Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
Regulation of lipid storage is a complex and essential biological process that involves intricate interactions between various cellular components and signaling pathways. It is crucial for maintaining energy homeostasis, cellular function, and overall organismal health. The process encompasses the coordinated actions of enzymes, transcription factors, hormones, and other regulatory molecules that control the synthesis, storage, and mobilization of lipids, primarily in the form of triglycerides.
**1. Lipid Synthesis and Storage:**
* **Lipogenesis:** The synthesis of lipids, particularly triglycerides, occurs mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. This process is driven by the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS), which converts carbohydrates into fatty acids. Glycerol-3-phosphate, derived from glucose metabolism, combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides.
* **Adipocyte Differentiation:** Preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes, the primary storage sites for triglycerides. This process is regulated by various transcription factors, including PPARγ and C/EBPα. These factors activate the expression of genes involved in lipid storage, including lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which hydrolyzes triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins, making them available for uptake by adipocytes.
**2. Lipid Mobilization and Utilization:**
* **Lipolysis:** When energy demands exceed the supply from carbohydrates, stored triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol through a process called lipolysis. This process is catalyzed by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which is activated by hormones such as adrenaline and glucagon.
* **Fatty Acid Oxidation:** Fatty acids released from lipolysis are transported to various tissues, primarily the liver and muscles, where they undergo β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP.
**3. Hormonal Regulation:**
* **Insulin:** Insulin promotes lipid storage by stimulating glucose uptake and lipogenesis while inhibiting lipolysis.
* **Glucagon:** Glucagon promotes lipid mobilization by activating HSL and inhibiting lipogenesis.
* **Growth Hormone:** Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis, particularly in adipose tissue, promoting the release of fatty acids for energy production.
* **Thyroid Hormones:** Thyroid hormones increase lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, contributing to energy expenditure.
**4. Transcriptional Regulation:**
* **PPARα:** This nuclear receptor regulates genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and transport.
* **PPARγ:** This nuclear receptor plays a crucial role in adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage.
* **SREBP-1c:** This transcription factor regulates genes involved in lipogenesis.
**5. Cellular Signaling Pathways:**
* **AMPK:** This enzyme is activated by low energy levels and promotes fatty acid oxidation and inhibits lipogenesis.
* **mTOR:** This kinase promotes lipogenesis and inhibits autophagy, a process that degrades cellular components including lipids.
**Regulation of lipid storage is a complex and tightly regulated process that is essential for maintaining energy balance and overall health. Dysregulation of this process can contribute to various metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO | An alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9C0B1] | Homo sapiens (human) |
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 | An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96EB6] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform | A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P50416] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 | A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P36956] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
citric acid, anhydrous | citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid | 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate : Conjugate base of 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid. 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | phenols | |
malic acid | 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group. malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid | food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
niacinamide | nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
pyruvic acid | pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed) | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
amiodarone | amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
bisindolylmaleimide i | bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide | ||
bisindolylmaleimide v | bisindolylmaleimide V: used as a negative control compound for protein kinase C inhibition; structure in first source; | indoles | |
entinostat | benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor | |
fenamic acid | fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | membrane transport modulator |
perhexiline | Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. | piperidines | cardiovascular drug |
pioglitazone | pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
ro 31-8220 | Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor | imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides | EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
fenofibrate | benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone | platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor | |
suramin | suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years. Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. | naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
nad | NAD | geroprotector | |
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid | 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | alkylbenzene | |
suramin sodium | suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness. | organic sodium salt | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid | lutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4. | pyridinedicarboxylic acid | |
trimetazidine | Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease. | aromatic amine | |
d-glutamate | D-alpha-amino acid; glutamic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite | |
glutamic acid | glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
4-hydroxyphenylglycine, (s)-isomer | L-4-hydroxyphenylglycine : The L-enantiomer of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine. | 4-hydroxyphenylglycine | |
d-lactic acid | (R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration. | 2-hydroxypropanoic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
toxoflavin | toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7. toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure | carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor |
rosiglitazone | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug | |
emeriamine | emeriamine: derived from fungal metabolite emericedin; structure given in first source | ||
paullone | paullone : An indolobenzazepine that is 5,6,7,12-tetrahydroindolo[3,2-d][1]benzazepine carrying an oxo substituent at position 6. paullone: structure in first source | indolobenzazepine; lactam | EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor |
d-2-hydroxyglutarate | (R)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid : The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid. | 2-hydroxyglutaric acid | algal metabolite |
alpha-hydroxyglutarate, (l)-isomer | 2-hydroxyglutaric acid | ||
hyperforin | hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum. hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure; | ||
surfactin c | surfactin C : A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-13-methyltetradecanoyl]-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-D-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-D-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been lactonised by condensation with the alcoholic hydroxy group. | cyclodepsipeptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; macrocyclic lactone | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; surfactant |
fumaric acid | fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters | butenedioic acid | food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
resveratrol | trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration. | resveratrol | antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger |
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline | 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline: a JmjC histone demethylase inhibitor; structure in first source | quinolines | |
aconitic acid | cis-aconitic acid : The cis-isomer of aconitic acid. | aconitic acid | fundamental metabolite |
CHIC-35 | CHIC-35 : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal fusion of the 2-3 bond of 5-chloroindole with the 2-3 bond of cycloheptanecarboxamide (the S enantiomer). It is a potent, cell-permeable, metabolically stable and selective inhibitor of the deacetylase SIRT1. | aromatic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organochlorine compound; primary carboxamide | EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
3-(1-azepanylsulfonyl)-n-(3-bromphenyl)benzamide | 3-(1-azepanylsulfonyl)-N-(3-bromphenyl)benzamide: a sirtuin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
CAY10591 | CAY10591: a SIRT1 NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activator | quinoxaline derivative | |
sirtinol | aldimine; benzamides; naphthols | anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor | |
oxalylglycine | N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes. oxalylglycine: structure given in first source | amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine | EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor |
cambinol | cambinol: inhibitor of human silent information regulator 2 enzymes; structure in first source | ||
(4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(8-nitro-5-quinolinyl)-1-piperazinyl]methanone | N-arylpiperazine | ||
ex 527 | 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source | carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound | |
entacapone | entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group. entacapone: structure given in first source | 2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
calcifediol | D3 vitamins; diol; hydroxycalciol | bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical | |
panobinostat | panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA. | cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound | angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
4-trimethylammonio-3-((tetradecylcarbamoyl)amino)butyrate | |||
oblongifolin c | oblongifolin C: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Garcinia yunnanensis; structure in first source | ||
fg-4592 | roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH). roxadustat: structure in first source | aromatic ether; isoquinolines; N-acylglycine | EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor |
quisinostat | indoles | ||
srt1460 | SRT1460: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source | ||
srt1720 | |||
srt2183 | SRT2183: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source | ||
tenovin-6 | tenovin-6 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(dimethylamino)pentanoic acid with the aromatic amino group of N-[(4-aminophenyl)carbamothioyl]-4-tert-butylbenzamide. | monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thioureas | antineoplastic agent; p53 activator; Sir2 inhibitor |
acy-1215 | ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source | pyrimidinecarboxylic acid | |
aristoforin | Aristoforin: derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent; structure in first source | ||
n-(3-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-ylmethylene)amino)phenyl)-2-phenylpropionamide |