Page last updated: 2024-10-24

embryonic heart tube development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field. [GOC:go_curators]

Embryonic heart tube development is a complex process that begins with the formation of the heart field, a group of cells in the anterior region of the embryo that are destined to become the heart. These cells migrate and differentiate to form two heart tubes, one on each side of the midline. These tubes then fuse to form a single heart tube, which is the foundation for the mature heart.

The formation of the heart tubes is driven by a number of signaling molecules, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and Wnt proteins. These molecules interact with each other and with the cells of the heart field to induce the expression of genes that are required for heart tube formation.

Once the heart tubes have formed, they begin to beat, and the heart tube starts to bend into a loop shape. This looping is essential for the development of the four chambers of the heart. The first loop is called the bulboventricular loop, and it is formed by the bending of the heart tube at the level of the ventricle. The second loop is called the atrioventricular loop, and it is formed by the bending of the heart tube at the level of the atrium.

As the heart tube loops, it also begins to partition into the different chambers of the heart. The atrioventricular canal, which connects the atrium and the ventricle, is partitioned by the formation of the endocardial cushions. The endocardial cushions are structures that grow from the lining of the heart tube and meet in the middle to divide the atrioventricular canal into the right and left atrioventricular valves.

The ventricle is also partitioned into the right and left ventricles by the formation of the interventricular septum. The interventricular septum starts to form as a muscular septum that grows from the bottom of the ventricle and eventually meets with the endocardial cushions to divide the ventricle into two chambers.

The formation of the heart tube and the subsequent partitioning of the heart into its chambers is a complex and highly regulated process. Defects in this process can lead to a number of heart defects, including congenital heart disease.

The development of the heart tube is a critical step in the development of the embryo. It is a complex and fascinating process that involves the coordinated action of many genes and signaling molecules.'
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Cell division control protein 42 homologA cell division control protein 42 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P60953]Homo sapiens (human)
Endothelin-converting enzyme 1An endothelin-converting enzyme 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P42892]Homo sapiens (human)
Catenin beta-1A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35222]Homo sapiens (human)
Endothelin-1 receptorAn endothelin-1 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P25101]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (65)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
amiodaroneamiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.

Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
1-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound
cardiovascular drug
thiorphanThiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.N-acyl-amino acid
fasudilfasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.

fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source
isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
avaproirbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.

Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.
azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole
angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ketorolac5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.

ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.

Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate
analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mianserinmianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.

Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.
dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propranololpropranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.

Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
sulfathiazolesulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.

Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.
1,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic
antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfisoxazolesulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.
isoxazoles;
sulfonamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
captoprilcaptopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.

Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.
alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
salvinsalvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
toxoflavintoxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.

toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure
carbonyl compound;
pyrimidotriazine
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
toxin;
virulence factor;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
sanguinarine chloride
chelerythrine chloride
bosentan anhydrousBosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
1h-indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1s,2r,3s)-1H-Indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1S,2R,3S)-: an ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist; structure in first source
ro 46-2005Ro 46-2005: an orally active non-peptide antagonist of endothelin receptors; structure given in first source
pd 142893PD 142893: functional antagonist of endothelin-stimulated vasoconstriction
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonistnaphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
tak 044TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist
endothelin (16-21)endothelin (16-21): C-terminal hexapeptide of endothelin; amino acid seq. given in first sourcepeptide
2-(4-morpholinyl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one2-(4-morpholinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: an aminochromone; exhibits both antiproliferative and antichemotactic activity in vitro
cgs 26303CGS 26303: a potent non-peptidic inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase capable of protecting atrial natriuretic peptide from enzymatic degradation; structure given in first source
tezosentantezosentan: structure in first source
bms 207940N-((2'-(((4,5-dimethyl-3-isoxazolyl)amino)sulfonyl)-4-(2-oxazolyl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-2-yl)methyl)-N,3,3-trimethylbutanamide: an ET(A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source
atrasentanAtrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.pyrrolidines
lu 135252
enrasentanenrasentan : A member of the class of indanes that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene which is substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group, carboxy group, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl group and a propoxy group at positions 1S, 2R, 3S and 5, respectively. It is an orally active mixed endothelin A/B receptor antagonist with a 100-fold greater affinity for the endothelin A receptor. The drug was being developed by GSK for the treatment of congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (clinical trials discontinued).

enrasentan: decreases ischemic brain injury; an endothelin A and B receptor antagonist; structure in first source
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
indanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-3-methoxy-3,3-diphenylpropanoic aciddiarylmethane
tbc-11251sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first sourcebenzodioxoles
cercosporincercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.

cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants
bq 123cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first sourcecyclic peptide
phosphoramidonphosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.

phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure
deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
LSM-42773aromatic ketone
etodolac, (-)-isomer(R)-etodolac : The R-enantiomer of etodolac. It is inactive, in contrast to the enantiomer, (S)-etodolac, which is a preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. The racemate is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain.etodolac
2-[[benzamido(sulfanylidene)methyl]amino]-5,5-dimethyl-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxylic acidCID1067700: a pan-GTPase inhibitor; structure in first sourcethienopyran
a 192621A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketonecathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).
irl 2500IRL 2500: Endothelin-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source
ro 46-8443Ro 46-8443: a non-peptide endothelin ET(B) receptor selective antagonist; structure given in first source
sulindac sulfonesulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.

sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ro 47-8634Ro 47-8634: structure in first source
clazosentanclazosentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist used for cerebral vasospasm; structure in first source;
lu 224332felotaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source
lu 208075ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertensiondiarylmethane
bms 193884
cgs 35066CGS 35066: an endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitor; structure in first source
ci 1020
lu 302872LU 224332: endothelin-A/B receptor antagonist
bms 248360
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
zibotentanZD4054: a potent endothelin receptor A antagonist that inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell proliferationphenylpyridine
avosentanAvosentan: structure in first source
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
secramine asecramine A: inhibits VSVG transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane; also inhibits Cdc42-dependent cell functions; structure in first source
s 3304S 3304: structure in first source
ucn 1028 ccalphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides
naluzotannaluzotan: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent; structure in first source
macitentanaromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
pyrimidines;
ring assembly;
sulfamides
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
orphan drug
a 803467A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source
endothelin-1Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)
pd 156707
act-132577ACT-132577 : A member of the class of sulfamides in which one of the amino groups of sulfonamide is substituted by a 5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-{2-[(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy}pyrimidin-4-yl group. An active metabolite of macitentan (obtained by oxidative depropylation), an orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

aprocitentan: a macitentan metabolite
aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
pyrimidines;
sulfamides
antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic metabolite
endothelins
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source