Compounds > naproxen-n-butyl nitrate
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

naproxen-n-butyl nitrate

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

naproxen-n-butyl nitrate: a nitric oxide-releasing NSAID derivative [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

naproxcinod : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of naproxen with the hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. A cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator that is metabolised to naproxen and a nitric oxide donating moiety, effective in treatment of osteoarthritis. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9884642
CHEMBL ID2103831
CHEBI ID76254
SCHEMBL ID1170879
MeSH IDM0289260

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
hct-3012
azd-3582
naproxcinod
nitronaproxen
naproxen nitroxybutyl ester
zd-3582
ar-p900758xx
no-naproxen
hct 3012
naproxen-n-butyl nitrate
azd 3582
azd3582
v24gr4li3i ,
naproxcinod [usan:inn]
(s)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoic acid 4-nitrooxybutyl ester
2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-, 4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester, (s)-
unii-v24gr4li3i
4-(nitrooxy)butyl (2s)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate
2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-, 4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester, (alphas)-
163133-43-5
D09568
naproxcinod (usan/inn)
(s)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphtyl) propionic acid 4-nitrooxybutyl ester
AKFJWRDCWYYTIG-ZDUSSCGKSA-N
CHEMBL2103831
chebi:76254 ,
AKOS015994779
AKOS015914063
naproxcinod [mi]
naproxcinod [usan]
naproxcinod [who-dd]
2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-.alpha.-methyl-, 4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester, (.alpha.s)-
naproxcinod [inn]
hct3012
naproxcinodum
4-(nitrooxy)butyl (2s)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoate
ME-0138
SCHEMBL1170879
AC-23946
DTXSID20167523
gtpl9551
4-nitrooxybutyl (2s)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate
Q3335996
4-(nitrooxy)butyl (s)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate
DB06682
4-(nitrooxy)butyl-(2s)-2-(6-methoxy-2 naphthyl)propanoate
hct 3012; naproxcinod; nitronaproxen
4-(nitrooxy)butyl(2s)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propanoate
HY-14931
CS-0003642
E87348
AKOS040753214

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Safety endpoints included vital signs and adverse events."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator naproxcinod in treating osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.
Aguirre, D; Karlsson, J; Pivodic, A; Schnitzer, TJ, 2009)		0.35
" Both doses of naproxcinod were well-tolerated, with most adverse events being mild or moderate."( Efficacy and safety of naproxcinod in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a 13-week prospective, randomized, multicenter study.
Duquesroix, B; Frayssinet, H; Kivitz, A; Schnitzer, TJ, 2010)		0.36
" Safety assessments included adverse events and in-office blood pressure measurements."( Efficacy, safety, and effects on blood pressure of naproxcinod 750 mg twice daily compared with placebo and naproxen 500 mg twice daily in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter study.
Baerwald, C; Duquesroix, B; Ferreira, T; Frayssinet, H; Verdecchia, P, 2010)		0.36
" Naproxcinod and naproxen had similar adverse event and general safety profiles."( Efficacy, safety, and effects on blood pressure of naproxcinod 750 mg twice daily compared with placebo and naproxen 500 mg twice daily in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter study.
Baerwald, C; Duquesroix, B; Ferreira, T; Frayssinet, H; Verdecchia, P, 2010)		0.36

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"1%, a half-life (t1/2) of 3 to 10 h and does not accumulate after repeated once- and twice-daily dosing."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD) AZD3582.
Björnsson, MA; Fagerholm, U, 2005)		0.33
"We report herein the development, synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacological characterization of a novel class of pharmacodynamic hybrids that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoform and present suitable nitric oxide releasing properties."( Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
Alfonso, S; Anzini, M; Battilocchio, C; Biava, M; Calderone, V; Colovic, M; Consalvi, S; Di Capua, A; Di Cesare Mannelli, L; Dovizio, M; Ghelardini, C; Giordani, A; Martelli, A; Patrignani, P; Persiani, S; Poce, G; Rossi, A; Sautebin, L; Testai, L, 2014)		0.4
" After validation, the method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of naproxcinod and naproxen in rats."( Simultaneous quantification of naproxcinod and its active metabolite naproxen in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Cao, D; Du, Y; Hao, Y; Shang, W; Shi, Q; Shi, X; Sun, M; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xue, N; Zhang, K, 2015)		0.42

