Gender Dysphoria

A marked difference between the individual’s expressed/experienced gender and the gender others would assign to the individual, and it must continue for at least six months. (from DSM-5)

Synonym
Gender Dysphoria
Gender Identity Disorder

Excerpt	Reference
"Young people with gender dysphoria are increasingly seen by pediatric endocrinologists."	( Cohen-Kettenis, PT; Klink, D, 2015)
"Gender identity disorder is defined as a strong and persistent cross-gender identification that is associated with a remarkable uneasiness of living in an incongruent gender (gender dysphoria)."	( Benvenga, S; Liotta, M; Settineri, S; Trimarchi, F; Vita, R, 2018)
"Gender dysphoria is the disagreement between the gender of birth and the one with which the patient identifies."	( Flor-Lorente, B; García-Granero, Á; Nohales-Alfonso, FJ; Pérez-Pérez, T; Primo-Romaguera, V; Rosciano, JG; Sancho-Muriel, J; Simón-Sanz, EA, 2021)
"Patients with gender dysphoria are increasingly seeking gender-affirming therapies, which can have adverse hematologic effects."	( DeLoughery, TG, 2022)

Excerpt	Reference
"Cross-sex hormone treatment of gender dysphoria (GD) patients changing from male to female a prerequisite for sex reassignment."	( Heß, J; Kliesch, S; Mahler, D; Neuhaus, N; Schlatt, S; Schneider, F; van Ahlen, H; Wistuba, J; Zitzmann, M, 2015)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	23.3326
1990's	0 (0.00)	12.5806
2000's	0 (0.00)	18.1394
2010's	41 (53.25)	28.8240
2020's	36 (46.75)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine	low	1	0
bicalutamide	low	1	0
oxybutynin	low	1	0
spironolactone	low	1	0
estrone	low	1	0
androstenedione	low	1	0
arginine	low	1	0
cyproterone acetate	low	2	0
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate	low	1	0
propiconazole	low	1	0
fenoxycarb	low	1	0
testosterone undecanoate	low	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine	low	1	0
g 1026	low	1	0
inositol 3-phosphate	low	1	0
isomethyleugenol	low	1	0
leuprolide	medium	4	1
freedom	low	1	0
isotretinoin	low	1	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride	low	2	0
pregnanediol	low	1	0
indocyanine green	low	1	0
lhrh, ala(6)-gly(10)-ethylamide-	low	1	0
trelstar	low	2	0
histrelin	low	3	0

