Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of grooming behavior. [GOC:BHF]
Grooming behavior, a fundamental aspect of animal hygiene and social interaction, is intricately regulated by a complex interplay of neural, hormonal, and environmental factors. The process begins with sensory input, such as tactile stimulation, visual cues, or olfactory signals, which activate specialized sensory neurons. These neurons transmit signals to the central nervous system, where they are processed by various brain regions, including the somatosensory cortex, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating grooming behavior by integrating sensory information with hormonal cues. For instance, stress hormones like cortisol can trigger increased grooming activity, while neuropeptides like oxytocin, associated with social bonding, can reduce grooming behavior. The motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, receives signals from the hypothalamus and other brain regions, and then sends motor commands to the muscles responsible for grooming movements. These movements are coordinated and refined by the cerebellum, ensuring smooth and efficient grooming. Environmental factors also significantly influence grooming behavior. For example, social context, such as the presence of other individuals or the presence of parasites, can trigger or suppress grooming activity. Moreover, grooming behavior is often influenced by individual preferences and learned behaviors. The overall process of grooming regulation involves a complex network of interconnected brain regions, hormonal signaling pathways, and environmental influences, ensuring proper hygiene, social bonding, and overall well-being.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Disks large homolog 4 | A disks large homolog 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P78352] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Melanocortin receptor 4 | A melanocortin receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P32245] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| amiodarone | amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| astemizole | astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects. | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| chlorpromazine | chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| miconazole | 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles | |
| sterogenol | cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion. hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source | bromide salt; pyridinium salt | antiseptic drug; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; surfactant |
| melanotan-ii | melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer | organic molecular entity | |
| tamoxifen | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator | |
| pmx 53 | |||
| ml 00253764 | 2-(2-(2-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole: structure in first source | ||
| shu 9119 | SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source | ||
| bms-470539 | BMS-470539: a selective small molecule agonist of the melanocortin-1 receptor inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine accumulation and leukocyte infiltration in mice; structure in first source | ||
| bremelanotide | bremelanotide: a synthetic peptide analogue of alpha-MSH, is an agonist at melanocortin receptors including the MC3R and MC4R, which are expressed primarily in the central nervous system; | oligopeptide | |
| 4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride | |||
| acetyl-histidyl-phenylalanyl-arginyl-tryptophanamide | |||
| ac-his-dphe-arg-trp-nh2 | |||
| rm-493 | setmelanotide: an anti-obesity agent | ||
| alpha-msh | peptide hormone | anti-inflammatory agent | |
| msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- | polypeptide | dermatologic drug | |
| nitd 609 | NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source | ||
| tat-nr2b9c | Tat-NR2B9c: a synthetic peptide consisting of the C-terminal 9 amino acids of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor fused to the cell membrane protein transduction domain of the HIV-1-Tat protein |