Compounds > bromodichloromethane
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

bromodichloromethane

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Description

bromodichloromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

bromodichloromethane : A halomethane that is dichloromethane in which oneof the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom. It occurs as a contaminant in drinking water. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6359
CHEMBL ID346231
CHEBI ID34591
SCHEMBL ID75683
MeSH IDM0084268

Synonyms (57)

Synonym
BIDD:ER0623
75-27-4
wln: gyge
bromodichloromethane
nsc-8018
dichlorobromomethane
nci-c55243
nsc8018
methane, bromodichloro-
bromodichoromethane
einecs 200-856-7
ccris 819
brn 1697005
bromodichlormethane
ai3-18134
hsdb 4160
nsc 8018
bdcm
bromo(dichloro)methane
inchi=1/chbrcl2/c2-1(3)4/h1
NCGC00091480-01
CHEBI:34591 ,
dichloromonobromomethane
chbrcl2
monobromodichloromethane
bromodichloromethane, >=97%
B1011
FT-0663694
bromo-dichloro-methane
CHEMBL346231
NCGC00091480-02
dtxsid1020198 ,
dtxcid30198
tox21_200806
cas-75-27-4
NCGC00258360-01
4-01-00-00076 (beilstein handbook reference)
7ln464ch2o ,
unii-7ln464ch2o
bromodichloromethane (stabilized with ethanol)
FT-0623239
AKOS015902362
bromodichloromethane [hsdb]
bromodichloromethane [iarc]
bromodichloromethane [mi]
3,4-difluorobenzylalcohol
SCHEMBL75683
FMWLUWPQPKEARP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
bromodichloromethane, amylene stabilized, analytical standard
bromodichloromethane, analytical standard
F17746
mfcd00000824
bromodichloromethane 100 microg/ml in methanol
Q417426
EN300-1702819
103 - trihalomethanes (thms) & nutrients in recreational water
64 - trihalomethanes (thms) & nutrients in recreational water

Research Excerpts

Overview

Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is found in drinking water as a by-product of disinfection processes. It is a rodent carcinogen formed by chlorination of drinking water. It has been implicated in liver, kidney and intestinal cancers in roden.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bromodichloromethane is a by-product of the chlorination of drinking water. "( Toxicology studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in genetically modified (FVB Tg.AC Hemizygous) mice (dermal, drinking water, and gavage studies) and carcinogenicity studies of bromodichloromethane in genetically modified [B6.129-Trp53(tm1Brd)
, 2007)		2.1
"Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a trihalomethane found in drinking water as a by-product of disinfection processes. "( Effect of bromodichloromethane on chorionic gonadotrophin secretion by human placental trophoblast cultures.
Best, DS; Bielmeier, SR; Chen, J; Douglas, GC; Harrison, RA; Lasley, BL; Lohstroh, PN; Narotsky, MG; Natarajan, K; Overstreet, JW; Pegram, RA; Thirkill, TL, 2003)		2.16
"Bromodichloromethane is a by-product of the chlorination of drinking water. "( NTP Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in male F344/N rats and female B6C3F1 mice (Drinking Water Studies).
, 2006)		2.04
"Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a disinfection by-product of drinking water chlorination and is the second most common trihalomethane (THM) in finished drinking water. "( Dose-dependent vehicle differences in the acute toxicity of bromodichloromethane.
Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Simmons, JE, 1994)		1.97
"Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a by-product of water chlorination and is the second most common trihalomethane (THM) in finished drinking water. "( Effect of subchronic corn oil gavage on the acute toxicity of orally administered bromodichloromethane.
Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Simmons, JE, 1996)		1.96
"Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a rodent carcinogen formed by chlorination of drinking water containing bromide and organic precursors. "( Physiologically based estimation of in vivo rates of bromodichloromethane metabolism.
Andersen, ME; Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM, 1997)		1.99
"Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a common municipal drinking water disinfection by-product, resulting in widespread trace human exposure via ingestion and inhalation. "( Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by inhaled bromodichloromethane in wild-type and p53-heterozygous mice.
Boorman, GA; Butterworth, BE; Cobb, AJ; Everitt, JI; Marshall, MW; Torti, VR, 2001)		2
"Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a drinking water disinfectant by-product that has been implicated in liver, kidney and intestinal cancers in rodents and in intestinal tumors and low birth weight effects in humans. "( Evidence for the involvement of CYP1A2 in the metabolism of bromodichloromethane in rat liver.
Allis, JW; Anderson, BP; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM; Zhao, G, 2002)		2

