spironolactone and Insulin Resistance studies

Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.

Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Our results revealed that metformin combined with spironolactone significantly reduced BMI and TT, but that it exerted no significant effects on hirsutism score, or on FSH or LH concentrations."	9.41	Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. ( Huang, L; Huang, S; Ren, W; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)
"The beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade by spironolactone have been shown in animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)."	9.24	Effects of combined low-dose spironolactone plus vitamin E vs vitamin E monotherapy on insulin resistance, non-invasive indices of steatosis and fibrosis, and adipokine levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. ( Katsinelos, P; Kountouras, J; Mantzoros, CS; Polymerou, V; Polyzos, SA, 2017)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of spironolactone and spironolactone plus metformin treatments on body mass index (BMI), hirsutism score, hormone levels, and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.22	Comparison of spironolactone and spironolactone plus metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Acmaz, B; Diri, H; Karaburgu, S; Karaca, Z; Kelestimur, F; Tanriverdi, F; Unluhizarci, K, 2016)
" It also indicates that the addition of low-dose spironolactone induces a more marked reduction of clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism as compared to metformin alone."	9.19	In PCOS patients the addition of low-dose spironolactone induces a more marked reduction of clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism than metformin alone. ( Belfiore, A; D'Orrico, B; Fava, A; Fruci, B; Guzzi, P; Malaguarnera, R; Mazza, A; Veltri, P, 2014)
"Spironolactone, not furosemide, improved insulin resistance in CHF patients probably by the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs."	9.19	Spironolactone, not furosemide, improved insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. ( Anker, SD; Doehner, W; Hisatome, I; Kato, M; Kinugasa, Y; Ogino, K; Yamamoto, K, 2014)
"To improve the treatment outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), various drugs like glitazones, oral contraceptive pills, or antiandrogens have been combined with metformin."	9.17	Improved efficacy of low-dose spironolactone and metformin combination than either drug alone in the management of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a six-month, open-label randomized study. ( Ganie, MA; Gupta, N; Khurana, ML; Kulshrestha, B; Mir, FA; Mudasir, S; Nisar, S; Shah, PA; Shah, ZA; Taing, S; Wani, TA; Zargar, MA, 2013)
"Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that chlorthalidone triggers persistent activation of the sympathetic nervous system and promotes insulin resistance in hypertensive patients, independent of serum potassium."	9.16	Spironolactone prevents chlorthalidone-induced sympathetic activation and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients. ( Adams-Huet, B; Arbique, D; Auchus, RJ; Price, A; Raheja, P; Vongpatanasin, W; Wang, Z, 2012)
"This prospective clinical trial was designed to assess the effects of a long-term therapy with spironolactone, with and without dietary-induced weight-loss, on clinical features, lipid profile and insulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.11	Spironolactone in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: effects on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. ( Armanini, D; Baro, G; Benedini, S; Mantero, F; Sartorato, P; Scaroni, C; Zulian, E, 2005)
"Metformin (an insulin sensitizer) and spironolactone (an antiandrogen) are both used for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome."	7.78	Effect of metformin and spironolactone therapy on OGTT in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome - a retrospective analysis. ( Ammini, AC; Ganie, MA; Gupta, N; Kulshreshtha, B, 2012)
"The aim of our study was to compare serum leptin levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) with those of healthy subjects and to explore the relationship of serum leptin levels and the parameters of insulin action in these patients before and after surgical or pharmacological treatment."	7.71	Serum leptin levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism before and after treatment: relationships to insulin sensitivity. ( Haluzík, M; Prázný, M; Sindelka, G; Skrha, J; Widimský, J; Zelinka, T, 2002)
"Our results revealed that metformin combined with spironolactone significantly reduced BMI and TT, but that it exerted no significant effects on hirsutism score, or on FSH or LH concentrations."	5.41	Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. ( Huang, L; Huang, S; Ren, W; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)
"The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of adding metformin or spironolactone to rosiglitazone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.34	Coadministration of metformin or spironolactone enhances efficacy of rosiglitazone in management of PCOS. ( Bhat, D; Butt, TP; Choh, N; Ganie, MA; Gupta, N; Masoodi, SR; Nisar, S; Rashid, A; Sofi, NY; Sood, M; Wani, IA, 2020)
" The objective of this multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial was to compare the effects of spironolactone to those of the selective MRA eplerenone on glucose homeostasis among 62 HF patients with glucose intolerance or type II diabetes."	5.27	A comparison of the effects of selective and non-selective mineralocorticoid antagonism on glucose homeostasis of heart failure patients with glucose intolerance or type II diabetes: A randomized controlled double-blind trial. ( Bernier, M; Chaar, D; de Denus, S; Ducharme, A; Guertin, MC; Jutras, M; Korol, S; Lavoie, J; Leclair, G; Liszkowski, M; Mansour, A; Neagoe, PE; O'Meara, E; Racine, N; Rouleau, JL; Sirois, MG; Tournoux, F; White, M, 2018)
