Page last updated: 2024-08-17

spironolactone and urea

spironolactone has been researched along with urea in 45 studies

Research

Studies (45)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	35 (77.78)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	7 (15.56)	29.6817
2010's	3 (6.67)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Barnes, JC; Bradley, P; Day, NC; Fourches, D; Reed, JZ; Tropsha, A	1
Bernardi, M; Smith, IK; Wheeler, PG; Wilkinson, SP; Williams, R	1
Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Ferriss, JB; Fraser, R; Haywood, E; Kay, AW; Lever, AF; Owen, K; Peart, WS; Robertson, JI	1
Imler, M; Schlienger, JL	1
Edmonds, CJ; Hoffbrand, BI; Smith, T	1
Mordasini, R; Oster, P; Raetzer, H; Schellenberg, B; Schlierf, G	1
Espiner, EA; Hughes, H; Nicholls, MG; Rogers, T	1
Giezendanner, L; Solheim, SB; Sundsfjord, JA	1
Cauchie, P; Decaux, G; Delwiche, F; Flamion, B; Mols, P	1
Castro, JE; Edwards, DE; Griffiths, HJ	1
Breckenridge, AM; Dollery, CT; George, CF	1
Soballa, G	1
Senewiratne, B; Sherlock, S	1
Richards, P	1
Bodin, F; Capelle, P; Conte, M; Liguory, C	1
Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Ferriss, JB; Fraser, R; Haywood, E; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI	1
Beevers, DG; Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Ferriss, JB; Fraser, R; Kremer, D; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI	1
Mills, IH	1
Baglin, A; Merceron, R; Milliez, P; Safar, M; Sobel, A	1
Regal, EM; Schrier, RW	1
Aber, GM; Booth, LJ; Burden, RP	1
Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Fraser, R; Kremer, D; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI	1
Bunzl, W; Schwarzbach, W	1
Bennett, BP; Bernstein, J; Greifer, I; Olbing, H; Spitzer, A	1
Cash, JD; Davison, AM; Lambie, AT; Verth, AH	1
Boonshaft, B; Hayes, JM; O'Connell, JM; Schreiner, GE	1
Flick, DF; O'Dell, RG	1
Ashcroft, R; Eccleston, DW; Elliott, RW; Kerr, DN; Rastogi, SP; Volans, G; Webster, D	1
Schou, M; Thomsen, K	1
Ing, TS; Metcalfe-Gibson, A; Wilson, DR; Wrong, OM	1
Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Lever, AF; Peart, WS; Robertson, JI	1
Colombo, JP; Emrich, HM; Friolet, B; Richterich, R; Rossi, E; Stoll, E	1
Drayer, JI; Hoefnagels, WH; Kloppenborg, PW; Smals, AG	1
DOMENET, JG; EVANS, DW; FLEAR, CT	1
SIMPSON, FO; WAAL, HJ	1
KRAGH, PL; KROGSGAARD, AR	1
Al-Qarawi, AA; Ali, BH; Hashad, M; Mahmoud, OM	1
Grosell, M; McDonald, MD; Walsh, PJ; Wood, CM	1
Kim, YH; Klein, JD; Murrell, BP; Sands, JM; Tucker, S	1
Barretto, AC; Cardoso, JN; Lima, MV; Morgado, PC; Munhoz, RT; Ochiai, ME	1
Beresneva, ON; Esaian, AM; Karabayeva, AZh; Kayukov, IG; Kotenko, LV; Parastaeva, MM; Sevastyanova, IE	1
Boer, MW; Hillebrands, JL; Navis, G; Rienstra, H; Rozing, J; van Goor, H; Waanders, F; Zandvoort, A	1
Gilmour, KM; McDonald, MD; Rodela, TM; Walsh, PJ	1
Esbaugh, AJ; Gilmour, KM; McDonald, MD; Rodela, TM; Walsh, PJ	1
Bettencourt, P; Carvalho, H; Ferreira, JP; Marques, I; Oliveira, JC; Santos, M	1

Reviews

1 review(s) available for spironolactone and urea

Article	Year
Primary hyperaldosteronism. Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism, 1974, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Aldosterone; Corticosterone; Desoxycorticosterone; Electrocardiography; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypokalemia; Kidney Diseases; Renal Artery Obstruction; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Time Factors; Urea	1974

Trials

5 trial(s) available for spironolactone and urea

Article	Year
Spironolactone in essential hypertension: evidence against its effect through mineralocorticoid antagonism. British medical journal, 1976, Mar-20, Volume: 1, Issue:6011 Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; Blood Pressure; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Mineralocorticoids; Potassium; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1976
The effect of spironolactone (Aldactone) and methyldopa in low and normal renin hypertension. Acta medica Scandinavica, 1975, Volume: 197, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Cholesterol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depression, Chemical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Methyldopa; Middle Aged; Placebos; Potassium; Renin; Spironolactone; Time Factors; Urea; Uric Acid	1975
A double-blind, controlled, clinical trial of spironolactone for benign prostatic hypertrophy. The British journal of surgery, 1971, Volume: 58, Issue:7 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cystoscopy; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Humans; Male; Placebos; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Spironolactone; Urea; Urinary Catheterization; Urine; Urography	1971
Comparison of the potassium- retaining effects of amiloride and spironolactone in hypertensive patients with thiazide-induced hypokalaemia. Lancet (London, England), 1973, Dec-08, Volume: 2, Issue:7841 Topics: Adult; Aged; Amiloride; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Diuretics; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypertension; Hypokalemia; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazines; Sodium; Spironolactone; Time Factors; Urea	1973
Influence of spironolactone on matrix metalloproteinase-2 in acute decompensated heart failure. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 2015, Volume: 104, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diuretics; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Middle Aged; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Peptide Fragments; Prospective Studies; Spironolactone; Urea	2015

