Compounds > vernakalant
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

vernakalant

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Description

vernakalant: an antiarrhythmic agent and mixed ion channel blocker [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9930049
CHEMBL ID2111112
CHEBI ID135956
SCHEMBL ID410062
MeSH IDM0516050

Synonyms (32)

Synonym
HY-14182
CHEBI:135956
vernakalant
vernakalant [inn:ban]
unii-9g468c8b13
3-pyrrolidinol, 1-((1r,2r)-2-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy)cyclohexyl)-, (3r)-
9g468c8b13 ,
794466-70-9
(3r)-1-((1r,2r)-2-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol
CS-0276
3-pyrrolidinol,1-[(1r,2r)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy]cyclohexyl]-, (3r)-
SCHEMBL410062
vernakalant [who-dd]
vernakalant [inn]
vernakalant [mi]
DTXSID60229659
CHEMBL2111112
J-513102
vemakalant
AKOS027326205
VBHQKCBVWWUUKN-KZNAEPCWSA-N
(r,r)-1-{2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethoxy]-cyclohexyl}-pyrrolidin-3-(r)-ol
NCGC00378872-01
A864860
DB06217
(r)-1-((1r,2r)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethoxy)cyclohexyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol
EX-A2465
(3r)-1-[(1r,2r)-2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethoxy]cyclohexyl]pyrrolidin-3-ol
Q665725
AS-56235
EN300-18166971
AC-35850

Research Excerpts

Overview

Vernakalant is an intravenous anti-arrhythmic drug available in Europe, Canada and some countries in Asia for the restoration of sinus rhythm in acute onset atrial fibrillation. It has proven effectiveness and safety compared to placebo and amiodarone in randomized clinical trials.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Vernakalant is a novel drug used to treat atrial fibrillation (AF)."( Effectiveness and Safety Profiles of Vernakalant for Cardioversion of Acute-onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Guan, Y; Li, J; Sun, B; Wang, X; Wu, D; Yu, C; Zhao, C, 2023)		1.9
"Vernakalant appears to be a good choice when AF is manifested postoperatively or exists with ischemic heart disease and valvular states. "( Effectiveness and Safety Profiles of Vernakalant for Cardioversion of Acute-onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Guan, Y; Li, J; Sun, B; Wang, X; Wu, D; Yu, C; Zhao, C, 2023)		2.63
"Vernakalant is a novel, relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent. "( Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Appraising Efficacy and Safety of Vernakalant for Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation.
Guo, X; Ma, W; Sun, G; Wang, J; Wang, Q, 2020)		2.23
"Vernakalant is an intravenous anti-arrhythmic drug available in Europe, Canada and some countries in Asia for the restoration of sinus rhythm in acute onset atrial fibrillation. "( Vernakalant hydrochloride for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: evaluation of its place in clinical practice.
Henney, NC; Lip, GY; Penson, PE; Qin, S; Ritchie, LA, 2020)		3.44
"Vernakalant is a novel, rapid drug, which is used intravenously, with proven effectiveness and safety compared to placebo and amiodarone in randomized clinical trials."( Flecainide versus vernakalant for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Caro, M; Conde, D; Corrales Barboza, A; Costabel, JP; Ferro, A; Lambardi, F; Lavalle Cobo, A; Trivi, M, 2013)		1.45
"Vernakalant is a novel, safe, and effective drug used intravenously and has proved to be more rapid in converting recent-onset AF to sinus rhythm compared with placebo and amiodarone."( Propafenone versus vernakalant for conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Aragon, M; Conde, D; Corrales Barbosa, A; Costabel, JP; Giniger, A; Klein, A; Lambardi, F; Trivi, M, 2013)		1.44
"Vernakalant is a new, safe and effective drug used intravenously, which has proved to be more rapid in converting recent onset atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm compared to placebo, amiodarone, propafenone, and flecainide in clinical studies. "( Vernakalant: Perception of state of health in patients with a recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Aragon, M; Conde, D; Costabel, JP; Lambardi, F; Trivi, M, 2014)		3.29
"Vernakalant is a novel atrial-selective antiarrhythmic drug able to convert recent-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) with reportedly low proarrhythmic risk. "( Predictors of successful cardioversion with vernakalant in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Carlson, J; Holmqvist, F; Juhlin, T; Mochalina, N; Öhlin, B; Platonov, PG, 2015)		2.12
"Vernakalant is an available drug for the treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation, producing conversion between 55% and 87% of the patients treated. "( Predictors of conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation treated with vernakalant.
Aragón, M; Ariznavarreta, P; Campos, R; Conde, D; Costabel, JP; Lambardi, F; Urdapilleta, M; Vergara, JM, 2015)		2.09
"Vernakalant is a novel antiarrhythmic that acts selectively in the atrium, and inhibits potassium currents, with minor blockade of IKr currents in the ventricle."( [Vernakalant for the conversion of atrial fibrillation of recent onset].
Baranchuk, A; Conde, D; Seoane, L, 2015)		2.05
"Vernakalant hydrochloride is a rapid-acting antiarrhythmic drug licensed in the EU since 2010 for the conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with proven efficacy and safety when compared with placebo and amiodarone in randomized clinical trials."( Chemical cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation in the emergency department using vernakalant hydrochloride achieves safe and rapid restoration of sinus rhythm and facilitates same day discharge.
Gilligan, P; Mahon, P; Sheahan, R; Stoneman, P, 2017)		2.12
"Vernakalant (RSD1235) is an investigational drug that converts atrial fibrillation rapidly and safely in patients intravenously [Roy et al., J. "( Modeling of high-affinity binding of the novel atrial anti-arrhythmic agent, vernakalant, to Kv1.5 channels.
Eldstrom, J; Fedida, D, 2009)		2.02
"Vernakalant is a promising novel antiarrhythmic intravenous drug for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. "( [Vernakalant: a novel antiarrhythmic drug for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm].
Eschenhagen, T; Hirt, MN, 2010)		2.71
"Vernakalant is a new antiarrhythmic drug that acts selectively in the atrium, targeting atrial specific channels: the Kv1.5 channel which carries IK(ur), and the Kir3.1/3.4 channel which carries IK(Ach). "( Vernakalant: a new drug to treat patients with acute onset atrial fibrillation.
Frishman, WH; Tian, D, )		3.02
"Vernakalant is a relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent that has been shown to successfully convert atrial fibrillation (AF) to normal sinus rhythm for some patients whose onset of dysrhythmia occurred less than 7 days previously. "( Vernakalant hydrochloride: A novel atrial-selective agent for the cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation in the emergency department.
Butterfield, NN; Calder, LA; Clement, CM; Dickinson, G; Perry, JJ; Stiell, IG; Vaillancourt, C, 2010)		3.25
"Vernakalant is a novel anti-arrhythmic drug, recently approved for the cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. "( Novel agents for the acute conversion of atrial fibrillation: focus on vernakalant.
Cialdella, P; Pedicino, D; Santangeli, P, 2011)		2.05
"Vernakalant is a novel antiarrhythmic agent that has demonstrated clinical efficacy for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. "( Vernakalant selectively prolongs atrial refractoriness with no effect on ventricular refractoriness or defibrillation threshold in pigs.
Bechard, J; Gibson, JK; Huang, J; Ideker, RE; Killingsworth, CR; McAfee, DA; Schneidkraut, MJ; Wheeler, JJ, 2011)		3.25
"Vernakalant hydrochloride is a novel antiarrhythmic drug for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and prevention of relapse. "( Disposition and mass balance of [14C]vernakalant after single intravenous and oral doses in healthy volunteers.
Alak, A; Keirns, J; Mao, ZL; Wheeler, JJ, 2011)		2.08
"Vernakalant is a new antiarrhythmic drug which is used for rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation. "( [Vernakalant--a new drug for pharmacological conversion of atrial fibrillation].
Hinneburg, I, 2011)		2.72
"Vernakalant hydrochloride is a novel, predominantly atrial-selective antiarrhythmic drug that effectively and rapidly terminates atrial fibrillation (AF). "( Population pharmacokinetics of vernakalant hydrochloride injection (RSD1235) in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Gao, Y; Kastrissios, H; Keirns, J; Mao, ZL; Townsend, RW; Wheeler, JJ, 2012)		2.11
"Vernakalant is a relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic drug approved for the conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation in Europe and is under regulatory review in the United States. "( Atrial selective effects of intravenously administered vernakalant in conscious beagle dogs.
Bechard, J; Pourrier, M, 2011)		2.06
"Vernakalant hydrochloride is a novel, relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent that rapidly converts atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm (SR). "( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of vernakalant hydrochloride injection (RSD1235) in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Gao, Y; Keirns, JJ; Kshirsagar, S; Mao, Z; Townsend, R; Wheeler, JJ, 2011)		2.06
"Vernakalant (VER) is a relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic drug capable of blocking potassium and sodium currents in a frequency- and voltage-dependent manner. "( Comparison of electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of vernakalant, ranolazine, and sotalol in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations.
Antzelevitch, C; Gibson, JK; Lynch, JJ; Pourrier, M; Sicouri, S, 2012)		2.06
"Vernakalant is a novel, relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic drug. "( Vernakalant: conversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with ischemic heart disease.
Beatch, GN; Butterfield, NN; Camm, AJ; Dickinson, G; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2013)		3.28
"Vernakalant is an emergent antiarrhythmic drug that, in preclinical studies, has demonstrated high efficacy in restoring sinus rhythm and safety in patients with rapid recent-onset atrial fibrillation. "( Efficacy and safety of vernakalant in recent-onset atrial fibrillation after the European medicines agency approval: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Botta, G; Buccelletti, F; Carroccia, A; Franceschi, F; Gentiloni Silveri, N; Iacomini, P; Marsiliani, D, 2012)		2.13
"Vernakalant is a novel, relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent for conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm. "( Efficacy and safety of vernakalant in patients with atrial flutter: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Beatch, GN; Camm, AJ; Dickinson, G; Ip, J; Juul-Moller, S; Toft, E; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vijayaraman, P; Wyse, DG, 2012)		2.13
"Vernakalant is an atrial-selective drug specifically designed to block sodium channels at the atrial level, and its intravenous formulation has recently been recommended for approval by the Food and Drug Administration for pharmacological conversion of AF."( [New antiarrhythmic drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation].
Botto, GL; Campana, C; Mariconti, B; Pentimalli, F; Russo, G, 2012)		1.1
"Vernakalant is a newly developed antiarrhythmic drug against atrial fibrillation (AF). "( The new antiarrhythmic drug vernakalant: ex vivo study of human atrial tissue from sinus rhythm and chronic atrial fibrillation.
Christ, T; Endig, S; Fedida, D; Gibson, JK; Knaut, M; Lynch, JJ; Matschke, K; Pourrier, M; Ravens, U; Rozmaritsa, N; Wettwer, E, 2013)		2.13
"Vernakalant is a new antiarrhythmic agent recently approved in Europe for the rapid cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. "( A new antiarrhythmic drug in the treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: vernakalant.
Bonadei, I; Curnis, A; D'Aloia, A; Gelsomino, S; Lorusso, R; Salghetti, F; Vizzardi, E, 2013)		2.06
"Vernakalant is an investigational mixed ion channel blocker that can terminate acute atrial fibrillation (AF) in humans at 2 to 5 mg/kg and may be more "atrial-selective" than available agents."( The effect of vernakalant (RSD1235), an investigational antiarrhythmic agent, on atrial electrophysiology in humans.
Beatch, GN; Cvitkovic, SS; Dorian, P; Korley, V; Mangat, I; Pinter, A, 2007)		2.14
"Vernakalant (RSD1235) is an investigational drug recently shown to convert atrial fibrillation rapidly and safely in patients (J Am Coll Cardiol 44:2355-2361, 2004). "( The molecular basis of high-affinity binding of the antiarrhythmic compound vernakalant (RSD1235) to Kv1.5 channels.
Eldstrom, J; Ezrin, A; Fedida, D; Gibson, K; Pourrier, M; Wang, Z; Xu, H, 2007)		2.01
"Vernakalant is a sodium and ultra-rapid potassium channel blocker with atrial selective effects. "( Vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation.
Cheng, JW, 2008)		3.23
"Vernakalant is a new atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent. "( Vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation.
Cheng, JW, 2008)		3.23

Effects

Vernakalant has a high affinity to ion channels specifically involved in repolarization of atrial tissue. It has minimal effects in the ventricles and thus, is thought to have a low proarrhythmic potential.

Vernakalant has been reported to be effective in the conversion of POAF. It has been approved in Europe and South America, but not in the United States and Canada.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Vernakalant has a unique pharmacological profile of multi-ion channel activity and atrial-specificity that distinguishes it from other anti-arrhythmic drugs."( Vernakalant hydrochloride for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: evaluation of its place in clinical practice.
Henney, NC; Lip, GY; Penson, PE; Qin, S; Ritchie, LA, 2020)		2.72
"Vernakalant has a high affinity to ion channels specifically involved in repolarization of atrial tissue and has minimal effects in the ventricles and thus, is thought to have a low proarrhythmic potential."( Pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with vernakalant: evidence in support of the ESC Guidelines.
Camm, AJ; Graydon, R; Savelieva, I, 2014)		1.37
"Vernakalant has been reported to be effective in the conversion of POAF."( Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiosurgical Procedures by Vernakalant® as an Atrial Repolarization Delaying Agent (ARDA).
Aubin, H; Boeken, U; Dalyanoglu, H; Korbmacher, B; Lichtenberg, A; Makimoto, H; Mehdiani, A; Minol, JP; Müller, A; Sipahi, NF, 2018)		1.44
"Vernakalant has been approved in Europe and South America, but it has not been approved in the United States and Canada."( Is vernakalant better or not, compared with other treatments for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation?
Conde, D, 2013)		1.73
"Vernakalant has been demonstrated more effective than both placebo and amiodarone for the rapid conversion of atrial fibrillation, without significant adverse events."( Novel agents for the acute conversion of atrial fibrillation: focus on vernakalant.
Cialdella, P; Pedicino, D; Santangeli, P, 2011)		1.32

Treatment

Vernakalant treated patients were older (59.3 ± 12.5 vs. propafenone and flecainide) Treatment with vernakalants resulted in a significantly greater improvement in patient perception of state of health at hour 2.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Vernakalant treated patients were older (59.3 ± 12.5 vs."( Intravenous vernakalant in comparison with intravenous flecainide in the cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Hartikainen, J; Heikkola, A; Hyppölä, H; Lekkala, M; Pohjantähti-Maaroos, H; Sinisalo, E, 2019)		1.61
"Treatment with vernakalant resulted in a significantly greater improvement in patient perception of state of health at hour 2 compared with propafenone and flecainide."( Vernakalant: Perception of state of health in patients with a recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Aragon, M; Conde, D; Costabel, JP; Lambardi, F; Trivi, M, 2014)		2.18