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bromodichloromethane has been shown to be carcinogenic at multiple sites in rats (large intestine and kidney) and in mice (liver and kidney) after administration by gavage in corn oil."( NTP Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in male F344/N rats and female B6C3F1 mice (Drinking Water Studies).
, 2006)		1.31

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It has been reported that delivery of THMs in corn oil can influence the site and magnitude of toxic and carcinogenic responses in rodents, perhaps by inducing metabolizing enzymes or altering tissue composition."( Effect of subchronic corn oil gavage on the acute toxicity of orally administered bromodichloromethane.
Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Simmons, JE, 1996)		0.52
" Effects of both agents on maternal weight gain were slightly more pronounced in the aqueous vehicle at lower doses, but at the highest dose, CCl4 was more maternally toxic in corn oil."( Effect of dosing vehicle on the developmental toxicity of bromodichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride in rats.
Kavlock, RJ; Narotsky, MG; Pegram, RA, 1997)		0.54
" In addition to causing more persistent liver toxicity than CHCl3, BDCM also appears to be slightly more toxic to the kidney at lower doses."( Trihalomethane comparative toxicity: acute renal and hepatic toxicity of chloroform and bromodichloromethane following aqueous gavage.
Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM, 1997)		0.52
" As the toxicity of these trihalomethanes (THMs) has most often been studied with corn oil as the vehicle of administration, the objectives of this study were to assess hepatotoxicity after exposure to single, low dosages of CHCl3 and BDCM given orally in an aqueous vehicle to estimate a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) and a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and to compare toxic potency."( NOAEL and LOAEL determinations of acute hepatotoxicity for chloroform and bromodichloromethane delivered in an aqueous vehicle to F344 rats.
Keegan, TE; Pegram, RA; Simmons, JE, 1998)		0.53
" Under the conditions of these studies, no significant adverse effects on immune function were observed in mice."( Evaluation of the potential immunotoxicity of bromodichloromethane in rats and mice.
Andrews, D; Copeland, CB; French, AS; Luebke, RW; Riddle, MM; Wiliams, WC, 1999)		0.56
" No adverse effects on embryofetal viability, growth, sex ratio, gross external, soft tissue, or skeletal morphology occurred at 900 ppm in rats or rabbits."( Oral (drinking water) developmental toxicity studies of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) in rats and rabbits.
Christian, MS; Diener, RM; Fisher, LC; Hoberman, AM; York, RG, )		0.38

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of vehicle of administration on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered BDCM and to further develop and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe BDCM absorption, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism for both oil and 10% Emulphor vehicles."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic description of the oral uptake, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism of bromodichloromethane in the male rat.
Andersen, ME; Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM, 1998)		0.51
" The metabolic elimination amounts at various exposure concentrations were extrapolated using the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters."( Estimation of absorption of trihalomethanes and carbon tetrachloride in low-level exposure by inhalation pharmacokinetic analysis in rats.
Andoh, K; Fukuhara, M; Yoshida, T, 1999)		0.3
" The significant increase in blood concentrations of THMs could be a consequence of pharmacokinetic interactions between two or more of the THMs present simultaneously."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interactions between orally administered trihalomethanes in the rat.
Charest-Tardif, G; Da Silva, ML; Krishnan, K; Tardif, R, 2000)		0.31
" To use biomonitoring data in understanding exposure, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can be used in a reverse dosimetry approach to assess a distribution of exposures possibly associated with specific blood or urine levels of compounds."( Reverse dosimetry: interpreting trihalomethanes biomonitoring data using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Clewell, HJ; Liao, KH; Tan, YM, 2007)		0.34
"Biotransformation rates extrapolated from in vitro data are used increasingly in human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."( The Impact of Scaling Factor Variability on Risk-Relevant Pharmacokinetic Outcomes in Children: A Case Study Using Bromodichloromethane (BDCM).
George, BJ; Hines, RN; Kenyon, EM; Lipscomb, JC; Pegram, RA, 2019)		0.72