Other Studies

39 other study(ies) available for spironolactone and urea

Article	Year
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species. Chemical research in toxicology, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Databases, Factual; Humans; MEDLINE; Mice; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship	2010
Diuretic-induced renal impairment without volume depletion in cirrhosis: changes in the renin-angiotensin system and the effect of beta-adrenergic blockade. Postgraduate medical journal, 1979, Volume: 55, Issue:654 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Creatinine; Female; Furosemide; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Renin; Spironolactone; Urea	1979
Results of adrenal surgery in patients with hypertension, aldosterone excess, and low plasma renin concentration. British medical journal, 1975, Jan-18, Volume: 1, Issue:5950 Topics: Adenoma; Adolescent; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenalectomy; Adult; Aged; Angiotensin II; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1975
[Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics receiving spironolactone (author's transl)]. La Nouvelle presse medicale, 1977, Nov-05, Volume: 6, Issue:37 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Spironolactone; Stimulation, Chemical; Urea; Uremia	1977
[Complications in null-diet]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1977, Sep-24, Volume: 107, Issue:38 Topics: Acetone; Adult; Allopurinol; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Diet, Reducing; Edema; Female; Humans; Ischemic Attack, Transient; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Spironolactone; Starvation; Transaminases; Urea; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance	1977
Effect of potassium-sparing diuretics on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and potassium retention in heart failure. British heart journal, 1976, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Amiloride; Angiotensin II; Digoxin; Female; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1976
Treatment of hyponatremic cirrhosis with ascites resistant to diuretics by urea. Nephron, 1986, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Ascites; Body Weight; Creatinine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edema; Furosemide; Humans; Hyponatremia; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic; Male; Middle Aged; Spironolactone; Urea	1986
[Hypertension. Diagnosis and therapy in practice]. Fortschritte der Medizin, 1974, Feb-07, Volume: 92, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Creatinine; Diuretics; Drug Combinations; Humans; Hypertension; Lipid Metabolism; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; Rauwolfia; Reserpine; Spironolactone; Urea; Water-Electrolyte Balance	1974
Amiloride ('MK 870') in patients with ascites due to cirrhosis of the liver. Lancet (London, England), 1968, Jan-20, Volume: 1, Issue:7534 Topics: Adult; Ascites; Bicarbonates; Creatinine; Diuretics; Ethacrynic Acid; Furosemide; Guanidines; Humans; Hypokalemia; Hyponatremia; Liver Cirrhosis; Potassium; Potassium Deficiency; Potassium Isotopes; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Water-Electrolyte Balance	1968
Clinical investigation of the effects of adrenal corticosteroid excess on the colon. Lancet (London, England), 1969, Mar-01, Volume: 1, Issue:7592 Topics: Addison Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocortical Hyperfunction; Adult; Aldosterone; Colon; Corticosterone; Desoxycorticosterone; Dialysis; Feces; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Magnesium; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1969
[Disorders of water-electrolyte metabolism associated with decompensated cirrhosis. The danger of various therapeutic drugs]. La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris, 1968, May-14, Volume: 44, Issue:23 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Ascites; Blood Transfusion; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Blood Volume Determination; Colistin; Coma; Diuretics; Drinking Behavior; Female; Furosemide; Humans; Hypokalemia; Injections, Intravenous; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Natriuresis; Sodium; Spironolactone; Triamterene; Urea; Water Intoxication; Water-Electrolyte Balance	1968
Comparison of surgery and prolonged spironolactone therapy in patients with hypertension, aldosterone excess, and low plasma renin. British medical journal, 1972, Jun-24, Volume: 2, Issue:5816 Topics: Adenoma; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenal Glands; Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Blood Pressure; Blood Volume; Body Weight; Extracellular Space; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Care; Potassium; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1972
Spironolactone and amiloride in the treatment of low renin hyperaldosteronism and related syndromes. Clinical science and molecular medicine. Supplement, 1973, Volume: 45 Suppl 1 Topics: Adrenocortical Hyperfunction; Amiloride; Angiotensin II; Body Water; Corticosterone; Diuretics; Extracellular Space; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Plasma Volume; Potassium; Pyrazines; Renin; Secretory Rate; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1973
[Treatment of arterial hypertension with new drugs. 1. Severe arterial hypertension]. Acquisitions medicales recentes, 1972 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Body Weight; Clonidine; Diuresis; Furosemide; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension; Methyldopa; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Spironolactone; Urea	1972
Influence of aldosterone on sodium, water and potassium metabolism in chronic renal disease. Kidney international, 1972, Volume: 1, Issue:3 Topics: Aldosterone; Blood; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Water; Creatinine; Desoxycorticosterone; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Extracellular Space; Feces; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Kidney Concentrating Ability; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mannitol; Osmolar Concentration; Plasma Volume; Potassium; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Urine; Vasopressins	1972
The diagnostic and therapeutic value of spironolactone in patients with systemic hypertension. Nephron, 1973, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adenoma; Adolescent; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Aldosterone; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Renal Artery Obstruction; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Water-Electrolyte Balance	1973
Amiloride in primary hyperaldosteronism with chronic peptic ulceration. British medical journal, 1973, Apr-28, Volume: 2, Issue:5860 Topics: Aged; Amiloride; Bicarbonates; Blood Pressure; Body Water; Chlorides; Chronic Disease; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Peptic Ulcer; Potassium; Pyrazines; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1973
[Urea and spironolactone therapy]. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), 1973, Jan-19, Volume: 115, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Diuretics; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Heart Failure; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Sodium Chloride; Spironolactone; Urea; Uremia	1973
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children. Kidney international, 1973, Volume: 3, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Aminohippuric Acids; Basement Membrane; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hypertension, Malignant; Hypertension, Renal; Inulin; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Nephrotic Syndrome; Prednisone; Prognosis; Recurrence; Remission, Spontaneous; Spironolactone; Urea	1973
