Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]
The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from disease. It is constantly monitoring the environment for signs of danger, such as pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms), toxins, and damaged cells. When a threat is detected, the immune system mounts a response to eliminate it.
The regulation of the immune response is a tightly controlled process that ensures that the immune system effectively targets threats while avoiding damage to healthy tissues. This regulation involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cell-cell interactions, and feedback mechanisms.
**Key components of immune regulation:**
* **Antigen recognition:** The immune system must first recognize the specific antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response) associated with the threat. This is achieved through specialized cells like lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) that express unique antigen receptors.
* **T cell activation:** Upon antigen recognition, T cells undergo a series of activation steps involving co-stimulatory signals and cytokine production. These activated T cells differentiate into effector cells, such as cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells, and helper T cells that regulate other immune cells.
* **B cell activation:** B cells are responsible for antibody production. Antigen recognition by B cells triggers their activation and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Antibodies bind to specific antigens and neutralize them, making them easier for other immune cells to destroy.
* **Cytokine signaling:** Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate communication between immune cells and other cells in the body. They play crucial roles in directing immune responses, promoting inflammation, and regulating cell proliferation and differentiation.
* **Immune tolerance:** The immune system must be able to distinguish between self and non-self antigens. Tolerance ensures that the immune system does not attack the body's own cells and tissues. This tolerance is maintained through mechanisms like deletion of self-reactive cells during development, and regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses to self-antigens.
* **Immune homeostasis:** After a successful immune response, the immune system must return to a state of equilibrium. This is achieved through mechanisms like apoptosis (programmed cell death) of activated immune cells, and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines that suppress the immune response.
**Dysregulation of the immune response:**
In some cases, the immune response can become dysregulated, leading to a variety of diseases. For example, autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Allergies result from an overreaction to harmless antigens like pollen or food.
**Therapeutic interventions:**
Understanding the regulation of the immune response has led to the development of therapies that can modulate the immune system to treat diseases. These therapies include immunosuppressants that suppress immune activity, immunotherapies that stimulate or enhance the immune system, and vaccines that prime the immune system to respond to specific pathogens.
In conclusion, the regulation of the immune response is a vital process that ensures the effective protection of the body from disease. It involves a complex network of cells, signaling molecules, and feedback mechanisms that ensure the appropriate and balanced response to threats.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A | [no definition available] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
Programmed cell death protein 1 | A programmed cell death protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q15116] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 | A phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15357] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Signal peptide peptidase-like 2A | A signal peptide peptidase-like 2A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8TCT8] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A | A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62942] | Homo sapiens (human) |
B-cell lymphoma 6 protein | A B-cell lymphoma 6 protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P41182] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
thiabendazole | Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate | 1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug |
cycloheximide | cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
amanozine | diamino-1,3,5-triazine | ||
sesamin | (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. | benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan | antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, and 4' respectively. | pentahydroxyflavone | |
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate | 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions. inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES | inositol phosphate | |
pomalidomide | 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source | aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator |
nsc-89199 | estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine. | carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate | |
3-(3-pyridyl)-1-propyl-(2s)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate | |||
tacrolimus | tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-[2-(4-thiazolyl)-1-benzimidazolyl]acetamide | benzimidazoles | ||
biricodar | biricodar: a non-macrocyclic ligand for FKBP12; structure in first source | alpha-amino acid ester | |
apiin | apiin : A beta-D-glucoside having a beta-D-apiosyl residue at the 2-position and a 5,4'-dihydroxyflavon-7-yl moiety at the anomeric position. apiin: structure | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone | EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
l 683590 | immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source | ether; lactol; macrolide; secondary alcohol | antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
cyclosporine | ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
sirolimus | sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
fosbretabulin | stilbenoid | ||
rifamycin sv | rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties. rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009 | acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins | antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite |
bastadin 5 | |||
timcodar | timcodar: a mutlidrug resistance inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
ly 411575 | dibenzoazepine; difluorobenzene; lactam; secondary alcohol | EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor | |
crizotinib | crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. | 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine | antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor |
pf-562,271 | indoles | ||
1, 3-di-(n-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone | 1, 3-di-(N-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone: structure in first source | ||
as1949490 | |||
galloflavin | galloflavin: structure in first source |