Target type: molecularfunction
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel. [GOC:mah]
Calcium channel inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the flow of calcium ions (Ca2+) through calcium channels. Calcium channels are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that allow Ca2+ to move from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm of cells. They are essential for a wide range of cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and hormone secretion. Calcium channel inhibitors work by binding to the calcium channel and blocking its pore, preventing the flow of Ca2+ through the channel. This can have a variety of effects on the cell, depending on the type of calcium channel being blocked and the specific cell type. For example, calcium channel inhibitors can:
- **Reduce muscle contraction:** By blocking calcium channels in muscle cells, calcium channel inhibitors can reduce the amount of calcium that enters the cell, which in turn reduces the strength of muscle contractions. This is the basis for the use of calcium channel inhibitors to treat conditions such as hypertension and angina pectoris.
- **Reduce neurotransmitter release:** Calcium channel inhibitors can also block calcium channels in nerve cells, reducing the release of neurotransmitters. This can be used to treat conditions such as epilepsy and migraines.
- **Reduce hormone secretion:** Calcium channel inhibitors can also block calcium channels in endocrine cells, reducing the secretion of hormones. This can be used to treat conditions such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing's syndrome.
There are several different types of calcium channels, each with its own specific function and sensitivity to different calcium channel inhibitors. The most common types of calcium channels targeted by drugs include:
- **L-type calcium channels:** These channels are found in heart muscle cells, smooth muscle cells, and some nerve cells. They are involved in muscle contraction, blood pressure regulation, and neurotransmitter release. L-type calcium channel inhibitors are used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and arrhythmias.
- **T-type calcium channels:** These channels are found in some nerve cells and are involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability. T-type calcium channel inhibitors are being investigated as potential treatments for epilepsy and pain.
- **N-type calcium channels:** These channels are found in nerve cells and are involved in neurotransmitter release. N-type calcium channel inhibitors are used to treat chronic pain.
In addition to their therapeutic uses, calcium channel inhibitors are also used in research to study the role of calcium signaling in various cellular processes. They are a powerful tool for investigating the function of calcium channels and their role in health and disease.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A | [no definition available] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| 14 kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase | A 14 kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NRX4] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 | An inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q14643] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1B | A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1B that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P68106] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Calmodulin-1 | A calmodulin (human) that is a translation product of the CALM1 gene. [PRO:DAN, UniProtKB:P0DP23] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| acetarsol | acetamides; anilide | ||
| chlorpromazine | chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| ethacrynic acid | etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| ethylmaleimide | Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. | maleimides | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor |
| promethazine | promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety. Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative |
| roxarsone | roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl. Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals. | 2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid | agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat |
| trifluoperazine | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug | |
| diphenylmethane | diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups. | diarylmethane | |
| hesperidin | hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels. | 3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside | mutagen |
| flavone | flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2. flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source | flavones | metabolite; nematicide |
| 3-hydroxyflavone | 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone. | flavonols; monohydroxyflavone | |
| 6-hydroxyflavone | 6-hydroxyflavone: antioxidant; structure in first source | hydroxyflavonoid | |
| stictic acid | stictic acid: antioxidant from lichen, Usnea articulata; structure in first source | aromatic ether | |
| naringenin | (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. | (2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin | expectorant; plant metabolite |
| inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate | Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. | myo-inositol trisphosphate | mouse metabolite |
| 3-(3-pyridyl)-1-propyl-(2s)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate | |||
| tacrolimus | tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| chrysin | chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. | 7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| 7-hydroxyflavone | 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group. | hydroxyflavonoid | |
| cyclosporine | ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| sirolimus | sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| norstictic acid | norstictic acid: from Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa; structure in first source | ||
| shamixanthone | shamixanthone : A pyranoxanthene that is 2,3-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]xanthen-12(1H)-one bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 11 as well as a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 2, a methyl substituent at position 5 and a 3,3-dimethylallyl group at position 8. A secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus nidulans. | cyclic ketone; phenols; pyranoxanthene | metabolite |
| clozapine | clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |