Compounds > phosphoramide mustard
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

phosphoramide mustard

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID96356
CHEMBL ID525
CHEBI ID8163
SCHEMBL ID3103104
SCHEMBL ID12937644
MeSH IDM0095492

Synonyms (38)

Synonym
n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid
CHEBI:8163 ,
friedman acid
phosphorodiamidic mustard
nlpd
ccris 5127
n-lost-phosphorsaeurediamid [german]
phosphorodiamidic acid, n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)-
brn 1775144
asta 5317
protamine,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid
protamine phosphoramide mustard
nsc-113422
nsc113422
phosphorodiamidic acid,n-bis(2-chloroethy)-, mixt. with protamine
nsc-116106
nsc116106
phosphoramide mustard
C07647
phosphamide mustard
10159-53-2
NCISTRUC2_001406
NCISTRUC1_001560
CHEMBL525
amino-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phosphinic acid
n-lost-phosphorsaeurediamid
unii-4k9uld24rm
4k9uld24rm ,
SCHEMBL3103104
n,n-di-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphorodiamidic acid
SCHEMBL12937644
phosphorodiamidic acid,n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)-
DTXSID20144036
AKOS027322744
Q27107828
STARBLD0009721
CS-0137647
HY-137316

Research Excerpts

Overview

Phosphoramide mustard (PM) is an ovotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide. PM destroys primordial and primary follicles potentially by DNA damage induction.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Phosphoramide mustard (PM) is an ovotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide and destroys primordial and primary follicles potentially by DNA damage induction. "( The ovarian DNA damage repair response is induced prior to phosphoramide mustard-induced follicle depletion, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated inhibition prevents PM-induced follicle depletion.
Ganesan, S; Keating, AF, 2016)		2.12
"Phosphoramide mustard (PM) is an ovotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide. "( Phosphoramide mustard induces autophagy markers and mTOR inhibition prevents follicle loss due to phosphoramide mustard exposure.
Keating, AF; Madden, JA; Thomas, PQ, 2017)		3.34

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Phosphoramide mustard can cause bone marrow toxicity, gonadal toxicity, and may favor the development of leukemia, bladder cancer and other types of malignancy."( Does cyclophosphamide still play a role in glomerular diseases?
Escoli, R; Moroni, G; Ponticelli, C, 2018)		1.2

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) is selectively toxic to avian and mammalian B lymphocytes, but the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood."( Cytogenetic mechanisms in the selective toxicity of cyclophosphamide analogs and metabolites towards avian embryonic B lymphocytes in vivo.
Bloom, SE; Colvin, OM; Wilmer, JL, 1992)		0.28
" Treatment of yeast cells with the chemically activated form of CP (4-hydroperoxy-CP, 4-OOH-CP) and with several potentially toxic cleavage products revealed that cytotoxicity is closely linked to the formation of DNA interstrand cross-links and to DNA fragmentation."( Toxicity, interstrand cross-links and DNA fragmentation induced by 'activated' cyclophosphamide in yeast: comparative studies on 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, its monofunctional analogon, acrolein, phosphoramide mustard, and nor-nitrogen mustard.
Brendel, M; Fleer, R, 1982)		0.45
" The DNA repair protein, O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), protects cells from the toxic and mutagenic effects of O6-alkylating agents."( Role of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in protecting against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity and mutagenicity.
Cai, Y; Dolan, ME; Grdina, DJ; Ludeman, SM; Wu, MH, 1999)		0.3
"O6-Benzylguanine (BG) inactivates O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), resulting in an increase in the sensitivity of cells to the toxic effects of O6-alkylating agents."( Effect of O6-benzylguanine on nitrogen mustard-induced toxicity, apoptosis, and mutagenicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Cai, Y; Chung, AB; Dolan, ME; Ludeman, SM; Wilson, LR, 2001)		0.31
" It is shown that not acrolein, but OHCP itself is the true toxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide."( Causes and possibilities to circumvent cyclophosphamide toxicity.
Voelcker, G, 2020)		0.56

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" treatment in two patients, and the pharmacokinetic parameter, area under the plasma disappearance curve, was determined for each metabolite in each patient for both routes of drug administration."( Plasma pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its cytotoxic metabolites after intravenous versus oral administration in a randomized, crossover trial.
Alberts, DS; Horne, K; Peng, YM; Phillips, JG; Roe, DJ; Struck, RF, 1987)		0.27
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for the bioactivation route of CP incorporating the phenomena of both autoinduction and the drug-drug interaction between CP and thioTEPA."( A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model for the cytochrome P450 drug-drug interaction between cyclophosphamide and thioTEPA and the autoinduction of cyclophosphamide.
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Mathôt, RA; Rodenhuis, S; Tibben, MM, 2001)		0.31
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the complex pharmacokinetics of CP, 4OHCP, 2DCECP, and PM when CP is administered in a high-dose combination with thiotepa and carboplatin."( Population pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard in a high-dose combination with Thiotepa and Carboplatin.
Beijnen, JH; de Jonge, ME; Huitema, AD; Rodenhuis, S; van Dam, SM, 2005)		0.53
"Following iv administration of synthetic CEA, concentrations of CEA declined biexponentially with the mean terminal half-life and total body clearance of 47."( Pharmacokinetics of N-2-chloroethylaziridine, a volatile cytotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide, in the rat.
Chan, KK; Lu, H, 2006)		0.33