"The beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade by spironolactone have been shown in animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)."	5.24	Effects of combined low-dose spironolactone plus vitamin E vs vitamin E monotherapy on insulin resistance, non-invasive indices of steatosis and fibrosis, and adipokine levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. ( Katsinelos, P; Kountouras, J; Mantzoros, CS; Polymerou, V; Polyzos, SA, 2017)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of spironolactone and spironolactone plus metformin treatments on body mass index (BMI), hirsutism score, hormone levels, and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.22	Comparison of spironolactone and spironolactone plus metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Acmaz, B; Diri, H; Karaburgu, S; Karaca, Z; Kelestimur, F; Tanriverdi, F; Unluhizarci, K, 2016)
"To test this hypothesis, we conducted a balanced, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study using selective MR blockade (eplerenone; 100 mg/day) for 1 month with 1 month washout in older adults with metabolic syndrome (62."	5.20	Effect of Selective Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade on Flow-Mediated Dilation and Insulin Resistance in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. ( Christou, DD; English, M; Hwang, MH; Luttrell, M; Meade, TH; Yoo, JK, 2015)
" It also indicates that the addition of low-dose spironolactone induces a more marked reduction of clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism as compared to metformin alone."	5.19	In PCOS patients the addition of low-dose spironolactone induces a more marked reduction of clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism than metformin alone. ( Belfiore, A; D'Orrico, B; Fava, A; Fruci, B; Guzzi, P; Malaguarnera, R; Mazza, A; Veltri, P, 2014)
"We conclude that 6 weeks of treatment with spironolactone does not change insulin sensitivity or endothelial function in normotensive obese individuals with no other comorbidities."	5.19	Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on insulin resistance and endothelial function in obese subjects. ( Adler, GK; Garg, R; Kneen, L; Williams, GH, 2014)
"Spironolactone, not furosemide, improved insulin resistance in CHF patients probably by the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs."	5.19	Spironolactone, not furosemide, improved insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. ( Anker, SD; Doehner, W; Hisatome, I; Kato, M; Kinugasa, Y; Ogino, K; Yamamoto, K, 2014)
"To improve the treatment outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), various drugs like glitazones, oral contraceptive pills, or antiandrogens have been combined with metformin."	5.17	Improved efficacy of low-dose spironolactone and metformin combination than either drug alone in the management of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a six-month, open-label randomized study. ( Ganie, MA; Gupta, N; Khurana, ML; Kulshrestha, B; Mir, FA; Mudasir, S; Nisar, S; Shah, PA; Shah, ZA; Taing, S; Wani, TA; Zargar, MA, 2013)
"Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that chlorthalidone triggers persistent activation of the sympathetic nervous system and promotes insulin resistance in hypertensive patients, independent of serum potassium."	5.16	Spironolactone prevents chlorthalidone-induced sympathetic activation and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients. ( Adams-Huet, B; Arbique, D; Auchus, RJ; Price, A; Raheja, P; Vongpatanasin, W; Wang, Z, 2012)
" Among the treatment groups, EE/CA-metformin may be a more effective therapeutic option than the other protocols and this may be due to the beneficial effect of EE/CA-metformin on insulin resistance."	5.14	Comparison of four different treatment regimens on coagulation parameters, hormonal and metabolic changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Alacacioglu, A; Kebapcilar, AG; Kebapcilar, L; Sari, I; Taner, CE, 2010)
"This prospective clinical trial was designed to assess the effects of a long-term therapy with spironolactone, with and without dietary-induced weight-loss, on clinical features, lipid profile and insulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.11	Spironolactone in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: effects on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. ( Armanini, D; Baro, G; Benedini, S; Mantero, F; Sartorato, P; Scaroni, C; Zulian, E, 2005)
"Spironolactone treatment might increase insulin resistance in patients with PA."	3.96	Changes in Glucose Metabolism after Adrenalectomy or Treatment with a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist for Primary Aldosteronism. ( Chang, CH; Chung, SD; Hu, YH; Lin, YF; Peng, KY; Wu, VC, 2020)
"Metformin (an insulin sensitizer) and spironolactone (an antiandrogen) are both used for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome."	3.78	Effect of metformin and spironolactone therapy on OGTT in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome - a retrospective analysis. ( Ammini, AC; Ganie, MA; Gupta, N; Kulshreshtha, B, 2012)
"The aim of our study was to compare serum leptin levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) with those of healthy subjects and to explore the relationship of serum leptin levels and the parameters of insulin action in these patients before and after surgical or pharmacological treatment."	3.71	Serum leptin levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism before and after treatment: relationships to insulin sensitivity. ( Haluzík, M; Prázný, M; Sindelka, G; Skrha, J; Widimský, J; Zelinka, T, 2002)
" Five of these patients with aldosterone producing adenoma were operated on and four patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism were treated with spironolactone."	3.70	Insulin action in primary hyperaldosteronism before and after surgical or pharmacological treatment. ( Haas, T; Hilgertová, J; Prázný, M; Sindelka, G; Skrha, J; Widimský, J, 2000)
"Spironolactone and oral contraceptives have been used separately with some success in the treatment of hirsutism."	3.67	Prolonged suppression of hirsutism with combination therapy in an adolescent with insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. ( Moore, DC, 1987)
" Co-supplementation of high dosage VD with spironolactone or pioglitazone are more effective in reducing plasma leptin levels than metformin, and thus might prove to be better therapeutic strategies for women with PCOS."	2.94	Differential Impact of Insulin Sensitizers vs. Anti-Androgen on Serum Leptin Levels in Vitamin D Replete PCOS Women: A Six Month Open Labeled Randomized Study. ( Bhat, GA; Ganie, MA; Rashid, A; Shah, ZA; Shaheen, F; Shrivastava, M; Wani, IA, 2020)
"Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH), defined as uncontrolled blood pressure using 3 or more antihypertensive medications or controlled using 4 or more antihypertensive medications, affects approximately 30% of uncontrolled and 12% of controlled blood pressure (BP) patients."	2.50	Role of aldosterone blockade in resistant hypertension. ( Egan, BM; Li, J, 2014)
"Metformin has proven to be effective in the management of the metabolic disturbances, anovulation and hirsutism and is now a widely accepted therapy."	2.43	[Polycystic ovary syndrome. New pathophysiological discoveries--therapeutic consequences]. ( Madsbad, S; Nilas, L; Nørgaard, K; Svendsen, PF, 2005)
"Although insulin resistance is not part of the diagnostic criteria for PCOS, its importance in the pathogenesis of PCOS can not be denied."	2.43	Insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian disease. ( Bhatia, V, 2005)
"Improved insulin sensitivity was accompanied by increased glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) expression in conjunction with decreased soleus free fatty acid and IMC lipid content, as well as CD36 expression."	1.72	Mineralocorticoid Receptors Mediate Diet-Induced Lipid Infiltration of Skeletal Muscle and Insulin Resistance. ( Habibi, J; Hulse, JL; Igbekele, AE; Jia, G; Li, J; Sowers, JR; Whaley-Connell, A; Zhang, B, 2022)
"Plasma aldosterone is elevated in type 2 diabetes and obesity in experimental and clinical studies and can act to inhibit both glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by the β-cell and insulin signaling."	1.43	Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition Improves Glucose Tolerance in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rats. ( Bornstein, SR; Brown, NF; Brunssen, C; Deussen, A; Eisenhofer, G; Engelmann, F; Hofmann, A; Huber, J; Jannasch, A; Martin, M; Mittag, J; Morawietz, H; Peitzsch, M; Streicher, R; Weldon, SM, 2016)
"Metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases."	1.42	Adipocyte Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation Leads to Metabolic Syndrome and Induction of Prostaglandin D2 Synthase. ( Adler, GK; Alvarez de la Rosa, D; El Mogrhabi, S; Fallo, F; Feraco, A; Jaisser, F; Nguyen Dinh Cat, A; Quilliot, D; Rossignol, P; Sierra-Ramos, C; Touyz, RM; Urbanet, R; Venteclef, N, 2015)
"Canrenone is a derivative of spironolactone with lower antiandrogen activity."	1.40	Aldosterone receptor blockers spironolactone and canrenone: two multivalent drugs. ( Armanini, D; Bordin, L; Clari, G; Donà, G; Sabbadin, C, 2014)
"Eplerenone treatment affected neither basal nor postprandial glucose and lipid levels in our study population."	1.39	Effect of low dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adult males. ( Adler, GK; Krug, AW; Lichtman, AH; Rao, AD; Stelzner, L; Williams, GH, 2013)
"Primary aldosteronism (PA) patients display an increased incidence of insulin resistance."	1.38	Genes implicated in insulin resistance are down-regulated in primary aldosteronism patients. ( Bertello, C; Fallo, F; Giraudo, G; Monticone, S; Mulatero, P; Urbanet, R; Veglio, F; Vettor, R; Williams, TA, 2012)
"Eplerenone treatment significantly reduced insulin resistance, suppressed macrophage infiltration and ROS production in adipose tissues, and corrected the mRNA levels of obesity-related genes in obese mice."	1.35	Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor reverses adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice. ( Fujita, K; Funahashi, T; Hibuse, T; Hirata, A; Hiuge, A; Kihara, S; Maeda, N; Okada, T; Shimomura, I, 2009)
"Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common secondary cause of hypertension and recently has been implicated as a cause of impaired glucose tolerance."	1.34	A possible association between primary aldosteronism and a lower beta-cell function. ( Artigas, RA; Carvajal, CA; Castillo, CR; Fardella, CE; Maiz, A; Mosso, LM; Ortiz, EH, 2007)
"Hirsutism is the manifestation of hyperandrogenemia in PCOS."	1.32	The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Ajossa, S; Guerriero, S; Melis, GB; Orrù, M; Paoletti, AM, 2004)
"Insulin resistance was observed in both ovarian and nonovarian hyperandrogenism, as distinguished by acute GnRH agonist testing."	1.29	The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. ( Brun, E; Caputo, M; Castello, R; Furlani, L; Magnani, CM; Moghetti, P; Muggeo, M; Negri, C; Tosi, F, 1996)

Research

Studies (62)

Authors

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	3 (4.84)	18.7374
1990's	3 (4.84)	18.2507
2000's	11 (17.74)	29.6817
2010's	35 (56.45)	24.3611
2020's	10 (16.13)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Habibi, J	3
Chen, D	1
Hulse, JL	2
Whaley-Connell, A	3
Sowers, JR	3
Jia, G	2
Igbekele, AE	1
Zhang, B	1
Li, J	2
Pålbrink, AK	1
In 't Zandt, R	1
Magnusson, M	1
Degerman, E	1
Zeng, H	1
Zhang, Y	2
Huang, S	1
Wu, J	1
Ren, W	1
Zhou, L	1
Huang, L	1
Ye, Y	1
Ganie, MA	4
Rashid, A	2
Sood, M	1
Sofi, NY	1
Wani, IA	3
Nisar, S	2
Butt, TP	1
Gupta, N	4
Bhat, D	1
Choh, N	1
Masoodi, SR	1
Zeng, X	1
Xie, YJ	1
Liu, YT	1
Long, SL	1
Mo, ZC	1
Bhat, GA	1
Shaheen, F	1
Shrivastava, M	1
Shah, ZA	2
García-Beltran, C	1
Cereijo, R	1
Quesada-López, T	1
Malpique, R	1
López-Bermejo, A	1
de Zegher, F	1
Ibáñez, L	1
Villarroya, F	1
Lin, YF	1
Peng, KY	1
Chang, CH	1
Hu, YH	1
Wu, VC	1
Chung, SD	1
Marzolla, V	1
Feraco, A	2
Limana, F	1
Kolkhof, P	1
Armani, A	1
Caprio, M	1
Polyzos, SA	2
Kountouras, J	2
Mantzoros, CS	1
Polymerou, V	1
Katsinelos, P	1
Olatunji, LA	3
Usman, TO	2
Akinade, AI	1
Adeyanju, OA	3
Kim, I	1
Soladoye, AO	3
Korol, S	1
White, M	1
O'Meara, E	1
Tournoux, F	1
Racine, N	1
Ducharme, A	1
Rouleau, JL	1
Liszkowski, M	1
Mansour, A	1
Jutras, M	1
Guertin, MC	1
Bernier, M	1
Lavoie, J	1
Leclair, G	1
Neagoe, PE	1
Chaar, D	1
Sirois, MG	1
de Denus, S	1
Michael, OS	1
Tostes, RC	1
Falodun, TO	1
Fabunmi, OA	1
Muneyyirci-Delale, O	1
Kaplan, J	1
Joulak, I	1
Yang, L	1
Von Gizycki, H	1
Nacharaju, VL	1
Gamliel-Lazarovich, A	1
Raz-Pasteur, A	1
Coleman, R	1
Keidar, S	1
Mazza, A	1
Fruci, B	1
Guzzi, P	1
D'Orrico, B	1
Malaguarnera, R	1
Veltri, P	1
Fava, A	1
Belfiore, A	1
Khurana, ML	1
Shah, PA	1
Kulshrestha, B	1
Zargar, MA	1
Wani, TA	1
Mudasir, S	1
Mir, FA	1
Taing, S	1
Garg, R	2
Kneen, L	1
Williams, GH	3
Adler, GK	5
Sherajee, SJ	2
Rafiq, K	2
Nakano, D	2
Mori, H	2
Kobara, H	1
Hitomi, H	2
Fujisawa, Y	1
Kobori, H	1
Masaki, T	2
Nishiyama, A	2
Ogino, K	1
Kinugasa, Y	1
Kato, M	1
Yamamoto, K	1
Hisatome, I	1
Anker, SD	1
Doehner, W	1
Armanini, D	2
Sabbadin, C	1
Donà, G	1
Clari, G	1
Bordin, L	1
Egan, BM	2
Hosoya, K	1
Minakuchi, H	1
Wakino, S	1
Fujimura, K	1
Hasegawa, K	1
Komatsu, M	1
Yoshifuji, A	1
Futatsugi, K	1
Shinozuka, K	1
Washida, N	1
Kanda, T	1
Tokuyama, H	1
Hayashi, K	1
Itoh, H	1
Urbanet, R	2
Nguyen Dinh Cat, A	1
Venteclef, N	1
El Mogrhabi, S	1
Sierra-Ramos, C	1
Alvarez de la Rosa, D	1
Quilliot, D	1
Rossignol, P	1
Fallo, F	2
Touyz, RM	1
Jaisser, F	1
Hwang, MH	1
Yoo, JK	1
Luttrell, M	1
Meade, TH	1
English, M	1
Christou, DD	1
Castro-Torres, Y	1
Fleites-Pérez, A	1
Carmona-Puerta, R	1
Jiménez-Garrido, RG	1
Diri, H	1
Karaburgu, S	1
Acmaz, B	1
Unluhizarci, K	1
Tanriverdi, F	1
Karaca, Z	1
Kelestimur, F	1
Zhao, JV	1
Xu, L	1
Lin, SL	1
Schooling, CM	1
Wang, M	1
Li, Y	1
Zhou, K	1
Zhang, G	1
Wang, Y	1
Liu, T	1
Guo, A	1
An, Y	1
Hofmann, A	1
Brunssen, C	1
Peitzsch, M	1
Martin, M	1
Mittag, J	1
Jannasch, A	1
Engelmann, F	1
Brown, NF	1
Weldon, SM	1
Huber, J	1
Streicher, R	1
Deussen, A	1
Eisenhofer, G	1
Bornstein, SR	1
Morawietz, H	1
Baudrand, R	1
Garza, AE	1
Vaidya, A	1
Leopold, JA	1
Hopkins, PN	1
Jeunemaitre, X	1
Ferri, C	1
Romero, JR	1
Williams, J	1
Loscalzo, J	1
Pojoga, LH	1
Kebapcilar, L	1
Taner, CE	1
Kebapcilar, AG	1
Alacacioglu, A	1
Sari, I	1
Hirata, A	1
Maeda, N	1
Hiuge, A	1
Hibuse, T	1
Fujita, K	1
Okada, T	1
Kihara, S	1
Funahashi, T	1
Shimomura, I	1
Artini, PG	1
Di Berardino, OM	1
Simi, G	1
Papini, F	1
Ruggiero, M	1
Monteleone, P	1
Cela, V	1
Tirosh, A	1
Zafeiriadou, E	1
Patsiaoura, K	1
Katsiki, E	1
Deretzi, G	1
Zavos, C	1
Tsarouchas, G	1
Rakitzi, P	1
Slavakis, A	1
Fujita, Y	1
Hara, T	1
Kohno, M	1
Williams, TA	1
Monticone, S	1