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Trihalomethanes are well absorbed by the oral route which was selected for this study as being that most relevant to humans."( Assessment of the potential in vivo genotoxicity of three trihalomethanes: chlorodibromomethane, bromodichloromethane and bromoform.
Howard, WR; Proudlock, RJ; Statham, J; Stocker, KJ, 1997)		0.51
" Estimates of oral absorption rate constants were determined by fitting blood and exhaled breath chamber concentration-time curves obtained following gavage of male F344 rats with 50 or 100 mg BDCM/kg in corn oil or 10% Emulphor using a previously published multicompartmental gastrointestinal tract submodel (Semino et al."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic description of the oral uptake, tissue dosimetry, and rates of metabolism of bromodichloromethane in the male rat.
Andersen, ME; Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM, 1998)		0.51

Dosage Studied

The disposition of [14C]bromodichloromethane (BDCM) was studied in male Fischer rats after single oral doses of 1, 10, 32, or 100 mg/kg.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The disposition of [14C]bromodichloromethane (BDCM) was studied in male Fischer rats after single oral doses of 1, 10, 32, or 100 mg/kg and 10-d repeat oral dosing of 10 or 100 mg/kg/d."( Metabolism and distribution of bromodichloromethane in rats after single and multiple oral doses.
Jeffcoat, AR; Mathews, JM; Troxler, PS, 1990)		0.87
" The potentiated response observed with acetone plus BrCHCl2 or Br2CHCl was equal to or greater than that observed with acetone plus an approximately equimolar dosage of CHCl3."( Acetone-induced potentiation of trihalomethane toxicity in male rats.
Brown, EM; Hewitt, WR; Plaa, GL, 1983)		0.27
" In the present investigation, female rats and mice (n = 6) were dosed daily for 5 consecutive days with BDCM (dissolved in an aqueous, 10% Emulphor solution) by gavage."( Toxicity of bromodichloromethane in female rats and mice after repeated oral dosing.
Pegram, RA; Seely, JC; Thornton-Manning, JR, )		0.51
" Activities of serum hepatoxicity indicators were significantly greater 48 hr after administration of 400 mg BDCM/kg in corn oil compared to the aqueous vehicle, but delivery of the low dose in either dosing vehicle had little effect on serum enzymes."( Dose-dependent vehicle differences in the acute toxicity of bromodichloromethane.
Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Simmons, JE, 1994)		0.53
" These estimates are usually based, however, on the dose-response data for tumor incidences from a single sex/strain/species of animal."( Combination of cancer data in quantitative risk assessments: case study using bromodichloromethane.
Knauf, LA; McGinnis, PM; Schoeny, RS; Stiteler, WS; Vater, ST; Velazquez, SF, 1994)		0.52
" After oral dosing with BDCM, the BSO-pretreated animals had greatly increased levels of serum indicators of hepatotoxicity and serum and urinary indicators of nephrotoxicity compared to those in animals dosed solely with BDCM."( Protective effects of glutathione on bromodichloromethane in vivo toxicity and in vitro macromolecular binding in Fischer 344 rats.
Gao, P; Pegram, RA; Thornton-Manning, JR, 1996)		0.57
" Each of these four THMs was carcinogenic in rodents in chronic oral dosing studies."( Glutathione S-transferase-mediated mutagenicity of trihalomethanes in Salmonella typhimurium: contrasting results with bromodichloromethane off chloroform.
Andersen, ME; Claxton, LD; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM; Warren, SH, 1997)		0.51
" Blood concentrations of BDCM following GD-6 gavage revealed a shorter elimination half-life in the aqueous dosing vehicle (2."( Effect of dosing vehicle on the developmental toxicity of bromodichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride in rats.
Kavlock, RJ; Narotsky, MG; Pegram, RA, 1997)		0.54
" To date, no comprehensive comparison of the acute renal and hepatic effects of BDCM and CHCl3 following oral gavage in an aqueous dosing vehicle has been conducted."( Trihalomethane comparative toxicity: acute renal and hepatic toxicity of chloroform and bromodichloromethane following aqueous gavage.
Lilly, PD; Pegram, RA; Ross, TM, 1997)		0.52
" This study compares dose-response relationships of gavage-administered chlorinated/brominated trihalomethanes for hepatotoxicity, replicative DNA synthesis, and hepatocarcinogenicity in female B6C3F1 mice."( Regenerative hyperplasia is not required for liver tumor induction in female B6C3F1 mice exposed to trihalomethanes.
Dunnick, JK; Kohn, MC; Leininger, JR; Melnick, RL, 1998)		0.3
" BDCM, in 10% Alkamuls(R), was dosed at 75 mg/kg/day by gavage to F344 rats on GD 6-10 (plug day = GD 0)."( Serum hormone characterization and exogeneous hormone rescue of bromodichloromethane-induced pregnancy loss in the F344 rat.
