| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|
choline
[no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cholines | allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species | human metabolite |
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent |
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative |
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester | antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator |
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent | |
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | | |
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 5.32 | 18 | 0 | retinoic acid;
vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule |
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 8.97 | 4 | 0 | retinol;
vitamin A | human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite |
3,4-didehydroretinoic acid
3,4-didehydroretinoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinoic acid : A retinoid obtained by 3,4-desaturation of beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinoic acid | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | retinoid;
vitamin A | human xenobiotic metabolite |
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | retinal;
vitamin A | gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite |
retinol acetate
retinol acetate: structure given in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester | |
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | caffeic acid | geroprotector;
mouse metabolite |
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | cinnamate ester;
tannin | food component;
plant metabolite |
retinoyl beta-glucuronide
retinoyl glucuronide: metabolite of retinoic acid in bile. 9-cis-retinoyl-beta-D-glucuronide : A retinoid that is 9-cis-retinoic acid in which the carboxy proton has been replaced by a beta-D-glucuronyl group. It is a major metabolite of 9-cis-retinoic acid. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | glucuronic acids;
retinoid | human metabolite |
4-oxoretinoic acid
4-oxoretinoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid : A retinoid that consists of all-trans-retinoic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | enone;
retinoid | human xenobiotic metabolite |
4-hydroxyretinoic acid
4-hydroxyretinoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoic acid : A retinoid that consists of all-trans-retinoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.. all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | retinoid;
secondary allylic alcohol | human metabolite |
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed) | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | | |
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt | antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison |
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | | |
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 2 | 1 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor |