chlorides; Chlorthalidone; Coronary Disease; Creatine; Creatinine	1964
Aldosterone and not plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a critical mediator of early angiotensin II/NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced myocardial injury. Circulation, 2003, Nov-18, Volume: 108, Issue:20 Topics: Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Artery Disease; Disease Mode	2003
Distinct responses of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis-related proteinuria to spironolactone with and without angiotensin II blockade. Annals of internal medicine, 2003, Nov-04, Volume: 139, Issue:9 Topics: Angiotensin II; Diuretics; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative; Humans; Proteinuria; Spironola	2003
Possible contributions of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase to renal injury in aldosterone/salt-induced hypertensive rats. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2004, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Cyclic N-Oxides; Eplerenone; Hypertension; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinas	2004
Eplerenone shows renoprotective effect by reducing LOX-1-mediated adhesion molecule, PKCepsilon-MAPK-p90RSK, and Rho-kinase pathway. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2005, Volume: 45, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cytoprotection; Eplerenone; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; H	2005
Spironolactone in combination with cilazapril ameliorates proteinuria and renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with anti-Thy-1 irreversible nephritis. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:12 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blood Pressure; Cilazapri	2004
Regression of existing glomerulosclerosis by inhibition of aldosterone. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2005, Volume: 16, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Diuretics; Glomerulonephri	2005
Podocyte injury underlies the glomerulopathy of Dahl salt-hypertensive rats and is reversed by aldosterone blocker. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2006, Volume: 47, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Eplerenone; Fibrosis; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segm	2006
Spironolactone ameliorates renal injury and connective tissue growth factor expression in type II diabetic rats. Kidney international, 2006, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Aldosterone; Animals; Collagen Type IV; Connective Tissue Gro	2006
The effect of aldosterone blockade in patients with Alport syndrome. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldosterone; Child; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Male; Mineralocor	2006
Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy of rats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derived factors. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2006, Volume: 17, Issue:12 Topics: Adipocytes; Adrenal Glands; Aldosterone; Animals; Cyclic N-Oxides; Disease Models, Animal; Eplerenon	2006
Podocyte as the target for aldosterone: roles of oxidative stress and Sgk1. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2007, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Antioxidants; Blood Pressure; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic	2007
Aldosterone receptor antagonism alleviates proteinuria, but not malignant hypertension, in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2007, Volume: 293, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Blood Pressure;	2007
Eplerenone potentiates the antiproteinuric effects of enalapril in experimental nephrotic syndrome. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2008, Volume: 294, Issue:3 Topics: Albuminuria; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blood Urea Nitrogen;	2008
The role of aldosterone blockade in murine lupus nephritis. Arthritis research & therapy, 2008, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Autoantibodies; Disease Progression; Female; Gene Expression; Kid	2008
Mineralocorticoid blockade reduces vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 1998, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Pt 2 Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diuresis	1998
Aldosterone modulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and glomerulosclerosis in vivo. Kidney international, 2000, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blotting, Northern; Creatinine; Disease Progre	2000
Spironolactone in addition to ACE inhibition to reduce proteinuria in patients with chronic renal disease. The New England journal of medicine, 2001, Sep-20, Volume: 345, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Chronic Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; E	2001
Spironolactone and ACE inhibition in chronic renal failure. The New England journal of medicine, 2002, Feb-07, Volume: 346, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hyperte	2002
Spironolactone and ACE inhibition in chronic renal failure. The New England journal of medicine, 2002, Feb-07, Volume: 346, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Diabetes Complications; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans;	2002
Nephrotic syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. British medical journal, 1974, Sep-14, Volume: 3, Issue:5932 Topics: Aged; Basement Membrane; Biopsy; Blood Proteins; Bone Marrow; Chlorambucil; Complement System Protei	1974
Bartter's syndrome. A report of four cases, including three in one sibship, with comparative histologic evaluation of the juxtaglomerular apparatuses and glomeruli. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 1970, Volume: 201 Topics: Alkalosis; Angiotensin II; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Electrolyte	1970
[Nephrology in 1972]. La Revue du praticien, 1972, May-21, Volume: 22, Issue:15 Topics: Bone Resorption; Calcium; Dextrans; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gentamicins; Glomerulone	1972
Urologic considerations in Bartter's syndrome. The Journal of urology, 1974, Volume: 111, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biopsy; Carpal Bones; Female; Foot; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Hyperaldosteronism; H	1974
Generalized lymphoedema with yellow nails, pleural effusions, and macroglobulinemia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1970, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Female; Humans; Lymphedema; Nails; Pigmentation Disorders; Pleu	1970
Familial Mediterranean fever with amyloidosis. The Medical journal of Australia, 1968, Mar-23, Volume: 1, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Amyloid; Amyloidosis; Bendroflumethiazide; Blood Proteins; Diet Therapy; Electrophoresis; Eth	1968
[Kidney artery stenosis, renal hypertension and secondary hyperaldosteronism in an 8-year-old boy. (Stunted growth through potassium deficiency)]. Helvetica paediatrica acta, 1968, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aldosterone; Child; Dwarfism; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension, Renal; Hypok	1968
Observations on the origin of renin in human urine. Circulation research, 1969, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Chlorothiazide; Diuresis; Female; Humans; Kidney; Male; Natriuresis; Periodicity; Proteinuria; Renin	1969
The nephrotic syndrome in an elderly woman. An unusual association with an unusual response to therapy. Geriatrics, 1969, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Edema; Female; Humans; Hydrochl	1969