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) is widely used in high-dose chemotherapy regimens in combination with thioTEPA."( A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model for the cytochrome P450 drug-drug interaction between cyclophosphamide and thioTEPA and the autoinduction of cyclophosphamide.
Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Mathôt, RA; Rodenhuis, S; Tibben, MM, 2001)		0.31
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the complex pharmacokinetics of CP, 4OHCP, 2DCECP, and PM when CP is administered in a high-dose combination with thiotepa and carboplatin."( Population pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard in a high-dose combination with Thiotepa and Carboplatin.
Beijnen, JH; de Jonge, ME; Huitema, AD; Rodenhuis, S; van Dam, SM, 2005)		0.53

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Based on AUC comparisons, bioavailability of parent compound (relative to an oral cyclophosphamide solution) was 85% for Cytoxan and 69% for the investigational formulation."( Pharmacology, relative bioavailability, and toxicity of three different oral cyclophosphamide preparations in a randomized, cross-over study.
Maroun, JA; Morgan, LR; Stewart, DJ; Thibault, M; Verma, S, 1995)		0.29

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The dose-response relations for the inhibition of blastulation revealed identical inhibition curves for PAM and 4-HP-CPA (in solution 4-HP-CPA immediately decomposes to 4-hydroxy-CPA (4-OH-CPA))."( Investigation on cyclophosphamide treatment during the preimplantation period. II. In vitro studies on the effects of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites 4-OH-cyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard, and acrolein on blastulation of four-cell and eight-ce
Jacob-Müller, U; Spielmann, H, 1981)		0.46
"Use of the patient's body surface area (mg m(-2)) as a basis for dosing does not take individual variation in metabolic capacity and rate of clearance into account."( Validation of a novel procedure for quantification of the formation of phosphoramide mustard by individuals treated with cyclophosphamide.
Bergh, J; Foukakis, T; Hatschek, T; Rydberg, P; Rydén, A; von Stedingk, H; Xie, H, 2014)		0.64
" As the dosage and the days administered increased, the changes were prominently seen and widespread."( Toxic Effects of Different Doses of Cyclophosphamide on Liver and Kidney Tissue in Swiss Albino Mice: A Histopathological Study.
Bhat, N; Kalthur, SG; Monappa, V; Padmashali, S, 2018)		0.48
"Our study has demonstrated the effect of a progressive increase in dosage of cyclophosphamide in albino mice, and pathological alterations were observed in histology of liver and kidney by sequentially increasing both the dosage and duration of treatment."( Toxic Effects of Different Doses of Cyclophosphamide on Liver and Kidney Tissue in Swiss Albino Mice: A Histopathological Study.
Bhat, N; Kalthur, SG; Monappa, V; Padmashali, S, 2018)		0.48
" Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 or Atm+/- mice were dosed once intraperitoneally with sesame oil (95%) or PM (25 mg/kg) in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle and ovaries harvested 3 days thereafter."( Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated coordinates the ovarian DNA repair and atresia-initiating response to phosphoramide mustard.
Clark, KL; Keating, AF, 2020)		0.77
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
nitrogen mustardCompounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.
phosphorodiamide
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Cyclophosphamide Action Pathway922
Cyclophosphamide Metabolism Pathway922

