transcription coregulator activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:10213677, PMID:16858867, PMID:24203923, PMID:25957681, Wikipedia:Transcription_coregulator]

Transcription coregulator activity is a molecular function that refers to the ability of a protein to modulate the activity of other proteins, particularly transcription factors, in order to regulate gene expression. Transcription coregulators do not directly bind to DNA, but instead interact with transcription factors or other components of the transcriptional machinery. They can act as either activators or repressors of gene expression, depending on their specific interaction with the target protein.

There are two main categories of transcription coregulators:

1. **Coactivators:** These proteins enhance the activity of transcription factors, leading to increased gene expression. They achieve this by interacting with transcription factors, recruiting chromatin remodeling complexes, or facilitating the assembly of the pre-initiation complex.
2. **Corepressors:** These proteins inhibit the activity of transcription factors, leading to decreased gene expression. They often interact with transcription factors and recruit histone deacetylases (HDACs), which remove acetyl groups from histones, leading to a more condensed chromatin structure and decreased gene expression.

Coregulators can also play a role in other aspects of gene expression, such as:

* **Chromatin remodeling:** Some coregulators recruit chromatin remodeling complexes, which alter the structure of chromatin to make DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors.
* **RNA processing:** Coregulators can interact with factors involved in RNA processing, such as splicing and polyadenylation, to regulate gene expression.
* **Signal transduction:** Some coregulators can act as intermediaries in signaling pathways, relaying information from signaling molecules to transcription factors.

Transcription coregulators are essential for the proper regulation of gene expression, and their dysregulation is implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, and metabolic disorders. They are also involved in developmental processes and responses to environmental stimuli.'
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Proteins (19)

Compounds (347)