Page last updated: 2024-10-24

maintenance of protein location in nucleus

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus. [GOC:ai]

The maintenance of protein location within the nucleus is a fundamental process that ensures proper cellular function. It involves a complex interplay of molecular mechanisms, including:

1. **Nuclear Localization Signals (NLS):** Proteins destined for the nucleus possess specific amino acid sequences called NLS. These signals act as "zip codes" that guide the transport machinery.

2. **Importins:** A family of proteins known as importins bind to the NLS and facilitate the movement of cargo proteins through the nuclear pore complex (NPC).

3. **Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC):** This intricate structure embedded in the nuclear envelope acts as a selective gatekeeper, allowing the passage of specific molecules, including proteins, while excluding others.

4. **GTPase Ran:** This small GTP-binding protein plays a crucial role in regulating importin activity. In the cytoplasm, Ran is bound to GDP, while in the nucleus, it is bound to GTP. This difference in Ran-GTP/GDP state allows importins to bind cargo proteins in the cytoplasm and release them in the nucleus.

5. **Exportins:** Similar to importins, exportins are proteins responsible for the export of proteins from the nucleus. They bind to nuclear export signals (NES) on cargo proteins and facilitate their translocation through the NPC.

6. **Nuclear Retention Signals (NRS):** Some proteins are permanently localized to the nucleus. These proteins often possess NRS that prevent their export from the nucleus, ensuring their continued presence.

7. **Post-translational Modifications:** Modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination can influence protein localization. These modifications can alter the affinity of a protein for importins, exportins, or other nuclear components, thereby regulating its nuclear residency.

These processes ensure the proper compartmentalization of proteins within the cell, enabling the nucleus to perform its essential functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Steroidogenic factor 1A steroidogenic factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA]Homo sapiens (human)
Progesterone receptorA progesterone receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P06401]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (47)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
bicalutamidebicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.

bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer

N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
raloxifeneraloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.1-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
prednisoloneprednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.

Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
11beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
spironolactonespironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.

Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester
aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norethindroneNorethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.

norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
medroxyprogesterone acetate20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester
adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cyproterone acetate20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester
androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
dihydrotestosterone17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.

17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.

Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
levonorgestrelLevonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound
contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
ac 45594aromatic ether
promegestonepromegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.

Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
antineoplastic agent;
progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin
mifepristoneMifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound
abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenolstilbenoid
hydroxyflutamide
fulvestrantfulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
ulipristal acetateRTI 3021-012: progesterone receptor antagonist

ulipristal acetate : A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency contraceptive.
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester;
tertiary amino compound
contraceptive drug;
progesterone receptor modulator;
progestin
ru 58841
metribolone17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.

Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid
androgen
mometasone furoateMometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.11beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester
anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
eplerenoneEplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester
aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
fluticasone propionatefluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.11beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester
adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
tamoxifenstilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
2-[[2-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-1-oxo-5-isoquinolinyl]oxy]propanoic acid ethyl esterisoquinolines
2-[[2-[2-(4-methoxyanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-1-oxo-5-isoquinolinyl]oxy]propanoic acid ethyl esterisoquinolines
tanaprogettanaproget: structure in first source
pulmicortbudesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.

Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.
11beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
baicaleintrihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
afimoxifene
gw 56383-(4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)acrylic acid: exhibits estrogen agonist activity in bone and estrogen antagonist activity in uterus; structure in first source
onapristoneonapristone: induces vaginal bleeding and luteal regression in monkeys; structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dionepregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor3-hydroxy steroidandrogen
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
lonaprisanlonaprisan: structure in first source
asoprisnilasoprisnil: structure in first source
gw 7604GW 7604: structure in first source
zk 216348ZK 216348: ZK-209614 is the racemic mixture, ZK-216348 is the (+)-isomer, and ZK-216347 is the (-)-isomer; a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist; structure in first source
norgestometnorgestomet: synthetic 19-norprogesterone that synchronizes estrus in cattle without reducing fertility; affects pituitary gonadotropins & the menstrual cycle in humans; minor descriptor (79-86), on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PREGNENEDIONES (79-86); RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer
fluticasone furoatefluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source
11beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
thioester
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
prodrug
way-362450indoles
metapristonemetapristone: a potential cancer metastatic chemopreventive agent derived from mifepristone (RU486); structure in first source
lgd 2226
way 2526232-(2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-indazole: a partial LXR agonist
2-(5-butoxy-1-oxo-2-isoquinolinyl)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)acetamideisoquinolines
pf 998425
pf-03882845
bay 94-8862finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source
azd9496AZD9496: an estrogen receptor antagonist; structure in first source