Bertello, C	1
Giraudo, G	1
Vettor, R	1
Veglio, F	1
Mulatero, P	1
Kulshreshtha, B	1
Ammini, AC	1
Leenen, FH	1
Ruzicka, M	1
Floras, JS	1
Raheja, P	1
Price, A	1
Wang, Z	1
Arbique, D	1
Adams-Huet, B	1
Auchus, RJ	1
Vongpatanasin, W	1
Krug, AW	1
Stelzner, L	1
Rao, AD	1
Lichtman, AH	1
Kapoor, S	1
Amesse, LS	1
Ding, X	1
Pfaff-Amesse, T	1
Ajossa, S	1
Guerriero, S	1
Paoletti, AM	1
Orrù, M	1
Melis, GB	1
Zulian, E	1
Sartorato, P	1
Benedini, S	1
Baro, G	1
Mantero, F	1
Scaroni, C	1
Svendsen, PF	1
Nilas, L	1
Nørgaard, K	1
Madsbad, S	1
Bhatia, V	1
Fleischman, A	1
Mansfield, J	1
Mosso, LM	1
Carvajal, CA	1
Maiz, A	1
Ortiz, EH	1
Castillo, CR	1
Artigas, RA	1
Fardella, CE	1
Lastra, G	1
Manrique, C	1
Gutweiler, AA	1
Appesh, L	1
Hayden, MR	1
Wei, Y	1
Ferrario, C	1
Shoupe, D	1
Lobo, RA	1
Azziz, R	1
Moghetti, P	1
Tosi, F	1
Castello, R	1
Magnani, CM	1
Negri, C	1
Brun, E	1
Furlani, L	1
Caputo, M	1
Muggeo, M	1
Zemtsov, A	1
Wilson, L	1
Sindelka, G	2
Widimský, J	2
Haas, T	1
Prázný, M	2
Hilgertová, J	1
Skrha, J	2
Haluzík, M	1
Zelinka, T	1
Moore, DC	1
Schwarzbach, W	1
Haas, W	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effectiveness of the Combination Liraglutide and Metformin on Weight Loss, Metabolic - Endocrine Parameters and Pregnancy Rate in Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Obesity and Infertility[NCT05952882]	Phase 3	188 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-01	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Spironolactone and Vitamin E Versus Vitamin E on Serum Adipocytokines Levels in Patients With Biopsy-proven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Phase II Study[NCT01147523]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
A Comparison of the Effects of Selective and Non Selective Mineralocorticoid Antagonism on Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Profile of Heart Failure Patients With Glucose Intolerance or Type 2 Diabetes.[NCT01586442]	Phase 3	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Metformin Versus Metfotmin Plus Low-dose Spironolactone in the Treatment of Overweight/Obese Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized Study[NCT01526616]		56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Obesity Induced Cardiovascular Complications[NCT01406015]		38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
HYpertension Therapy With Valsartan Versus EpleRenone for Obese Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03476616]	Phase 4	330 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Cardiometabolic Effects of Eplerenone in HIV Infection[NCT02629094]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-02	Terminated
Neural Mechanisms of Thiazide-induced Insulin Resistance[NCT00353652]	Phase 4	166 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Effect of Eplerenone on Postprandial Inflammatory Response in Healthy Adults[NCT01786551]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Effects of Inositol Alone or Associated With Alpha-lipoic Acid in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment[NCT04881851]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-07	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Insulin resistance was measured using the 75 G glucose tolerance test. Participants ingested 75 grams of glucose in 300-400 mL of water over 5 minutes. Blood samples were taken before ingesting glucose and then every 30 minutes for 120 minutes. HOMA-IR was calculated using the Insulin and glucose levels obtained. A negative change (decrease in insulin resistance) indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (Prior to ingesting glucose and every 30 minutes for 120 minutes)