Best, DS; Bielmeier, SR; Narotsky, MG, 2004)		0.56
" In rats, formate excretion was dose and time dependant, being markedly elevated after four doses and remaining at that level after 3 weeks of dosing at 100 mg/kg/day BDCM, while at 50 mg/kg/day there was some suggestion of a decline after 3 weeks."( Formic acid excretion in rats and mice exposed to bromodichloromethane: a possible link to renal tubule cell proliferation in long-term studies.
Cottrell, L; Jacobsen, M; Lock, T; Soames, T; Williams, R, 2004)		0.58
" To further characterize its dose-response relationships for evaluations of human risk, bromodichloromethane was nominated to the NTP by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice by drinking water exposure."( NTP Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in male F344/N rats and female B6C3F1 mice (Drinking Water Studies).
, 2006)		0.82
", in vivo exposure followed by in vitro assessment), dams were dosed by gavage on gestation days (GD) 6-9 (plug day=GD 0) at 0 or 100 mg/kg/d."( Effects of bromodichloromethane on ex vivo and in vitro luteal function and bromodichloromethane tissue dosimetry in the pregnant F344 rat.
Best, DS; Bielmeier, SR; Goldman, JM; Harrison, RA; Murr, AS; Narotsky, MG; Pegram, RA, 2007)		0.73
" The survival and mean body and organ weights of all dosed groups of males and females were similar to those of the vehicle controls."( Toxicology studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in genetically modified (FVB Tg.AC Hemizygous) mice (dermal, drinking water, and gavage studies) and carcinogenicity studies of bromodichloromethane in genetically modified [B6.129-Trp53(tm1Brd)
, 2007)		0.65
" We found little indication of a dose-response relationship for brominated THM and congenital heart anomalies."( Risk of congenital anomalies in relation to the uptake of trihalomethane from drinking water during pregnancy.
Buinauskiene, J; Grazuleviciene, R; Kapustinskiene, V; Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ; Vencloviene, J, 2013)		0.39
" All kinds of DBPs detected increased with the dosage of increasing chlorine, but the increases slowed down when the dosage was higher than 2 mg ."( [Formation of Disinfection By-Products During Chlor(am)ination of Danjiangkou Reservoir Water and Comparison of Disinfection Processes].
Cheng, T; Chu, WH; Xia, SJ; Xu, B; Zhang, MS; Zhang, TY, 2015)		0.42
" Previous analyses indicated that scaling factor variability impacts pharmacokinetic (PK) outcomes used in adult population dose-response studies."( The Impact of Scaling Factor Variability on Risk-Relevant Pharmacokinetic Outcomes in Children: A Case Study Using Bromodichloromethane (BDCM).
George, BJ; Hines, RN; Kenyon, EM; Lipscomb, JC; Pegram, RA, 2019)		0.72
" Additionally, we found positive dose-response relationships between blood BDCM, DBCM, and Br-THM concentrations and serum markers of oxidative stress (i."( Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations and Osteoarthritis among U.S. Population Aged over 50 Years.
Messerlian, C; Mustieles, V; Qian, D; Sun, Y; Wang, YX; Zhang, Y, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
reagentA substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
halomethaneA haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (2)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency7.71940.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency68.79890.000221.22318,912.5098AID743042
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (4)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID37562Induction of aneuploidy in Aspergillus nidulans.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Molecular similarity matrices and quantitative structure-activity relationships: a case study with methodological implications.
AID243422log (1/Km) value for human liver microsome cytochrome P450 3A42005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18
Modeling K(m) values using electrotopological state: substrates for cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated metabolism.
AID433903Hepatotoxicity in mouse assessed as carcinogenic potency2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
Development of QSAR models for predicting hepatocarcinogenic toxicity of chemicals.
AID19825Partition coefficient (logP)1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-17, Volume: 38, Issue:4
Molecular similarity matrices and quantitative structure-activity relationships: a case study with methodological implications.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (144)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199024 (16.67)18.7374
1990's37 (25.69)18.2507
2000's44 (30.56)29.6817
2010's32 (22.22)24.3611
2020's7 (4.86)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.75