Protein Targets (333)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
Chain A, HADH2 protein	2	0	0	2
Chain B, HADH2 protein	2	0	0	2
interleukin 8	2	0	0	2
acetylcholinesterase	1	0	0	1
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	10	0	0	10
SMAD family member 2	4	0	0	4
SMAD family member 3	4	0	0	4
TDP1 protein	9	0	0	9
GLI family zinc finger 3	11	0	0	11
AR protein	11	0	0	11
Smad3	4	0	0	4
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	4	0	0	4
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	9	0	0	9
progesterone receptor	8	0	0	8
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	3	0	0	3
nonstructural protein 1	3	0	0	3
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	7	0	0	7
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	8	0	0	8
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	9	0	0	9
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	11	0	0	11
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	6	0	0	6
pregnane X nuclear receptor	9	0	0	9
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	10	0	0	10
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	6	0	0	6
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	10	0	0	10
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	6	0	0	6
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	7	0	0	7
Histone H2A.x	3	0	0	3
Caspase-7	3	0	0	3
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	4	0	0	4
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1	3	0	0	3
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	2	0	0	2
caspase-3	3	0	0	3
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	9	0	0	9
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	1	0	0	1
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 1	1	0	0	1
snurportin-1	1	0	0	1
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	10	0	0	10
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1	1	0	0	1
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	5	0	0	5
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	5	0	0	5
geminin	6	0	0	6
peripheral myelin protein 22	3	0	0	3
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	1	0	0	1
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
lamin isoform A-delta10	4	0	0	4
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	1	0	0	1
Sex hormone-binding globulin	0	0	2	2
Beta-glucuronidase	0	1	0	1
Cholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Corticosteroid-binding globulin	0	2	0	2
Aromatase	0	3	0	5
Androgen receptor	0	9	0	10
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor	0	0	0	1
Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3	0	2	0	2
Alpha-synuclein	0	2	0	2
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	3	0	0	3
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	4	0	0	4
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	1	0	0	1
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
thioredoxin reductase	7	0	0	7
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	2	0	0	2
NFKB1 protein, partial	3	0	0	3
GLS protein	2	0	0	2
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	3	0	0	3
alpha-galactosidase	1	0	0	1
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	6	0	0	6
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	2	0	0	2
chromobox protein homolog 1	6	0	0	6
flap endonuclease 1	3	0	0	3
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	1	0	0	1
lethal factor (plasmid)	1	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	2	0	3
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	0	0	0	2
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	0	1	0	2
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	0	1	0	2
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	0	0	1	3
Cationic amino acid transporter 3	0	1	0	1
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	1	0	0	1
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	3	0	0	3
ATAD5 protein, partial	4	0	0	4
EWS/FLI fusion protein	1	0	0	1
arylsulfatase A	4	0	0	4
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	4	0	0	4
activating transcription factor 6	5	0	0	5
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	2	0	0	2
tyrosine-protein kinase Yes	1	0	0	1
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	4	0	4
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	5	0	6
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	5	0	0	5
Bile salt export pump	0	5	0	5
Estrogen receptor	0	5	2	8
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	5	1	6
Cellular tumor antigen p53	7	0	0	7
Progesterone receptor	0	1	0	1
Progesterone receptor	0	4	1	5
Glucocorticoid receptor	0	1	0	1
Androgen receptor	0	6	2	10
Androgen receptor	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor 2	5	0	0	5
Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	1	0	1
Progesterone receptor	0	2	0	2
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	4	0	4
ALK tyrosine kinase receptor	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Cruzipain	2	0	0	2
pregnane X receptor	4	0	0	4
USP1 protein, partial	1	0	0	1
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	7	0	0	7
G	3	0	0	3
67.9K protein	3	0	0	3
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	3	0	0	3
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	5	0	0	5
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	3	0	0	3
D(1A) dopamine receptor	3	0	0	3
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	3	0	0	3
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	1	0	0	1
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	4	0	0	4
heat shock protein beta-1	3	0	0	3
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	2	0	0	2
Interferon beta	3	0	0	3
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	3	0	0	3
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	0	4	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	2	0	0	2
Glycine receptor subunit beta	0	4	0	4
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	4	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	2	0	0	2
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	4	0	4
Adenosine receptor A1	0	2	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	2	0	0	2
Adenosine receptor A2b	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	2	0	0	2
Adenosine receptor A2a	0	1	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	2	0	2
Spike glycoprotein	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	2	0	0	2
GABA theta subunit	2	0	0	2
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	3	0	0	3
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	3	0	0	3
Ataxin-2	3	0	0	3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	3	0	0	3
ORF73	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A4	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A5	0	0	0	1
Steryl-sulfatase	0	1	0	2
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A1	0	1	0	2
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A3	0	0	0	1
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	0	0	1	1
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 11	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 11	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A1	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B2	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	0	0	0	1
endonuclease IV	1	0	0	1
GALC protein	2	0	0	2
hexokinase-4 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
glucokinase regulatory protein	1	0	0	1
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor	1	0	0	1
plasminogen precursor	1	0	0	1
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	1	0	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15	0	1	0	1
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1	0	2	0	3
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	2	0	2
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	2	1	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	6	0	6
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	1	1	2
Inositol monophosphatase 1	2	0	0	2
Cytochrome P450 1B1	0	1	0	1
Estrogen receptor beta	0	2	2	5
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2	0	1	0	1
Luciferase	3	0	0	3
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	4	0	0	4
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	2	0	0	2
Microtubule-associated protein tau	2	0	0	2
Parkin	1	0	0	1
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	3	0	0	3
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1	1	0	0	1
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1	1	0	0	1
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Ornithine decarboxylase	0	0	0	1
Adenosine receptor A3	0	2	0	2
Retinoic acid receptor alpha	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Retinoic acid receptor gamma	0	1	0	1
Retinoic acid receptor beta	0	1	0	1
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2	0	0	1	1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	0	1	0	1
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha	0	1	0	1
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta	0	1	0	1
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma	0	1	0	1
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1	0	0	1	1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	0	1	0	1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	1	0	0	1
Olfactory receptor 51E2	0	1	0	1
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor	0	1	0	1
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor	0	2	0	2
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1	0	0	0	1
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1	0	1	0	2
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	0	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	2	1	3
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha	0	2	1	3
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha	0	2	1	3
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta	0	2	1	3
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma	0	2	1	3
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta	0	2	1	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	2	2	5
Cytochrome P450 1A2	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma	0	2	1	3
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	1	2	2	6
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	2	0	2
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta	0	2	1	3
Cytochrome P450 2A6	0	2	1	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	2	2	5
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	1	2	2	6
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	0	2	2	5
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	0	2	2	5
Translocator protein	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	0	2	1	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	0	2	2	5
Cytochrome P450 2A5	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-like 2	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	0	0	1	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	0	2	1	3
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	2	1	3
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	2	2	4
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	0	2	2	5
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9	0	2	2	5
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	2	1	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	2	0	2
Acetylcholine-binding protein	0	1	1	2
Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon	0	0	1	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	0	1	1	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	0	2	2	5
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta	0	2	1	3
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	0	1	1	2
Cytochrome P450 2A13	0	1	1	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	0	2	0	2
Liver carboxylesterase B-1	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D	0	1	0	1
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	0	0	1	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	0	2	0	2
Soluble acetylcholine receptor	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	0	2	1	3
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10	0	2	2	5
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	0	2	0	2
Integrin beta	0	0	1	1
Glycoprotein IIb	0	0	1	1
Transporter	0	1	1	3
Fumarate hydratase	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2D6	1	0	0	1
polyprotein	1	0	0	1
Amyloid-beta precursor protein	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	2	1	4
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	2	0	3
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	2	0	2
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 2C19	0	2	0	2
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	2	0	2
MBT domain-containing protein 1	0	1	0	1
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	0	0	1	1
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3	0	1	0	1
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	2	0	2
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1	0	1	0	1
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	1	0	0	1
glp-1 receptor, partial	3	0	0	3
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	1	0	0	1
IDH1	2	0	0	2
beta-2 adrenergic receptor	1	0	0	1
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein	1	0	0	1
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-1	0	0	1	1
Vpr	2	0	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	0	1	1
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)	1	0	0	1
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 2	0	0	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	1	0	0	1
Histamine H2 receptor	1	0	0	1
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	1	0	0	1
heat shock protein 90, putative	0	0	0	1
Chain A, Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	1	0	1
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1	0	1	0	1
Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	2	0	3
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	0	1
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1	0	1	0	1
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Synonyms(2)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Research

Studies (77)

Protein Targets (333)

Gender Dysphoria

Synonyms(2)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Research

Studies (77)

Drugs Studied (35)

Protein Targets (333)