Change From Baseline in Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI)

Intervention	IR index (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo	3.4	0.1
Spironolactone	2.7	0.1

Insulin sensitivity was measured using the 75 gram (G) glucose tolerance test. Participants ingested 75 grams of glucose in 300-400 milliliters (mL) of water over 5 minutes. Blood samples were taken before ingesting glucose and then every 30 minutes for 120 minutes. Insulin sensitivity index was calculated by Matsuda and Defronzo's formula using the values obtained. A positive change from Baseline (increase in insulin sensitivity) indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (Prior to ingesting glucose and every 30 minutes for 120 minutes)

Change From Baseline in Para-aminohippurate (PAH) Clearance

Intervention	IS index (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo	4.6	-1.1
Spironolactone	3.7	-0.1

Renal plasma blood flow was determined by clearance of para-aminohippurate (PAH). A loading dose of PAH (8 mg/kg) was given intravenously followed by a 1 hour constant infusion of PAH at a rate of 12 mg/minute (min). Plasma samples were obtained at Baseline and at 50 and 60 minutes. PAH clearance was calculated from the plasma levels and infusion rates and reported in millimeters (mL)/minute (min). A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (Prior to PAH infusion and at 50 and 60 minutes post PAH infusion)

Change From Baseline in Post-ischemic Dilatation

Intervention	mL/min (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo	521	-5.2
Spironolactone	488	-2.3

Ultrasonography of the brachial artery was performed to evaluate endothelial function by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) studies. A blood pressure cuff was placed on the participant's upper arm and was compressed for 5 minutes. After release of compression, brachial artery diameter and blood flow velocity were measured. FMD was expressed as the percentage change in brachial artery diameter. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

Improvement of Cardiac Steatosis: Mean Change in Intraventricular Septum Percentage of Lipid by MR Spectroscopy.

Intervention	percent dilalation (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo	10.2	-2.0
Spironolactone	9.6	-1.2

Mean change in intraventricular septum percentage of lipid by MR spectroscopy. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline intraventicular septum percentage value of lipid from the week 24 intraventicular septum percentage value of lipid by MR spectroscopy. (NCT02629094)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Improvement of Hepatic Steatosis: Mean Change in Hepatic Percentage of Lipid by MR Spectroscopy

Intervention	percentage of lipid (Mean)
Eplerenone	-0.33

Mean change in hepatic percentage of lipid by MR spectroscopy. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline hepatic percentage value of lipid from the week 24 hepatic percentage value of lipid by MR spectroscopy. (NCT02629094)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

24-hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure

HOMA-IR

Intervention	percentage of lipid (Mean)
Eplerenone	13

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose	127.4
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose	128.6
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose	123.5
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose	121.6
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose	119.8

assessment of insulin resistance calculated by multiplying fasting plasma insulin (mU/l) with fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) divided by 22.5. (NCT00353652)
Timeframe: 3 months

Insulin

Sympathetic Baroreflex Sensitivity

Intervention	mU/l*mmol/l (Median)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose	1.91
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose	1.33
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose	1.87
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose	0.85
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose	1.42

Intervention	mU/liter (Median)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose	8.24
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose	7.6
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d	7.6
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose	4.87
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose	6.8

slope relating percent change in SNA (% change in total activity from baseline) to diastolic BP. (NCT00353652)
Timeframe: 3 months

Sympathetic Nerve Activity

Post-prandial Glucose Serum Levels

Intervention	% change from baseline per mmHg (Mean)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose	-9.1
Drug: Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose	-15.2
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose	-12.9
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose	-11.3
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose	-12.0

Intervention	bursts/min (Mean)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose	46
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose	40
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose	49
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose	42
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose	52

At Visit 1, blood was drawn before and then 2h and 4h after a high-fat/high-glucose meal (50 g fat, 75 g glucose). Participants then followed a low-dose eplerenone treatment (50 mg daily) for 14 days. At Visit 2, blood was drawn again before, 2h, and 4h after a high-fat/high-glucose meal after 14 days. (NCT01786551)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 hours, and 4 hours, measured before and after 2 weeks of eplerenone treatment

Post-prandial Insulin Serum Levels

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
	Pre-eplerenone, baseline	Pre-eplerenone, 2 hours	Pre-eplerenone, 4 hours	Post-eplerenone, baseline	Post-eplerenone, 2 hours	Post-eplerenone, 4 hours
Eplerenone	91	105	93	89	102	92

Vascular and Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Serum Levels

Article	Year
Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023, Volume: 14 Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human; Hirsut	2023
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Correlation between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and obesity. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 2020, Volume: 502 Topics: Androgens; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Metformin; Obe	2020
Role of aldosterone blockade in resistant hypertension. Seminars in nephrology, 2014, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Pressure Determination; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance; Glomerular Filtration Rate;	2014
Negative effects of chlorthalidone on sympathetic nervous system and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients may be avoided with spironolactone: further studies are still needed. Irish journal of medical science, 2015, Volume: 184, Issue:4 Topics: Blood Pressure; Chlorthalidone; Humans; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance; Spironolactone; Sympatheti	2015
Spironolactone and glucose metabolism, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH, 2016, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diuretics; Fasting; Glycated Hemoglobin;	2016
Best methods for identification and treatment of PCOS. Minerva ginecologica, 2010, Volume: 62, Issue:1 Topics: Androgens; Aromatase Inhibitors; Clomiphene; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Diagnosis, Differential	2010
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and the metabolic syndrome. Current hypertension reports, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Aldosterone; Antihypertensive Agents; Eplerenone; Humans; Hypertension; Inflammation; Insulin Resist	2010
[Polycystic ovary syndrome. New pathophysiological discoveries--therapeutic consequences]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2005, Aug-22, Volume: 167, Issue:34 Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans;	2005
Insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian disease. Southern medical journal, 2005, Volume: 98, Issue:9 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inflamma	2005

Article	Year
Coadministration of metformin or spironolactone enhances efficacy of rosiglitazone in management of PCOS. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Indi	2020
Differential Impact of Insulin Sensitizers vs. Anti-Androgen on Serum Leptin Levels in Vitamin D Replete PCOS Women: A Six Month Open Labeled Randomized Study. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 2020, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Leptin; Metformin; Pioglitazone;	2020
Reduced circulating levels of chemokine CXCL14 in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: normalization after insulin sensitization. BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2020, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adolescent; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Biomarkers; Chemo	2020
Effects of combined low-dose spironolactone plus vitamin E vs vitamin E monotherapy on insulin resistance, non-invasive indices of steatosis and fibrosis, and adipokine levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2017, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Topics: Adipokines; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Combined Modality Th	2017
A comparison of the effects of selective and non-selective mineralocorticoid antagonism on glucose homeostasis of heart failure patients with glucose intolerance or type II diabetes: A randomized controlled double-blind trial. American heart journal, 2018, Volume: 204 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Eplerenone; Female;	2018
Serum free fatty acid levels in PCOS patients treated with glucophage, magnesium oxide and spironolactone. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2013, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldosterone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Human	2013
In PCOS patients the addition of low-dose spironolactone induces a more marked reduction of clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism than metformin alone. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Androstenedione; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hirsutism;	2014
Improved efficacy of low-dose spironolactone and metformin combination than either drug alone in the management of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a six-month, open-label randomized study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2013, Volume: 98, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Drug Therapy, C	2013
Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on insulin resistance and endothelial function in obese subjects. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldosterone; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Brachial Artery; Doubl	2014
Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on insulin resistance and endothelial function in obese subjects. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldosterone; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Brachial Artery; Doubl	2014
Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on insulin resistance and endothelial function in obese subjects. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldosterone; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Brachial Artery; Doubl	2014
Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on insulin resistance and endothelial function in obese subjects. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aldosterone; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Brachial Artery; Doubl	2014
Spironolactone, not furosemide, improved insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. International journal of cardiology, 2014, Feb-15, Volume: 171, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Blood Glucose; Chronic Disease; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Furosemide; H	2014
Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease is ameliorated by spironolactone in rats and humans. Kidney international, 2015, Volume: 87, Issue:4 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Aged; Aldosterone; Amidohydrolases; Animals; Arginine; Cell Nucleus; Cytochrome P-45	2015
Effect of Selective Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade on Flow-Mediated Dilation and Insulin Resistance in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2015, Volume: 13, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Brachial Artery; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Endothelium, Vascular; Eplerenone; H	2015
Comparison of spironolactone and spironolactone plus metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2016, Volume: 32, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; Drug Therapy, Com	2016
Comparison of four different treatment regimens on coagulation parameters, hormonal and metabolic changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2010, Volume: 281, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Blood Coagulation; Cyproterone Acetate; Estrogens; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Fibrin Fibrinog	2010
Effect of spironolactone and vitamin E on serum metabolic parameters and insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Fatty Liver; Female; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Mineralocorticoid	2011
Spironolactone prevents chlorthalidone-induced sympathetic activation and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorthalidone; Cros	2012
Spironolactone in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: effects on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2005, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Area Under Curve; Body Mass Index; Caloric Restriction; Die	2005