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index44.75 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.03 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.63 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index68.03 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (44.75)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (1.97%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other149 (98.03%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.3920chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9610ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
benzene
[no description available]		2.420aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		7.9240halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		7.0210monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.3920alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.		2.1710chlorocarboxylic acid;
haloacetic acid		alkylating agent;
herbicide
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		1.9610alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.2110diatomic iodinenutrient
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		1.9610divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.4920methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.0210organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.02101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0210carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		1.9810ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0210aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.0210dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0210quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		1.9810aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.02101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.02102-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
dapsone
[no description available]		2.0210substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
methylene bromide
methylene bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. dibromomethane : A member of the class of bromomethanes that is methane substituted by two bromo groups. It is produced by marine algae.		2.0510bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes		algal metabolite;
marine metabolite
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.0510chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0210anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.02101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.0210aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.0210dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0210aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.5320dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0210benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		2.0110benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.0510
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0510isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0210diarylmethane
bromoform
bromoform: structure		6.36510bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.0210chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.0210cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		1.9810mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		8.0950chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.0210alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		6.61660chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
hexachloroethane
[no description available]		2.4120chlorocarbon;
chloroethanes		carcinogenic agent;
refrigerant
bromoacetate
[no description available]		2.1710carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		2.420chloroethanespolar solvent
perthane
perthane: structure		2.0510
bromoethane
bromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses.		1.9810bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
refrigerant;
solvent
bromochloromethane
bromochloromethane: inhibitor of ruminal methane production. bromochloromethane : A halomethane that is chloromethane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom.		1.9810halomethane
ethyl chloride
Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.		2.0510chloroethanesantipruritic drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		1.9910chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		7.940chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
1,1-dichloroethane
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound
vinylidene chloride
vinylidene chloride: potent hepatotoxin. 1,1-dichloroethene : A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.		1.9810chloroethenescarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
iodoform
[no description available]		2.4120iodomethanes
bromotrichloromethane
Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.		2.3820
trichlorofluoromethane
trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.		1.9810chlorofluorocarbon;
halomethane		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
NMR solvent;
refrigerant
pentachloroethane
[no description available]		2.4120chloroethanesnon-polar solvent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.9840monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chloropicrin
chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.1110C-nitro compound;
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antifungal agrochemical;
fumigant insecticide;
nematicide
propylene dichloride
propylene dichloride: Russian drug; structure. 1,2-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.		1.9810chloroalkane;
volatile organic compound
2,3-dichloro-1-propene
2,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant		1.9810
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 1,1,2-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.		2.4120chloroethanes
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		3.2660chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.		2.4120chloroethanes
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.4320monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone
1-amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone: intermediate in the production of dyes		2.0510anthraquinone
michler's ketone
[no description available]		2.0510benzophenones
cdec
CDEC: structure		2.0510thiocarbonyl compound
2,4-diaminotoluene
2,4-diaminotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. 2,4-diaminotoluene : An aminotoluene that is para-toluidine with an additional amino group at position 2.		2.0510aminotoluenemetabolite
4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene
4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monochlorobenzenes
1,2,3-trichloropropane
[no description available]		2.4120organochlorine compound
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.0210nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
5-nitro-2-toluidine
5-nitro-2-toluidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-nitro-o-toluidine : A C-nitro compound in which the nitro compound is meta to the amino group and para to the methyl group of o-toluidine.		2.0510C-nitro compound
5-nitro-2-methoxyaniline
5-nitro-2-methoxyaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.05104-nitroanisoles;
substituted aniline
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.0110styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
di-(4-aminophenyl)ether
di-(4-aminophenyl)ether: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.610xylene
ethylene dibromide
Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.		1.9610bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
fumigant;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		2.0510butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
1-bromo-2-chloroethane
1-bromo-2-chloroethane : A haloalkane that is bromoethane substituted by chlorine at position 2.		1.9810haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound		mutagen
butyl bromide
[no description available]		1.9810
butyl chloride
butyl chloride: structure		1.9810
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0510cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
tetrafluoroethylene
tetrafluoroethylene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510fluorocarbon
2-aminoanthraquinone
[no description available]		2.0510anthraquinone
cresidine
cresidine: structure		2.0510methoxybenzenes
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		2.0210isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510chlorobenzoic acid
2,4,5-trimethylaniline
2,4,5-trimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510substituted aniline
4,4'-thiodianiline
4,4'-thiodianiline: structure		2.0510substituted aniline
1,3-dichloropropane
1,3-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by a chlorine.		1.9810chloroalkane;
chlorohydrocarbon		environmental contaminant;
nematicide
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		1.9810catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.02101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
chlorobenzilate
chlorobenzilate: structure		2.0510diarylmethane
1-chloro-2-methylpropene
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound
1-chlorohexane
[no description available]		1.9810
3-chloro-2-methylprop-1-ene
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound
2,2-dichloropropane
2,2-dichloropropane: a water pollutant		1.9810
5-nitroacenaphthene
[no description available]		2.0510nitronaphthalene
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane: see also record for tetrachloroethane		2.4120chloroethanes
dibromoacetic acid
dibromoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.		2.17102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid		apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
marine metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		1.9810N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.0210
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
nitrofen
nitrofen: structure		2.0510organic molecular entityEC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.0210benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
1,5-naphthalenediamine
1,5-diaminonaphthalene: structure in first source. naphthalene-1,5-diamine : A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.		2.0510naphthalenediaminecarcinogenic agent
captafol
captafol: RN given refers to cpd with specified chlorine locants. captafol : A dicarboximide that captan in which the trichloromethyl group is replaced by a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group. A broad-spectrum fungicide used to control diseases in fruit and potatoes, it is no longer approved for use in the European Community.		2.0210isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
n-methylamino-2-nitro-4-n',n'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminobenzene
N-methylamino-2-nitro-4-N',N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminobenzene: structure		2.0510C-nitro compound
dichloroacetonitrile
dichloroacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source		2.7130aliphatic nitrile
dibromoacetonitrile
dibromoacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source		7.0310aliphatic nitrile
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		1.9910diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
1-nitropyrene
[no description available]		2.0210nitroarenecarcinogenic agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		210diatomic bromine
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		1.9810chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.9120diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
potassium chromate(vi)
potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9810potassium saltcarcinogenic agent;
oxidising agent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.0210elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
chloramine
[no description available]		2.5520halide
1,2-diphenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0510
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.1710benzenes;
phenyl acetates
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
chlorodibromomethane
[no description available]		6.6650organochlorine compound
chloroprene
Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.		2.0510chloroolefin
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		3.1150chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
alkenes
[no description available]		1.9210
7-ethoxycoumarin
7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
coumarins
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0210taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0210beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.0210triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.02105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone
3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source		2.7130butenolide
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.0210delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.02103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
zileuton
[no description available]		2.02101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.0210carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
tazofelone
tazofelone: structure in first source		2.0210
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.0210macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.7130bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.1110nitrogen oxoacid
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0210hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0210
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.0210bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.02101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.0510limoneneplant metabolite
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0210L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		2.0210isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.0210macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
isosafrole
isosafrole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110benzodioxoles
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		1.9610
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9810aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		2.0510imidazolidines
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.0210stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
quinine
[no description available]		2.0210cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		1.9510
senecionine
senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.		2.0210lactone;
pyrrolizidine alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		plant metabolite
cinnamyl anthranilate
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0210homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0210antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
onapristone
onapristone: induces vaginal bleeding and luteal regression in monkeys; structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist		2.0210
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zatosetron
zatosetron: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
k11002
[no description available]		2.0210
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0210
lilopristone
lilopristone: structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist		2.0210
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.1110chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		2.7130bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.5220
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		7.0810
guanine
[no description available]		2.02102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.1110
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.0210benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0210
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.0210oxopurine
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9610
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.7930
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Aneuploid
[description not available]		01.9810
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.91120
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.610
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.610
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.6120
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.2510
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.2510
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.2510
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.1710
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.1710
Harelip
[description not available]		02.1710
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.1710
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		02.1710
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.7930
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.1710
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.1710
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.4770
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.4770
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.34200
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.5220
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal
[description not available]		02.0810
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.0810
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		02.0810
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.5220
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.7830
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.7830
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.4920
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.0240
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.0810
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.0810
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.0810
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.0240
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.7630
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.4320
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.9140
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.1310
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.0710
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.4220
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.6930
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.4220
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.6930
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.4220
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.4220
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.730
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0210
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0210
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.0210
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.0210
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0310
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.6730
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.6730
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9510
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		01.9510
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.6630
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		01.9810
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		01.9810
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.3920
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9910
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.3920
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		0210
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		0210
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9810
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9710
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		01.9710
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		01.9710
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9710
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		01.9710
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9710
Adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9610