Salt-poor human albumin in management of nephrotic syndrome. British medical journal, 1974, Mar-16, Volume: 1, Issue:5906 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albumins; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diet Therapy; Dietary Proteins; Edema; Female; Furosemide; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nephrotic Syndrome; Potassium; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Spironolactone; Urea	1974
Metabolic effects of progesterone in the dog. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1969, Volume: 132, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Diet; Dogs; Natriuresis; Progesterone; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1969
A chick bioassay for oral diuretics. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 1971, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Ammonium Chloride; Animal Feed; Animals; Biological Assay; Chickens; Chlorothiazide; Dioxins; Diuretics; Ethacrynic Acid; Hydrochlorothiazide; Lipids; Male; Methods; Pericardial Effusion; Spironolactone; Urea	1971
High dose frusemide in the treatment of hypertension in chronic renal insufficiency and of terminal renal failure. Postgraduate medical journal, 1971, Volume: 47 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Creatine; Creatinine; Diuresis; Female; Furosemide; Gout; Humans; Hypertension, Renal; Hypokalemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Methyldopa; Middle Aged; Potassium; Pyelonephritis; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Uric Acid; Urine	1971
Renal lithium excretion in man. The American journal of physiology, 1968, Volume: 215, Issue:4 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Aminophylline; Ammonium Chloride; Bendroflumethiazide; Bicarbonates; Creatinine; Diuresis; Ethacrynic Acid; Female; Furosemide; Humans; Kidney; Lithium; Middle Aged; Potassium; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea	1968
The chemical composition of faeces in uraemia, as revealed by in-vivo faecal dialysis. Clinical science, 1968, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Dialysis; Feces; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Potassium; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Uremia	1968
Plasma concentration of renin in a patient with Conn's syndrome with fibrinoid lesions of the renal arterioles: the effect of treatment with spironolactone. The Journal of endocrinology, 1965, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Aminohippuric Acids; Blood; Blood Volume; Creatine; Extracellular Space; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Potassium; Renal Artery; Renin; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Urine	1965
Excretion of different substances in the sweat of children with cystic fibrosis and controls. Bibliotheca paediatrica, 1967, Volume: 86 Topics: Aldosterone; Calcium; Child; Chlorides; Creatinine; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Lactates; Male; Sodium; Spironolactone; Sweat; Sweating; Urea	1967
Spironolactone and amiloride in hypertensive patients with and without aldosterone excess. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1980, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Amiloride; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Pyrazines; Renin; Spironolactone; Urea	1980
SPIRONOLACTONE AS AN ADJUVANT TO THE TREATMENT OF CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE. Postgraduate medical journal, 1964, Volume: 40 Topics: Blood; Body Weight; Chlorothiazide; Heart Failure; Humans; Potassium; Sodium; Spironolactone; Urea; Urine	1964
CLINICAL TRIAL OF TRIAMTERENE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS. The New Zealand medical journal, 1964, Volume: 63 Topics: Biomedical Research; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Pressure Determination; Diuretics; Gout; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Placebos; Potassium; Pterins; Spironolactone; Toxicology; Triamterene; Urea; Uric Acid	1964
[TRIAMTERENE, A POTASSIUM-RETAINING DIURETIC. CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH EDEMA]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 1964, Mar-05, Volume: 126 Topics: Benzothiadiazines; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chlorides; Creatine; Creatinine; Diuretics; Edema; Potassium; Pterins; Sodium; Spironolactone; Triamterene; Urea; Urine	1964
Influence of spironolactone treatment on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2004, Volume: 95, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Creatinine; Drug Synergism; Gentamicins; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Cortex Necrosis; Kidney Diseases; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spironolactone; Urea	2004
Glucocorticoid receptors are involved in the regulation of pulsatile urea excretion in toadfish. Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology, 2004, Volume: 174, Issue:8 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Batrachoidiformes; Biological Transport; Florida; Gills; Hydrocortisone; Mifepristone; Peanut Oil; Plant Oils; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; Spironolactone; Urea	2004
Urea transporter UT-A1 and aquaporin-2 proteins decrease in response to angiotensin II or norepinephrine-induced acute hypertension. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2006, Volume: 291, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Animals; Aquaporin 2; Blood Pressure; Drinking; Hypertension, Renal; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Norepinephrine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 1; Spironolactone; Thirst; Urea; Urea Transporters; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Water	2006
Hyperkalemia during spironolactone use in patients with decompensated heart failure. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 2008, Volume: 91, Issue:3 Topics: Brazil; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Male; Middle Aged; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Potassium; Spironolactone; Urea	2008
Effect of spironolactone on hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium in wistar rats with experimental uremia. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine, 2008, Volume: 145, Issue:6 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Creatinine; Electrolytes; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spironolactone; Urea; Uremia	2008
Spironolactone ameliorates transplant vasculopathy in renal chronic transplant dysfunction in rats. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2009, Volume: 296, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Delayed Graft Function; Disease Models, Animal; Electrolytes; Female; Graft Survival; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Transplantation; Macrophages; Male; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred WF; Renal Circulation; Spironolactone; Transplantation, Homologous; Urea	2009
The regulatory role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in pulsatile urea excretion of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. The Journal of experimental biology, 2009, Volume: 212, Issue:Pt 12 Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Batrachoidiformes; Biological Transport; Hydrocortisone; Nitrogen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; Spironolactone; Stress, Physiological; Urea	2009
Evidence for transcriptional regulation of the urea transporter in the gill of the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology, 2011, Volume: 160, Issue:2-3 Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites; Base Sequence; Batrachoidiformes; Gene Expression Regulation; Gills; Hormone Antagonists; Hydrocortisone; Membrane Transport Proteins; Metyrapone; Mifepristone; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Spironolactone; Tissue Distribution; Transcription, Genetic; Urea; Urea Transporters	2011