Toxicity

Vernakalant is effective and safe for restoring sinus rhythm in the hospital emergency department. dysgeusia, paraesthesia and sneezing were most common treatment-emergent adverse events. Three serious adverse events occurred that were considered to be related to study drug.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The molecular structure of existing agents such as amiodarone is being modified in an attempt to improve safety and reduce adverse effects."( Vernakalant: pharmacology electrophysiology, safety and efficacy.
Banchs, JE; Gonzalez, MD; Naccarelli, GV; Penny-Peterson, E; Samii, S; Stevenson, R; Wolbrette, DL, 2008)		1.79
" Serious adverse events or events leading to discontinuation of study drug were uncommon."( A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Beatch, G; Camm, AJ; Capucci, A; Hohnloser, SH; Mangal, B; Torp-Pedersen, C; Van Gelder, IC, 2011)		0.6
" Both vernakalant and amiodarone were safe and well tolerated in this study."( A randomized active-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of vernakalant to amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation.
Beatch, G; Camm, AJ; Capucci, A; Hohnloser, SH; Mangal, B; Torp-Pedersen, C; Van Gelder, IC, 2011)		1.08
" Dysgeusia and sneezing were the most common treatment-related adverse events, consistent with previous reports."( Efficacy and safety of vernakalant in patients with atrial flutter: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Beatch, GN; Camm, AJ; Dickinson, G; Ip, J; Juul-Moller, S; Toft, E; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vijayaraman, P; Wyse, DG, 2012)		0.69
" Even though electrical cardioversion is proven to be safe and effective, the need for anesthesia makes alternative strategies more attractive."( Safety and efficacy of pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using intravenous vernakalant, a new antiarrhythmic drug with atrial selectivity.
Blomström, P; Blomström-Lundqvist, C, 2012)		0.6
"Vernakalant is shown to have good conversion rates, an apparently safe antiarrhythmic profile and is well tolerated in patients with a history of ischemic heart disease."( Safety and efficacy of pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using intravenous vernakalant, a new antiarrhythmic drug with atrial selectivity.
Blomström, P; Blomström-Lundqvist, C, 2012)		2.04
" Initially, a longer-acting oral formulation of vernakalant was shown to be effective and safe in preventing AF recurrence after cardioversion in a Phase IIb study."( Safety and efficacy of vernakalant for acute cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: an update.
Dobrev, D; Tsuji, Y, 2013)		0.96
" In the vernakalant arm, dysgeusia, paraesthesia and sneezing were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events, and three serious adverse events occurred that were considered to be related to study drug."( Safety and efficacy of vernakalant for the conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm; a phase 3b randomized controlled trial.
Beatch, GN; Mangal, B, 2016)		1.18
" Vernakalant was generally well tolerated; the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups."( Efficacy and Safety of Vernakalant for Cardioversion of Recent-onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial.
Beatch, GN; Bhirangi, K; Juul-Moller, S; Rustige, J, 2017)		1.68
" However, although it showed a safe profile in terms of side effects in this analysis, we are still hesitant about this conclusion and few safety issues should be addressed within specific patients' subgroups."( Efficacy and safety of intravenous vernakalant for the rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis.
Akel, T; Lafferty, J, 2018)		0.76
" Adverse events were reported for 30 patients."( [Vernakalant in hospital emergency practice: safety and effectiveness].
Carbajosa Dalmau, J; Cosín-Sales, J; Hernández-Sori, N; Jacob, J; Llorens, P; Martín-Martínez, A; Noceda, J; Peiró-Gómez, A; Pérez-Durá, MJ; Ruescas-Gómez, L; Urtubia-Palacios, A, )		1.04
"Vernakalant is effective and safe for restoring sinus rhythm in the hospital emergency department."( [Vernakalant in hospital emergency practice: safety and effectiveness].
Carbajosa Dalmau, J; Cosín-Sales, J; Hernández-Sori, N; Jacob, J; Llorens, P; Martín-Martínez, A; Noceda, J; Peiró-Gómez, A; Pérez-Durá, MJ; Ruescas-Gómez, L; Urtubia-Palacios, A, )		2.48
" Despite its good efficacy profile and rapid onset of action, there was still controversial evidence regarding vernakalant-related adverse events."( Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Appraising Efficacy and Safety of Vernakalant for Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation.
Guo, X; Ma, W; Sun, G; Wang, J; Wang, Q, 2020)		1

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Key pharmacokinetic parameters analyzed were the maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve."( Pharmacokinetics of novel atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent vernakalant hydrochloride injection (RSD1235): influence of CYP2D6 expression and other factors.
Beatch, GN; Clohs, L; Keirns, J; Mao, ZL; Wheeler, JJ, 2009)		0.59
" Plasma vernakalant concentration data from 5 phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of vernakalant in patients with AF or atrial flutter and a phase 1 study in healthy volunteers were used to construct a population pharmacokinetic model."( Population pharmacokinetics of vernakalant hydrochloride injection (RSD1235) in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Gao, Y; Kastrissios, H; Keirns, J; Mao, ZL; Townsend, RW; Wheeler, JJ, 2012)		1.1
" This analysis integrates pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety data from 5 clinical trials of patients with AF or atrial flutter (AFL)."( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of vernakalant hydrochloride injection (RSD1235) in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Gao, Y; Keirns, JJ; Kshirsagar, S; Mao, Z; Townsend, R; Wheeler, JJ, 2011)		0.62

