retrorsine profile

retrorsine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5281743
CHEMBL ID	496894
CHEBI ID	8822
SCHEMBL ID	133058
MeSH ID	M0044322

Synonym
senecionan-11,16-dione, 12,18-dihydroxy-
12,18-dihydroxy-senecionan-11,16-dione
3-ethylidene-3,4,5,6,9,11,13,14,14a,14b-decahydro-6-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl(1,6)dioxacyclododeca(2,3,4-gh)pyrrolizidine-2,7-dione
hsdb 3530
trans-15-ethylidene-12beta-hydroxy-12alpha-hydroxymethyl-13beta-methylsenec-1-enine
ccris 4338
nsc 107659
MLS002153926
smr001233270
BRD-K42142750-001-04-9
BRD-K42142750-001-01-5
(15z)-12,18-dihydroxysenecionan-11,16-dione
BSPBIO_000634
PRESTWICK_562
PRESTWICK2_000637
BPBIO1_000698
PRESTWICK3_000637
retrorsin
480-54-6
retrorsine
nsc-107659
cis-retronecic acid ester of retronecine
(z)-ethylidene-hydroxy-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl-[?]dione
beta-longilobine
12,18-dihydroxysenecionan-11,16-dione
retrorsine, >=90% (hplc)
NCGC00142486-03
HMS1545M22
HMS1569P16
HMS2096P16
CHEMBL496894
HMS2231J18
(1,6)dioxacyclododecino(2,3,4-gh)pyrrolizine-2,7-dione, 3-ethylidene-3,4,5,6,9,11,13,14,14a,14b-decahydro-6-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-, (3z,5r,6s,14ar,14br)-
unii-xj86xwl8iy
xj86xwl8iy ,
retrorsine [hsdb]
retrorsine [iarc]
retrorsine [mi]
CCG-208491
SCHEMBL133058
CHEBI:8822 ,
AKOS024282552
BCJMNZRQJAVDLD-CQRYIUNCSA-N
retrorcine
DTXSID6021242
SR-01000841220-3
sr-01000841220
(1r,4z,6r,7s,17r)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azatricyclo[9.5.1.0??,??]heptadec-11-ene-3,8-dione
(5r,6s,9a1r,14ar,z)-3-ethylidene-6-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,9a1,11,13,14,14a-decahydro-[1,6]dioxacyclododecino[2,3,4-gh]pyrrolizine-2,7-dione
Q27108154
MS-25432
CS-0062871
HY-N6638
retrorsine 100 microg/ml in water

Research Excerpts

Overview

Retrorsine (RTS) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) found in herbal supplements and medicines, food and livestock feed. Retrorsine is a representative hepatotoxic and carcinogenic PA.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Retrorsine is a representative hepatotoxic and carcinogenic PA."	( Correlation Investigation between Pyrrole-DNA and Pyrrole-Protein Adducts in Male ICR Mice Exposed to Retrorsine, a Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid. Fu, PP; He, Y; Lin, G; Xia, Q; Xue, J; Zhu, L, 2022)	1.66
"Retrorsine is a hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) found in herbal supplements and medicines, food and livestock feed. "	( PBTK modeling of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine to predict liver toxicity in mouse and rat. Albrecht, W; Geburek, I; Hengstler, JG; Hessel-Pras, S; Hethey, C; Kloft, C; Lehmann, A; Mielke, H; Müller-Graf, C; These, A; Yang, X, 2023)	2.61
"1. Retrorsine (RTS) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid (distributed in many medicinal plants) that has significant hepatotoxicity. "	( Diurnal hepatic CYP3A11 contributes to chronotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine in mice. Chen, M; Guo, L; Lu, D; Wang, Z; Wu, B; Xu, H; Yu, P; Zhang, L, 2021)	1.47
"Retrorsine (RTS) is a hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid present in plants of the Senecio genus. "	( Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 and CYP3A4 in retrorsine-induced toxicity. Chen, Z; Jiang, H; Lei, H; Li, L; Ma, Z; Sun, S; Tu, M; Xu, S; Zeng, S; Zhou, H, 2014)	2.09
"Retrorsine is a member of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) family of naturally occurring compounds found in a large number of plant species worldwide. "	( Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the livers of rats treated with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine. Coleman, WB; Gordon, GJ; Grisham, JW, 2000)	1.97
"Retrorsine is a member of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid family of compounds whose toxic effects on the liver include a long-lasting inhibition of the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes. "	( Bax-mediated apoptosis in the livers of rats after partial hepatectomy in the retrorsine model of hepatocellular injury. Coleman, WB; Gordon, GJ; Grisham, JW, 2000)	1.98

Effects

Retrorsine has been used extensively to inhibit proliferation of resident hepatocytes in various transplantation models. It has no effect on mouse hepatocyte proliferation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Retrorsine has been used extensively to inhibit proliferation of resident hepatocytes in various transplantation models. "	( Monocrotaline, an alternative to retrorsine-based hepatocyte transplantation in rodents. Fisher, SH; Petersen, BE; Witek, RP, 2005)	2.05
"Retrorsine has no effect on mouse hepatocyte proliferation."	( Effects of retrorsine on mouse hepatocyte proliferation after liver injury. Chu, JX; Liu, AL; Wang, Q; Zhou, XF, 2006)	2.17

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Retrorsine was used to inhibit endogenous hepatocyte proliferation, before inducing acute liver failure by carbon tetrachloride. "	( Liver regeneration in a retrorsine/CCl4-induced acute liver failure model: do bone marrow-derived cells contribute? Aselmann, H; Bahlmann, FH; Dahlke, MH; Jäger, MD; Klempnauer, J; Neipp, M; Piso, P; Popp, FC; Schlitt, HJ, 2003)	2.07

Treatment

Retrorsine crosslinks host hepatocyte DNA and prevents proliferation after partial hepatectomy (PH), allowing selective expansion of transplanted progenitors. Treated with retrorsine, HSEC-CYP3A4 cells showed significantly reduced cell viability.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Retrorsine treatment did not modify the overall number of labeled cells in the liver whereas after 2-AAF administration unlabeled oval cells were recorded and the total number of labeled cells decreased significantly."	( Direct in vivo cell lineage analysis in the retrorsine and 2AAF models of liver injury after genetic labeling in adult and newborn rats. Aubert, D; Ferry, N; Pichard, V, 2009)	1.34
"In retrorsine-treated and partially hepatectomized rats, transduction with MoMuLV vectors dropped dramatically."	( Polyploidization without mitosis improves in vivo liver transduction with lentiviral vectors. Couton, D; Desdouets, C; Ferry, N; Pichard, V, 2013)	0.9
"Retrorsine pretreatment did not affect sensitivity for carbon tetrachloride. "	( Liver regeneration in a retrorsine/CCl4-induced acute liver failure model: do bone marrow-derived cells contribute? Aselmann, H; Bahlmann, FH; Dahlke, MH; Jäger, MD; Klempnauer, J; Neipp, M; Piso, P; Popp, FC; Schlitt, HJ, 2003)	2.07
"In retrorsine-treated liver, transplanted cells formed large multilobular structures containing both parenchymal and bile duct cells and liver repopulation was extensive (60 to 80%)."	( Stem cell properties and repopulation of the rat liver by fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells. Dabeva, MD; Petkov, PM; Sandhu, JS; Shafritz, DA, 2001)	0.82
"Treated with retrorsine, a representative toxic PA, HSEC-CYP3A4 cells showed significantly reduced cell viability, depletion of GSH, and increased formation of pyrrole-protein adducts."	( Establishment of a novel CYP3A4-transduced human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell model and its application in screening hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Feng, B; Lin, G; Lu, Y; Ma, J; Tan, C; Wong, KY, 2020)	0.91
"Pretreatment with retrorsine crosslinks host hepatocyte DNA and prevents proliferation after partial hepatectomy (PH), allowing selective expansion of transplanted progenitors. "	( Engraftment of syngeneic and allogeneic endothelial cells, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes into partially hepatectomized rats previously treated with mitomycin C. Brilliant, KE; Callanan, HM; Hixson, DC; Mills, DR, 2009)	0.69
"Treatment of retrorsine-exposed rats with the cytokine inhibitor dexamethasone (DEX) effectively blocked the emergence of SHPCs resulting in an inhibition of liver regeneration and producing significant short-term mortality."	( Cytokine-dependent activation of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells in retrorsine-induced rat liver injury. Best, DH; Butz, GM; Coleman, WB, 2010)	0.94