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The steady state bioavailability of naproxen metabolised from AZD3582 was 95% (95% confidence interval 87-101%) of that after naproxen administration."( Gastrointestinal safety of AZD3582, a cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donator: proof of concept study in humans.
Atherton, CT; Bebb, JR; Bjarnason, IT; Fagerholm, U; Hawkey, CJ; Jones, JI; Jonzon, B; Karlsson, P; Skelly, MM, 2003)		0.32
" Its oral bioavailability (F) appears to be maximally a few per cent, and increases by several-fold after food intake."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD) AZD3582.
Björnsson, MA; Fagerholm, U, 2005)		0.33
" While an aspirin prodrug exhibited comparable oral bioavailability and antiplatelet activity (i."( Gastric-sparing nitric oxide-releasable 'true' prodrugs of aspirin and naproxen.
Borhade, N; Burhan, A; Desai, DC; Dhiman, M; Gaikwad, P; Gund, M; Nemmani, KVS; Patil, M; Satyam, A; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Sheikh, J; Thakre, G; Tipparam, SG, 2014)		0.4

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"5 and 16 mg kg(-1)) was evaluated using two dosage regimen protocols: (i) preventive, starting oral administration of the drugs at the time of induction of arthritis and for the following 21 days (day 1 - 21); (ii) therapeutic, starting oral administration of the drugs 7 days after adjuvant injection and for the following 14 days (day 7 - 21)."( NO-naproxen modulates inflammation, nociception and downregulates T cell response in rat Freund's adjuvant arthritis.
Bucci, M; Calignano, A; Cicala, C; Cirino, G; Fiorucci, S; Gerli, R; Ianaro, A; Santucci, L; Wallace, JL, 2000)		0.31
" At the start and end of each dosing period, gastroduodenal injury was assessed by endoscopy and small bowel permeability by differential urinary excretion of lactulose and L-rhamnose."( Gastrointestinal safety of AZD3582, a cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donator: proof of concept study in humans.
Atherton, CT; Bebb, JR; Bjarnason, IT; Fagerholm, U; Hawkey, CJ; Jones, JI; Jonzon, B; Karlsson, P; Skelly, MM, 2003)		0.32
" Following dosing of AZD3582 or naproxen, the t1/2 of naproxen was 5, 9-10 and >40 h in rats, minipigs and dogs, respectively."( Pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of the cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donor (CINOD) AZD3582.
Breuer, O; Fagerholm, U; Hoogstraate, J; Swedmark, S, 2005)		0.33
"To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of AZD3582 with that of rofecoxib, naproxen, and placebo in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, and to define the dosage of AZD3582 (125 mg, 375 mg, and 750 mg twice a day) that is noninferior in efficacy to rofecoxib."( Comparison of the COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator AZD3582 and rofecoxib in treating the signs and symptoms of Osteoarthritis of the knee.
Hee, A; Kivitz, AJ; Lipetz, RS; Sanders, N; Schnitzer, TJ, 2005)		0.33
" The naproxen t1/2 and trough steady-state concentrations after AZD3582 and naproxen dosing are similar."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD) AZD3582.
Björnsson, MA; Fagerholm, U, 2005)		0.33
"The objective of this endoscopic study was to compare the effects on the gastroduodenal mucosa of healthy volunteers of different doses and dosing regimens of AZD3582, a cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD), with equimolar doses of naproxen."( Dose-effect comparisons of the CINOD AZD3582 and naproxen on upper gastrointestinal tract mucosal injury in healthy subjects.
Fornstedt-Wallin, B; Hedman, A; Jonzon, B; Karlsson, P; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2006)		0.33
"Nineteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups and dosed with vehicle, naproxen or naproxcinod by gavage for two weeks."( Intra-renal oxygenation in rat kidneys during water loading: effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and nitric oxide (NO) donation.
Du, H; Ji, L; Li, LP; Prasad, PV; Schnitzer, T, 2010)		0.36
