protein maturation by protein folding

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GOC:isa_complete]

Protein maturation through protein folding is a fundamental biological process essential for the functionality and stability of proteins. It involves a complex interplay of forces that guide the polypeptide chain, synthesized as a linear sequence of amino acids, into a specific three-dimensional structure. This intricate process is driven by the hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Initially, the newly synthesized polypeptide chain emerges from the ribosome in an unfolded state, often referred to as a random coil. This unfolded state is unstable and prone to aggregation. As the chain emerges, chaperone proteins assist in preventing aggregation and guide the polypeptide towards its native conformation. The process of protein folding begins with the formation of local secondary structures, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets, driven by interactions between amino acid side chains. These secondary structures then fold upon each other to form tertiary structures, stabilized by a variety of interactions including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and disulfide bonds. For multi-subunit proteins, the tertiary structures assemble further to form quaternary structures, where multiple polypeptide chains interact to form a functional protein complex. Throughout the folding process, the protein can adopt intermediate states that may be either stable or unstable. Some proteins may require assistance from chaperone proteins to overcome energy barriers and reach their final conformation. Incorrect folding can lead to the formation of misfolded proteins, which can be detrimental to cellular function and can contribute to the development of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The process of protein folding is highly dynamic and influenced by various factors including temperature, pH, and the presence of other molecules. In summary, protein maturation through protein folding is a crucial process that ensures proteins achieve their correct shape and function, critical for the proper functioning of all living organisms.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (11)