Bioassays (38)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID27003Compound was evaluated for its Intracellular transformation in U937 human cells, which followed first order kinetics, and t1/2 value was reported at 23 degree Centigrade1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic observation of the intracellular transformations of oncostatic cyclophosphamide metabolites.
AID1136952Half life of the compound at pH 7.4 by 31P NMR method1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID1136954Half life of the compound at pH 9 by 31P NMR method1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID19091Half life was determined1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 25, Issue:9
Synthesis and study of a spin-labeled cyclophosphamide analogue, 3-(1-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)cyclophosphamide.
AID19111Half life period for the disappearance of the starting compound1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID227774First order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (17 mM) at temperature 37 degree C with 1 M lutidine at pH 7.4 in the presence of 10 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID1292958Half life in iv dosed patient with normal renal function1981European journal of clinical pharmacology, , Volume: 19, Issue:6
Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and some of its metabolites.
AID1136955Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound by Henderson-Hasselbalch equation1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID1136950Terminal half life of the compound at pH 7 in bis-tris buffer by 31P NMR method1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID23171Half-life value of the compound.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2
31P NMR and chloride ion kinetics of alkylating monoester phosphoramidates.
AID96589The cytotoxicity (LC99) was evaluated in vitro against L1210 cells obtained from cultured mice1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Effects of N-substitution on the activation mechanisms of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide analogues.
AID227789Second order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (17 mM) at temperature 37 degree C with 1 M Tris at pH 7.4 in the presence of 10 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID227770First order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (17 mM) at temperature 27 degree C with 1 M lutidine at pH 7.4 in the presence of 10 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID3372In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in mouse embryo BALB/c 3T3 cells1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-07, Volume: 8, Issue:13
N3-methyl-mafosfamide as a chemically stable, alternative prodrug of mafosfamide.
AID233500The pKa value was measured at 31-P chemical shift changes due to protonation1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 36, Issue:23
Protonation of phosphoramide mustard and other phosphoramides.
AID227767First order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (12 mM) at temperature 20 degrees C with 1 M lutidine at pH 7.4 in the presence of 50 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID1136956Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at 4 degC1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID227918Second order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (50 mM) at temperature 38 degrees C with 1 M Tris at pH 7.4; ND=No data1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID1292956Half life in iv dosed patient (7 patients) with renal insufficiency1981European journal of clinical pharmacology, , Volume: 19, Issue:6
Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and some of its metabolites.
AID227773First order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (17 mM) at temperature 37 degree C with 1 M Tris at pH 7.4 in the presence of 10 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID227783Second order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (12 mM) at temperature 20 degrees C with 1 M lutidine at pH 7.4 in the presence of 50 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID227786Second order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (17 mM) at temperature 27 degree C with 1 M lutidine at pH 7.4 in the presence of 10 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol; ND=No data1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID213601In vitro cytotoxicity against V-79 chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (3 hr drug exposure time) by clonogenic assay2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 47, Issue:15
Sulfonyl-containing aldophosphamide analogues as novel anticancer prodrugs targeted against cyclophosphamide-resistant tumor cell lines.
AID227776First order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (50 mM) at temperature 38 degrees C with 1 M Tris at pH 7.41989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID41575In vitro cytotoxicity in BALB/c3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2
Chemically stable, lipophilic prodrugs of phosphoramide mustard as potential anticancer agents.
AID227917Second order rate constant for Alkylation reaction by the compound (17 mM) at temperature 47 degree C with 1 M lutidine at pH 7.4 in the presence of 10 mol equiv of 2-mercaptoethanol1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID27004Compound was evaluated for its Intracellular transformation in U937 human cells, which followed first order kinetics, and t1/2 value was reported at 37 degree Celsius in a 70 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic observation of the intracellular transformations of oncostatic cyclophosphamide metabolites.
AID29352pKa value at a pH of 71986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic observation of the intracellular transformations of oncostatic cyclophosphamide metabolites.
AID26024Loss of first equivalent halide ion using Chloride ion electrode experiments.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2
31P NMR and chloride ion kinetics of alkylating monoester phosphoramidates.
AID1136953Half life of the compound at pH 6 by 31P NMR method1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID1292957First order elimination rate constant in iv dosed patient with normal renal function1981European journal of clinical pharmacology, , Volume: 19, Issue:6
Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and some of its metabolites.
AID1136951Half life of the compound at pH 7 in phosphate buffer by 31P NMR method1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 22, Issue:8
31P NMR investigations of phosphoramide mustard: evaluation of pH control over the rate of intramolecular cyclization to an aziridinium ion and the hydrolysis of this reactive alkylator.
AID226723Pka value at 20 degrees C; ranges from 4.6-4.81989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID19112Half life period for first alkylation reaction was determined1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 32, Issue:8
31P NMR studies of the kinetics of bisalkylation by isophosphoramide mustard: comparisons with phosphoramide mustard.
AID1292955First order elimination rate constant in iv dosed patient (7 patients) with renal insufficiency1981European journal of clinical pharmacology, , Volume: 19, Issue:6
Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and some of its metabolites.
AID28467Compound was evaluated for its Intracellular transformation in U937 human cells, which followed first order kinetics and k, first order rate constant value was reported at 23 degree Centigrade1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic observation of the intracellular transformations of oncostatic cyclophosphamide metabolites.
AID24361Half-life period obtained from linear regression of metabolite concentration in aqueous buffer of pH 7.4 at 37 degrees Celsius in 100 mM HEPES buffer.1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Effects of N-substitution on the activation mechanisms of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide analogues.
AID19116Half life period in phosphate buffer (0.1 M)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 47, Issue:15
Sulfonyl-containing aldophosphamide analogues as novel anticancer prodrugs targeted against cyclophosphamide-resistant tumor cell lines.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (114)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199049 (42.98)18.7374
1990's31 (27.19)18.2507
2000's11 (9.65)29.6817
2010's19 (16.67)24.3611
2020's4 (3.51)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 33.19

