tolerance induction

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]

Tolerance induction is a complex biological process that enables the immune system to recognize and respond to specific antigens while maintaining a state of non-reactivity or reduced reactivity to other antigens. It involves a delicate balance of regulatory mechanisms that prevent excessive immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis. The process of tolerance induction can be broadly classified into two main categories: central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Central tolerance occurs during the development of immune cells in the thymus (for T cells) and bone marrow (for B cells). This process ensures that self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated or rendered non-functional, preventing autoimmune reactions. Peripheral tolerance, on the other hand, occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues and other peripheral sites and involves mechanisms that control the activation and function of mature immune cells. Key mechanisms involved in peripheral tolerance include: 1. Anergy: This refers to the state of unresponsiveness or inactivation of lymphocytes upon encountering their specific antigen without the necessary co-stimulatory signals. 2. Suppression: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in suppressing the activation and function of effector T cells. Tregs express specific transcription factors and surface markers and produce immunosuppressive cytokines, effectively dampening immune responses. 3. Immune deviation: This involves the redirection of immune responses from a pro-inflammatory Th1 response to a less inflammatory Th2 response, contributing to tolerance. 4. Apoptosis: In some cases, lymphocytes encountering self-antigens can undergo programmed cell death, preventing autoimmune reactions. Tolerance induction is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases. It is a dynamic and tightly regulated process involving a complex interplay of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. While tolerance induction is crucial for preventing autoimmune responses, it also plays a role in immune responses to pathogens, ensuring that the immune system does not become hyperactive and cause tissue damage. Understanding the mechanisms of tolerance induction is critical for developing novel therapies for autoimmune diseases and other immune-related disorders.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (8)