Article	Year
Targeting mineralocorticoid receptors in diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2022, 03-01, Volume: 322, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Western; Fatty Liver; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Mice; Mice,	2022
Mineralocorticoid Receptors Mediate Diet-Induced Lipid Infiltration of Skeletal Muscle and Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology, 2022, 10-11, Volume: 163, Issue:11 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; CD36 Antigens; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Fats; Dietary Sugars; Fatty Acids, None	2022
Betahistine prevents development of endolymphatic hydrops in a mouse model of insulin resistance and diabetes. Acta oto-laryngologica, 2023, Volume: 143, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Betahistine; Diabetes Mellitus; Endolymphatic Hydrops; Insulin Resistance; Magnetic Resonan	2023
Changes in Glucose Metabolism after Adrenalectomy or Treatment with a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist for Primary Aldosteronism. Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea), 2020, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenalectomy; Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Blood Glucose; Fasting; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism;	2020
Class-specific responses of brown adipose tissue to steroidal and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2022, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Profiling; Insulin Resistanc	2022
Low-dose spironolactone ameliorates insulin resistance and suppresses elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 during gestational testosterone exposure. Archives of physiology and biochemistry, 2017, Volume: 123, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking; Dyslipi	2017
Ameliorative effect of low-dose spironolactone on obesity and insulin resistance is through replenishment of estrogen in ovariectomized rats. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2019, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estrogens; Female; Inflammation Mediators; Insulin Resist	2019
Very low dose spironolactone protects experimentally-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome from insulin-resistant metabolic disturbances by suppressing elevated circulating testosterone. Chemico-biological interactions, 2019, Sep-01, Volume: 310 Topics: Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Female; Insulin Resistance; Letrozole; Luteinizing Hormone; Mineraloc	2019
The effects of aldosterone on diet-induced fatty liver formation in male C57BL/6 mice: comparison of adrenalectomy and mineralocorticoid receptor blocker. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2013, Volume: 25, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenalectomy; Aldosterone; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Di	2013
Aldosterone aggravates glucose intolerance induced by high fructose. European journal of pharmacology, 2013, Nov-15, Volume: 720, Issue:1-3 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Blood Glucose; Fructose; Glucose Intolerance; Glucose Tolerance Test; Immediat	2013
Aldosterone receptor blockers spironolactone and canrenone: two multivalent drugs. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2014, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Albuminuria; Aldosterone; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Canrenone; Humans; Hypertension;	2014
Adipocyte Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation Leads to Metabolic Syndrome and Induction of Prostaglandin D2 Synthase. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2015, Volume: 66, Issue:1 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes, White; Aldosterone; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Enzym	2015
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade Improves Insulin Sensitivity in the Rat Heart and a Possible Molecular Mechanism. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: Adiponectin; Aldosterone; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Biological Transport; Eplerenone; Gene Expressi	2016
Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition Improves Glucose Tolerance in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rats. Endocrinology, 2016, Volume: 157, Issue:10 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aldosterone; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2; Diabetes	2016
Caveolin 1 Modulates Aldosterone-Mediated Pathways of Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2016, 09-28, Volume: 5, Issue:10 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aldehyde Reductase; Aldosterone; Animals; Blood Glucose; Ca	2016
Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor reverses adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice. Cardiovascular research, 2009, Oct-01, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Eplerenone; Insulin Resistance; Male; Mice; Mice,	2009
Overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea in treatment resistant hypertension: connecting the dots clarifies the picture. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2010, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Aldosterone; Blood Volume; Drug Resistance; Fluid Shifts; Humans; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance;	2010
Aldosterone induces vascular insulin resistance by increasing insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and hybrid receptor. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2012, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Blood Pressure; Cells, Cultured; Chimera; Eplerenone; Glucose	2012
Genes implicated in insulin resistance are down-regulated in primary aldosteronism patients. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2012, May-15, Volume: 355, Issue:1 Topics: Adipocytes; Adiponectin; Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Carrier Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Down-Regulatio	2012
Effect of metformin and spironolactone therapy on OGTT in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome - a retrospective analysis. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Female; Glucose Intolerance; Hirsutism; Humans; Hyperglycem	2012
Central sympathetic inhibition by mineralocorticoid receptor but not angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade: are prescribed doses too low? Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Chlorthalidone; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance; Male; Spironolactone; Sympathetic	2012
Effect of low dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adult males. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Cholesterol; Eplerenone; Glucose; Humans; Insulin;	2013
Emerging pain ameliorating effects of spironolactone: an additional benefit of its use in hypertensive and cardiac patients: recent insights. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2012, Volume: 60, Issue:6 Topics: Chlorthalidone; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance; Male; Spironolactone; Sympathetic	2012
From HAIR-AN to eternity. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 2002, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Child; Female; Hirsutism; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Insulin Resistance; Polycy	2002
The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Minerva ginecologica, 2004, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Cabergoline; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clomiphene; Cyproterone Acetate;	2004
Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome and insulin resistance. Pediatric annals, 2005, Volume: 34, Issue:9 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperlipidemia	2005
A possible association between primary aldosteronism and a lower beta-cell function. Journal of hypertension, 2007, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Aldosterone; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Case-Control Studies; Cholesterol; Female; Humans; Hype	2007
Low-dose spironolactone reduces reactive oxygen species generation and improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle in the TG(mRen2)27 rat. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2008, Volume: 295, Issue:1 Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Blood Pressure; Glucos	2008
The influence of androgens on insulin resistance. Fertility and sterility, 1984, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Androstane-3,17-diol; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Dihydrotestosterone; Female; Hirsuti	1984
The hyperandrogenic-insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans syndrome: therapeutic response. Fertility and sterility, 1994, Volume: 61, Issue:3 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adolescent; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; H	1994
The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1996, Volume: 81, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Buserelin; Female; Flutamide; Glucose Clamp Technique; Human	1996
Successful treatment of hirsutism in HAIR-AN syndrome using flutamide, spironolactone, and birth control therapy. Archives of dermatology, 1997, Volume: 133, Issue:4 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adolescent; Androgen Antagonists; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Contraceptiv	1997
Insulin action in primary hyperaldosteronism before and after surgical or pharmacological treatment. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2000, Volume: 108, Issue:1 Topics: Adenoma; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Aldosterone; Blood Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glucos	2000
Serum leptin levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism before and after treatment: relationships to insulin sensitivity. Journal of human hypertension, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Adult; Female; Glucose Clamp Technique; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; H	2002
Prolonged suppression of hirsutism with combination therapy in an adolescent with insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Journal of adolescent health care : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1987, Volume: 8, Issue:5 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adolescent; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Hirsutism; H	1987
[Saluretic therapy and insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus]. Medizinische Klinik, 1966, Dec-23, Volume: 61, Issue:51 Topics: Aged; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Coma; Female; Furosemide; Humans; Hyponatr	1966

spironolactone and Insulin Resistance