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index33.19 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.82 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.64 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index43.31 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (33.19)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials5 (4.24%)5.53%
Reviews6 (5.08%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.85%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other106 (89.83%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		1.9610halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
catechol
[no description available]		1.9910catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		1.9610halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		1.9610monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		1.9810methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		1.9910elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		1.9810imidazole
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		1.9810phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
spermine
[no description available]		3.1710polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		1.9810methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		1.9610alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
busulfan
[no description available]		1.9610methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		1.9810N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.7730aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.3720organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
etanidazole
Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.		3.3711C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		1.9910
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.8460ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
lomustine
[no description available]		1.9610N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.3160nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		1.9610aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		210
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9710barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		1.9610diarylmethane
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		9.7221aziridines
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		1.9710benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		6.96101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		1.9810methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		1.9810primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		1.9910chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
acrolein
[no description available]		6.17180enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
propylamine
propylamine : A member of the class of alkylamines that is propane substituted by an amino group at C-1.		1.9810alkylamines
diethylamine
[no description available]		1.9810secondary aliphatic amine
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.6630dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
aziridine
[no description available]		1.9610azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.1510azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
nornitrogen mustard
nornitrogen mustard: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6930nitrogen mustard
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		2.6630nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
triethylenephosphoramide
Triethylenephosphoramide: An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent.		3.4111phosphoramide
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		1.9710acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9810one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine
[no description available]		3.3711
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.3720methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.3720diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		1.9910dihydrogen
4-ketocyclophosphamide
4-ketocyclophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0310nitrogen mustard
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0410taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
perfosfamide
4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that is the active metabolite of the nitrogen mustard cyclophosphamide. It has potent antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties.		2.0210nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
peroxol;
phosphorodiamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).		1.9710
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-nitrosoacetamide
N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoacetamide: structure given in first source		1.9610
phosphoramidic acid
phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds		1.9810phosphoric acid derivative
methylthioethanol
2-methylthioethanol : A primary alcohol that is the S-methyl derivative of mercaptoethanol. It is found as a volatile component in Cucumis melo Var. cantalupensis.		2.0210aliphatic sulfide;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide: primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.		6.37153nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
phosphorodiamide		alkylating agent;
metabolite
isophosphamide mustard
isophosphamide mustard: antitumor metabolite of ifosfamide; palifosfamide-tris is a salt with tris; structure in first source		4.4870phosphorodiamide
n,n-diethylcyclophosphamide
N,N-diethylcyclophosphamide: structure given in first source		1.9810
mafosfamide
mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer		2.8940
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.2510nitrogen mustard
4-methylcyclophosphamide
4-methylcyclophosphamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
imidodiphosphonic acid
imidodiphosphonic acid: in combination with technetrium, a superior radiopharmaceutical for myocardial infarct imaging; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
phosphoramide
phosphoramide: RN given refers to triamide. phosphoramide : A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).		7.6430
hydronium ion
[no description available]		2.0410onium cation;
oxygen hydride
4-hydroperoxydechlorocyclophosphamide
4-hydroperoxydechlorocyclophosphamide: preactivated analog of cyclophosphamide that undergoes an elimination reaction to yield acrolein & dechlorophosphoramide mustard; structure given in first source		1.9710
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.1710oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
phosphorodiamidic acid
phosphorodiamidic acid: structure in first source		1.9810
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		1.9610potassium salt
4-hydroxyifosfamide
[no description available]		1.9710ifosfamides
carboplatin
[no description available]		8.4111
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.3360L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.0310
ku 55933
2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source		2.1310
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.1510antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		1.9910monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
perfosfamide
[no description available]		3.84120
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		1.9710phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9710organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.3720organosulfonic acid
asta z 7557
Asta Z 7557: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		1.9610
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		1.9610monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		6.9610purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.38202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		6.9610guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-phosphate
2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate : A deoxyguanosine phosphate having a monophosphate group located at the 3'-position.		1.9710deoxyguanosine phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		710
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.6730
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		03.2360
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.730
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01.9610
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.6330
Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2510
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.2510
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2510
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.4120
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.4120
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.1710
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.1710
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.1710
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.8742
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.8742
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.1310
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.1310
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.5520
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		0531
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		0531
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		01.9310
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9310
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9310
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9310
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		01.9310
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		01.9310
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		03.4111
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.7721
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		03.4111
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.7721
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.0410
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.0410
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0410
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		01.9610
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		01.9610
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3720
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.0650
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.3220
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9910
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.3820
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.3820
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		01.9810
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		01.9610
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9610
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9710
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		01.9710
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		01.9710
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		01.9710
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		01.9710
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.3720
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.6630
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		01.9610