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Vernakalant holds considerable promise for the treatment of recent-onset AF. Given its relatively short half-life, continuous dosing may be required in order to maintain sinus rhythm. Plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected for 7 days after dosing.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Thus, vernakalant holds considerable promise for the treatment of recent-onset AF; however, given its relatively short half-life, continuous dosing may be required in order to maintain sinus rhythm following conversion from AF."( Vernakalant, a mixed sodium and potassium ion channel antagonist that blocks K(v)1.5 channels, for the potential treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Billman, GE, 2010)		2.26
" Plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected for 7 days after dosing to measure vernakalant and its metabolites and to estimate mass balance of total [(14)C] recovery."( Disposition and mass balance of [14C]vernakalant after single intravenous and oral doses in healthy volunteers.
Alak, A; Keirns, J; Mao, ZL; Wheeler, JJ, 2011)		0.87
" Patients received the recommended dosage of Vernakalant and were clinically observed and monitored (heart rate, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, central venous pressure) in 1-minute-intervals for 20 minutes before- and 120 minutes after the first dose of Vernakalant."( Hemodynamic effects of Vernakalant in cardio-surgical ICU-patients treated for recent-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation.
Domanovits, H; Edlinger-Stanger, M; Holaubek, C; Niederdöckl, J; Niessner, A; Schnaubelt, S; Schütz, N; Simon, A; Spiel, AO; Steinlechner, B; Sulzgruber, P, 2020)		1.13
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
alcoholA compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
phenolsOrganic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (2)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.31740.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.68400.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (5)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (136)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's15 (11.03)29.6817
2010's108 (79.41)24.3611
2020's13 (9.56)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 49.75

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index49.75 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.06 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.05 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index79.51 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (49.75)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials18 (12.95%)5.53%
Reviews46 (33.09%)6.00%
Case Studies4 (2.88%)4.05%
Observational4 (2.88%)0.25%
Other67 (48.20%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
beta-alanine
[no description available]		4.0720amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		12.563031-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.110benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.1310pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.710aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		6.25170aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		7.610organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.0710catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.1310pyridines
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		5.8261aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.1850ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0710amino acid
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.110inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.1710psoralensplant metabolite
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.110cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		3.1410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		7.66130aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.2110aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		9.4511benzenes;
organic amino compound
tedisamil
tedisamil : A member of the class of diazabicyclononanes that is (1s,5s)-3,7-diazaspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,1'-cyclopentane] in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl groups. It is a potassium channel blocker and an antiarrhythmic agent currently currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.		3.1410
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		3.1410aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		8.651901-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		4.730aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.1410
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.710cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
imidazolidines
[no description available]		3.1410azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.1710cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		3.1410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
celivarone
celivarone: antiarrhythmic agent; structure in first source		3.1410
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.1510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.98120
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		019.2713340
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		121.2713340
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		07.5820
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.1710
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.1710
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.9121
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.9121
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		02.8330
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.1510
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		05.1870
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		17.1870
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.131
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.131
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		02.7730
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		08.9240
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		03.9240
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.520
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.0810
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.0810
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		09107
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		111107
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.7921
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.4920
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.4920
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.5120
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.5120
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		03.0110
Breathlessness
[description not available]		03.0110
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		03.0110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		03.0110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.6940
Embolus
[description not available]		02.110
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.110
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.6940
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.1110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		05.9551
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		010.9551
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.1110
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.420
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		09.95129
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.1310
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.4120
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.1510
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.4120
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.1510
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.8520
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.8520
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		04.7821
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		04.7821
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.9810
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.0610
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		08.0655
Sneezing
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		08.0655
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.0710
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		02.0710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.0710
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0710
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.0710
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.0710
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.0710
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.0710
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		02.0710
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.0710
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.0710
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.0710
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.0710
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.0710
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		02.0710
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		02.0710