"0001) and the 24 hours following morning dosing (LS mean: -2."( Blood pressure effects of naproxcinod in hypertensive patients.
Bittar, N; Chrysant, SG; Djian, J; Duquesroix, B; Pivodic, A; Ramsay, A; Rosen, J; Smith, W; Townsend, R; Weiss, R, 2011)		0.37
" Innovative new oral and intra-articular pharmaceutically engineered dosage forms are examined."( What's new in NSAID pharmacotherapy: oral agents to injectables.
Atkinson, TJ; Fudin, J; Jahn, HL; Kubotera, N; Rennick, AL; Rhorer, M, 2013)		0.39
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugAn anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins.
non-narcotic analgesicA drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
prodrugA compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
nitric oxide donorAn agent, with unique chemical structure and biochemical requirements, which generates nitric oxide.
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitorA compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
nitrate esterAny member of the class of nitrates resulting from the esterification of nitric acid with an alcohol.
carboxylic esterAn ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
methoxynaphthaleneAny alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (13)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1064086Induction of nitric oxide production in Wistar rat liver homogenate assessed as NOx level at 1 mM after 1 to 150 mins2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1871265NO releasing activity in rat liver homogenate assessed as nitrite formation measured after 120 mins2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 210Therapeutic potential for coxibs-nitric oxide releasing hybrids in cystic fibrosis.
AID1064083Induction of nitric oxide production in Wistar rat liver homogenate assessed as nitrate level at 1 mM2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1064087Induction of nitric oxide production in Wistar rat liver homogenate assessed as nitrite level at 1 mM after 1 to 150 mins2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1871266NO releasing activity in rat liver homogenate assessed as nitrate formation measured after 120 mins2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 210Therapeutic potential for coxibs-nitric oxide releasing hybrids in cystic fibrosis.
AID1064084Induction of nitric oxide production in Wistar rat liver homogenate assessed as NOx level at 1 mM2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1064106Ex vivo vasorelaxant activity in Wistar rat endothelium thoracic aortic ring assessed as reduction of KCl-induced contraction in presence of guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1064085Induction of nitric oxide production in Wistar rat liver homogenate assessed as nitrite level at 1 mM2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1064090Ex vivo vasorelaxant activity in Wistar rat endothelium thoracic aortic ring assessed as reduction of KCl-induced contraction at 0.001 uM to 10 uM relative to control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1064088Induction of nitric oxide production in Wistar rat liver homogenate assessed as nitrate level at 1 mM after 1 to 150 mins2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1064107Ex vivo vasorelaxant activity in Wistar rat endothelium thoracic aortic ring assessed as reduction of KCl-induced contraction2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
AID1345206Human COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase)2009Expert opinion on biological therapy, May, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Naproxcinod, a new cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD).
AID1345284Human COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase)2009Expert opinion on biological therapy, May, Volume: 9, Issue:5
Naproxcinod, a new cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator (CINOD).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (61)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's3 (4.92)18.2507
2000's36 (59.02)29.6817
2010's21 (34.43)24.3611
2020's1 (1.64)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.70

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index10.70 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.37 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.07 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.70)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials15 (23.81%)5.53%
Reviews14 (22.22%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other34 (53.97%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A 12-Week, Phase 1, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Dose Ranging, Forced Titration, Naproxen-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Pharmacodynamic Study, to Assess the Effects Different Doses of Naproxcinod and Naproxen on Arterial Blood Pressure as Measured [NCT00662610]Phase 1120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Phase 1, Repeated-Dose, Open-Label Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Naproxcinod 750 mg Bid Administered to Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function Compared to Matching Healthy Subjects [NCT00621881]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Phase 1 Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Nitrates and Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) After Oral Administration of Therapeutic and Supratherapeutic Doses of Naproxcinod in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT01404598]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
A Phase 1, Single-Center, Randomized, Parallel-group, Placebo- and Naproxen- Controlled, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Effect of Naproxcinod 750 mg Bid Administered for 8 Days on the Renal Hemodynamics, Natriuretic and Renin Responses to a Single Bol [NCT00909519]Phase 131 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
A 13-Week, Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo Bid and Naproxen 500 mg Bid, Controlled Study on the Efficacy on Signs and Symptoms, and Safety of Naproxcinod (HCT3012) 750 mg Bid, in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the [NCT00541489]Phase 3800 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A Phase 1 Repeated Dose Open Label Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Naproxcinod 750mg Bid Administered to Patients With Impaired Renal Function Compared to Matching Healthy Subjects [NCT00674856]Phase 132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A 16-week, Phase 1, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Naproxen and Ibuprofen-controlled, Parallel-Group Pharmacological Study, to Assess the Effect of Naproxcinod (375mg and750mg, Bid) Compared to Doses of Naproxen (250mg and 500mg, Bid) and to Ibupr [NCT00662896]Phase 1300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
301: A Phase 3 Study of the Analgesic Efficacy and Safety of HCT 3012: A Parallel, Randomized, Double Blind, 13 Week Placebo and Naproxen Controlled, Multicenter Study of HCT 3012 (375 mg Bid and 750 mg Bid) in Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee, Fo [NCT00542555]Phase 3918 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Phase 3, 53 Weeks Study on Analgesic Efficacy and Safety of Naproxcinod (HCT 3012): 26-Week, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo (13 Weeks)- and Naproxen (26 Weeks)-Controlled, Multicenter Study of Naproxcinod (375 mg Bid and 750 mg Bid) W [NCT00504127]Phase 31,020 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
A Phase II Trial of Calcitriol and Naproxen in Patients With Recurrent Prostate Cancer [NCT00383487]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Extreme toxicity)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.1810gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		5.8490monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.4120monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.0420acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		6.47120benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.7230organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.110alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.8130fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.7531monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.0210aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		3.4111benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.02103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0610secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.1110amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.0210ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.7130nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0210methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		5.0233butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210morpholines
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
thymidine
[no description available]		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		210phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.0310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0610alkane
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.1110pyrrole;
secondary amine
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.0610alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.1810isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.0510N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		2.0510nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.0510
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.4120alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		210
nitroaspirin
nitroaspirin: a nitric oxide donor		5.6170carbonyl compound
nitroflurbiprofen
nitroflurbiprofen: a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. nitroflurbiprofen : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.		3.8130biphenyls;
carboxylic ester;
nitrate ester;
organofluorine compound		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
vasodilator agent
parecoxib
parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.		3.1810isoxazoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		3.1210nitrogen oxoacid
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		14.195915methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.110monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.1350prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		4.5151thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.4220aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		210
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.71303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.0210triazolopyrimidines
defibrotide
defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION		2.0310
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		07.0972
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		19.0972
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.110
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.9340
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.110
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.110
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.9340
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.2310
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.5150
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.2310
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.5150
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.0310
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.0310
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.0310
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.6930
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.7840
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		04.3141
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.3141
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.1710
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1710
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0210
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.0210
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.0210
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.7241
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		0210
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.4720
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.110
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4720
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.110
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.4220
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		03.4220
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.4920
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		06.6454
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		18.6454
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		07.1666
Ache
[description not available]		07.6964
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.6964
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		07.1666
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.6732
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.6732
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		03.3520
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.0310
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.0310
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.4620
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.0510
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.4620
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.0510
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0510
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		04.3922
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		04.3922
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.9310
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.411
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		03.411
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.4111
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.4111
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		02.9410
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		02.9410
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		03.4111
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		03.4111
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.9410
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.9410
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		14.9410