Toxicity

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of developmental toxicity and fetal hepatotoxicity induced by retrorsine (RTS, a typcial toxic PA) and the underlying mechanism. The results of hepatotoxic study showed that 15-h overnight fasting significantly exacerbated the hepatotoxicity of retrorsine in fasted rats.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" (2) The acute LD50 of retrorsine to rats (42 mg/kg) is increased by pretreatment with cysteine to 83 mg/kg and decreased by pre-treatment with chloroethanol to 23 mg/kg."	( The role of liver glutathione in the acute toxicity of retrorsine to rats. White, IN, 1976)	0.81
" The toxic effect of RTS on the PCRH was attenuated by OCT1 inhibitors, quinidine and (+)-tetrahydropalmatine ((+)-THP)."	( Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 and CYP3A4 in retrorsine-induced toxicity. Chen, Z; Jiang, H; Lei, H; Li, L; Ma, Z; Sun, S; Tu, M; Xu, S; Zeng, S; Zhou, H, 2014)	0.65
"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are feeding deterrents and toxic compounds to generalist herbivores."	( Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to Spodoptera exigua using insect cell lines and injection bioassays. Klinkhamer, PG; Leiss, KA; Nuringtyas, TR; van Oers, MM; Verpoorte, R, 2014)	0.4
" Different PAs have distinct toxic potencies and their toxic effects on HSECs are difficult to be determined in cultured cells, because HSECs lack the key CYP3A4 isozyme for metabolic activation."	( Establishment of a novel CYP3A4-transduced human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell model and its application in screening hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Feng, B; Lin, G; Lu, Y; Ma, J; Tan, C; Wong, KY, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of developmental toxicity and fetal hepatotoxicity induced by retrorsine (RTS, a typcial toxic PA) and the underlying mechanism."	( Prenatal Exposure to Retrorsine Induces Developmental Toxicity and Hepatotoxicity of Fetal Rats in a Sex-Dependent Manner: The Role of Pregnane X Receptor Activation. Dai, Y; Fan, C; Gong, Z; Guo, Q; Guo, Y; He, Z; Kou, H; Liu, J; Luo, J; Qiu, S; Sun, X; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xiang, E; Xu, K, 2021)	1.15
" The results of hepatotoxic study showed that 15-h overnight fasting significantly exacerbated the hepatotoxicity of retrorsine (RTS, a representative toxic PA) in fasted rats compared to fed rats, as indicated by remarkably elevated plasma ALT and bilirubin levels and obvious liver histological changes."	( Fasting augments pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity. Chen, X; He, Y; Lin, G; Ma, J; Zhang, C, 2022)	0.93
" The mechanisms involved in toxic action of pyrrolizidine alkaloids need further investigation."	( Evaluating and predicting the correlations of hepatic concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction with hepatotoxicity induced by retrorsine based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Lai, X; Li, J; Li, W; Li, X; Zheng, J; Zhou, M, 2023)	1.12

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The oral bioavailability of URM in female rats (81."	( Quantification of Usaramine and its N-Oxide Metabolite in Rat Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Lin, F; Liu, J; Ma, Y; Pan, A; Ye, Y, 2022)	0.72

Dosage Studied

Dose-response studies enabling the derivation of a point of departure including a benchmark dose for risk assessment of retrorsine in humans and animals are not available. In the present study, the correlations among the PA-derived liver DNA adducts, liver protein adductS, and serum protein adductions in retrorsin-treated mice under different dosage regimens were studied.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"5 g/kg diet copper and retrorsine in varying dosage for 13 weeks."	( An animal model for copper-associated cirrhosis in infancy. Aston, NS; Morris, PA; Tanner, MS; Variend, S, 1998)	0.61
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4), aged 8-9 weeks, were dosed per os."	( The toxicity of Senecio inaequidens DC. Bekker, L; Botha, CJ; Dimande, AF; Labuschagne, L; Prozesky, L; Retief, E; Rösemann, GM, 2007)	0.34
" In the present study, the correlations among the PA-derived liver DNA adducts, liver protein adducts, and serum protein adducts in retrorsine-treated mice under different dosage regimens were studied."	( Correlation Investigation between Pyrrole-DNA and Pyrrole-Protein Adducts in Male ICR Mice Exposed to Retrorsine, a Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid. Fu, PP; He, Y; Lin, G; Xia, Q; Xue, J; Zhu, L, 2022)	1.14
" Dose-response studies enabling the derivation of a point of departure including a benchmark dose for risk assessment of retrorsine in humans and animals are not available."	( PBTK modeling of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine to predict liver toxicity in mouse and rat. Albrecht, W; Geburek, I; Hengstler, JG; Hessel-Pras, S; Hethey, C; Kloft, C; Lehmann, A; Mielke, H; Müller-Graf, C; These, A; Yang, X, 2023)	1.38

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
macrolide	A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
ATAD5 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.4668	0.0041	10.8903	31.5287	AID504467
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.7536	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	Schistosoma mansoni	Potency	50.1187	0.1000	22.9075	100.0000	AID485364
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	100.0000	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	0.7943	21.2757	50.1187	AID624246
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID540299	A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21	Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519	A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities	2011	Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3	High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	8 (5.30)	18.7374
1990's	29 (19.21)	18.2507
2000's	46 (30.46)	29.6817
2010's	49 (32.45)	24.3611
2020's	19 (12.58)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.64%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	155 (99.36%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.15	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
taurine [no description available]	7.68	3	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.38	2	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.05	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.95	4	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	7.7	3	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.07	1	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.14	5	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.25	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.01	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.08	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	1.98	1
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.41	1	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	7.47	2	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.9	12	pyrrole; secondary amine
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	4.15	16	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
retronecine retronecine: RN given refers to (1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.52	2	pyrrolizines
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.03	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.97	4	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2	1	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.43	2	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
indicine indicine: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer	2.1	1	carboxylic ester; pyrrolizines
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	1.97	1
dehydroretronecine dehydroretronecine: major pyrrole metabolite of monocrotaline; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.93	4
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.1	1	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.41	2
jacobine jacobine: RN given refers to (15alpha,20S)-isomer; structure	2.52	2	pyrrolizine alkaloid
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.1	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.41	2	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.42	2
heliotrine [no description available]	2.04	1	pyrrolizines
trichodesmine [no description available]	6.98	1
nadp [no description available]	2.05	1
bilirubin [no description available]	2.74	3	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
senecionine senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.	3.62	9	lactone; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.17	1	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
riddelliine riddelliine: structure. riddelliine : A macrodiolide that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionan bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 12 and 18 as well as two additional oxo groups at positions 11 and 16.	2.76	3	macrodiolide; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; pyrrolizine alkaloid	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
seneciphylline seneciphylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.93	4	pyrrolizine alkaloid
senkirkine senkirkine: macrocyclic secopyrrolizidine alkaloid from Senecio; structure given in first source; RN given refers to senkirkine	2.73	3	macrolide
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.05	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.39	2	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
senecionine n-oxide senecionine N-oxide: isolated from Senecio vulgaris L.; structure given in first source	2.15	1	tertiary amine oxide
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.99	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	2.04	1	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.04	1	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
lasiocarpine lasiocarpine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1S-(1alpha(Z),7(2S,3R),7aalpha))-isomer; structure	6.93	1	pyrrolizines
riddelliine n-oxide riddelliine N-oxide: structure given in first source; from Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii). riddelliine N-oxide : A pyrrolizine alkaloid that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionane bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 12 and 18, two additional oxo groups at positions 11 and 16 and an N-oxido substituent.	2.02	1	diol; macrocyclic lactone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; primary alcohol; pyrrolizine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amine oxide	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; Jacobaea metabolite; mutagen; rat metabolite
asialo gm1 ganglioside [no description available]	2.1	1
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.1	1	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.02	1
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	7.75	3
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.05	1
isatidine isatidine: structure	8.37	7
clivorine clivorine: isolated from Ligularia dentata; structure in first source	2.45	2
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	1.99	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.05	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.05	1
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.06	1
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.06	1
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.63	25
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	4.63	25
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.82	11
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.25	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.82	11
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.25	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.25	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.82	11
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.25	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.25	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.25	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.31	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.45	7
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.72	3
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.72	3
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.76	3
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.21	1
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.21	1
Injuries, Prenatal [description not available]	2.21	1
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.21	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.7	3
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.05	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.73	3
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.73	3
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.64	3
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.64	3
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.38	2
Polyploid [description not available]	2.08	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.01	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.34	2
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.36	2
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	1.93	1
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	1.93	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	1.93	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	1.93	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.36	2
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	1.93	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.02	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.41	2
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.02	1
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.02	1
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	2.02	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.4	2
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.02	1
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.02	1
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.02	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.03	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.03	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.03	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	1.98	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.98	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	1.99	1
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.99	1
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.99	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	1.99	1
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2	1
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.98	1

retrorsine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (54)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (16)

Research

Studies (151)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.17

Study Types

retrorsine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (54)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (16)

Research

Studies (151)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 27.17

Study Types

Related Drugs (58)

Related Conditions (66)