nerve development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]

Nerve development is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves the formation, differentiation, and organization of nerve cells, or neurons. It begins during embryonic development and continues throughout life, allowing for the growth and refinement of the nervous system. Here's a breakdown of the key stages:

1. **Neurogenesis:** This is the process of generating new neurons from neural progenitor cells. It occurs in specific regions of the developing brain and spinal cord.
* **Neural Induction:** Signaling molecules from surrounding tissues trigger the differentiation of embryonic ectoderm into neural tissue.
* **Proliferation and Migration:** Neural progenitor cells undergo rapid division and migration to form the various parts of the nervous system.
2. **Axon Guidance:** Newly formed neurons extend long projections called axons that connect with other neurons or target cells. Axon guidance is essential for establishing the correct neural circuits.
* **Chemoattraction and Chemorepulsion:** Neurons are guided along pathways by following gradients of attractive (chemoattractants) and repulsive (chemorepellents) molecules.
* **Cell-Cell Adhesion:** Axons interact with specific cell surface molecules on other cells, providing guidance and anchoring.
3. **Synaptogenesis:** This is the formation of synapses, the specialized junctions where neurons communicate with each other.
* **Pre- and Postsynaptic Differentiation:** The presynaptic terminal of one neuron releases neurotransmitters, while the postsynaptic terminal of another neuron has receptors to receive these signals.
* **Synaptic Pruning:** During development and throughout life, unused synapses are eliminated to refine neural circuits and enhance efficiency.
4. **Myelination:** In many parts of the nervous system, axons become wrapped in a fatty sheath called myelin. Myelination increases the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transmission.
* **Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS):** These specialized glial cells produce myelin, which insulates axons.
5. **Neural Plasticity:** Throughout life, the nervous system retains a remarkable ability to adapt and change in response to experience.
* **Synaptic Remodeling:** Synapses can be strengthened or weakened based on neuronal activity, allowing for learning and memory formation.
* **Neurogenesis in Adults:** While limited in most brain regions, neurogenesis continues in certain areas, such as the hippocampus, suggesting a role in learning and memory throughout life.

Nerve development is a dynamic and intricate process that is essential for our ability to think, learn, move, and experience the world around us.'
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Proteins (6)

Compounds (234)