Page last updated: 2024-10-24

regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]

The circadian sleep/wake cycle, also known as the body's internal clock, is a complex biological process that regulates sleep and wakefulness over a roughly 24-hour period. This cycle is driven by an intricate interplay of internal and external factors.

**Internal Factors:**

* **The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN):** Located in the hypothalamus, the SCN is the body's primary circadian pacemaker. It receives light signals from the eyes through the optic nerve and uses this information to synchronize its own rhythm with the day-night cycle. The SCN then regulates the production of various hormones and neurotransmitters, influencing physiological processes throughout the body.

* **Hormonal Regulation:**
* **Melatonin:** This hormone, produced by the pineal gland, is secreted primarily at night and promotes sleepiness. Its production is suppressed by light and stimulated by darkness, reflecting the SCN's influence.
* **Cortisol:** This hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, peaks in the morning and promotes wakefulness. Its levels decline throughout the day, contributing to the feeling of sleepiness in the evening.

* **Molecular Mechanisms:**
* **Clock Genes:** A network of genes, known as clock genes, regulate the rhythmic expression of proteins that influence various physiological processes. These genes oscillate in a cyclical manner, driving the circadian rhythm.

**External Factors:**

* **Light:** The most powerful zeitgeber (synchronizer) for the circadian rhythm is light. Exposure to light during the day suppresses melatonin production, while darkness stimulates its release. This signal helps to synchronize the internal clock with the external environment.

* **Social Cues:** Social interactions, meal times, and work schedules can also influence the circadian rhythm.

**Regulation of Sleep:**

The circadian rhythm dictates the timing and duration of sleep. When the body's internal clock signals the onset of sleep, various physiological changes occur, including:

* **Decreased core body temperature.**
* **Reduced heart rate and blood pressure.**
* **Muscle relaxation.**
* **Increased production of sleep-promoting hormones like melatonin.**

**Disruption of the Circadian Rhythm:**

Shift work, travel across time zones (jet lag), and exposure to artificial light at night can disrupt the circadian rhythm, leading to sleep disorders, impaired cognitive function, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

**Maintaining a Healthy Circadian Rhythm:**

* **Regular Sleep Schedule:** Go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends.
* **Exposure to Daylight:** Spend time outdoors during the day, especially in the morning.
* **Avoid Artificial Light at Night:** Minimize screen time before bed and keep your bedroom dark.
* **Regular Exercise:** Regular physical activity can help to regulate the circadian rhythm.
* **Healthy Diet:** A balanced diet can support healthy sleep patterns.
* **Limit Caffeine and Alcohol:** These substances can interfere with sleep.'
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Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorA beta-1 adrenergic receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P08588]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (104)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: RN given refers to parent cpdpiperazines
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.

1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
acebutololacebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.

Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
albuterolalbuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alprenololalprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.

Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
amiodaroneamiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.

Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
1-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound
cardiovascular drug
astemizoleastemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.

Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.
benzimidazoles;
piperidines
anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenololatenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.

Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
betaxololpropanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bisoprololBisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.secondary alcohol;
secondary amine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bupranololBupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.aromatic ether
carteololCarteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.quinolone;
secondary alcohol
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilolcarbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
cgp 20712aimidazoles
cgp 12177CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic antagonist
cimaterolbenzenes;
nitrile
cisapridecisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.

Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
benzamides
clenbuterolclenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.

Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.
amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clorprenaline1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is chlorobenzene which is substituted by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 2.

clorprenaline : A racemate comprise of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clorprenaline. It is a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist and a bronchodilator.
ethanolamines;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound
clotrimazoleconazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
econazole1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.

econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.

Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.
dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
formoterol fumarateN-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
ici 118551indanes
isoproterenolisoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.

Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
labetalol2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.

labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.

Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.
benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metoprololmetoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.

Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
miconazole1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.

miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.

Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
pindololpindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.

Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)
indoles;
secondary amine
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
practololpractolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.
acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
pronethalolpronethalol: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-66); NAPHTHYLISOPROTERENOL was see PRONETHALOL 1977-94; use ETHANOLAMINES to search PRONETHALOL 1966-94naphthalenes
propafenonepropafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.

Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.
aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug
propranololpropranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.

Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
quipazineQuipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.piperazines;
pyridines
salmeterol xinafoate2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.

salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.
ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sotalolsotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.

Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide
anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
terbutalineterbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.

Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols
anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
lysergic acid diethylamidelysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.
ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
isoproterenol hydrochloridecatechols
phenylephrinephenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.

Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
phenylpiperazinephenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd
ergotamineergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.

Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
indopanalpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.

indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation
tryptamines
dexpropranololpropranolol
lisurideLisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
bromocriptineBromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
1-(3-chloro-5-benzo[b][1]benzoxepinyl)-4-methylpiperazineN-alkylpiperazine;
organic heterotricyclic compound
timolol(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
dobutaminedobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.

Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.
catecholamine;
secondary amine
beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
sq-11725nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.

Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.
levobunolollevobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.

Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.
aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
bopindolol1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.

bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.

bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
aromatic ether;
benzoate ester;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound
flestololflestolol: short-acting beta blockader
sematilidesematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source
esmololesmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.

methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.
aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
(S)-betaxolol(S)-betaxolol : The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol.betaxolol
propranolol hydrochlorideInderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertensionhydrochloride
eltoprazineeltoprazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; suppresses hyperpolarizing responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus
sotalol hydrochloridesotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
talinololureas
labetalol hydrochloridesalicylamides
1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine: structure in first source
1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine: increases serotonin & decreases 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration in rat brain 6 hours after administration; RN given refers to parent cpd
sb 204070a
ici 89406ICI 89406: RN given refers to parent cpdureas
ersentilideersentilide: has class II & III activities; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source; CK-4000 (S- isomer); CK-4001 (R- isomer)
sc 53116SC 53116: serotonin agonist; pyrrolizidine cpd but not alkaloid; structure given in first source
xamoterolXamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.morpholines
n-demethyllysergic acid diethylamideN-demethyllysergic acid diethylamide: RN given refers to (betaa)-isomer
nantenine, (+-)-isomer
sibenadetsibenadet: structure in first source
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: a designer drug; structure in first source
L-isoprenalineL-isoprenaline : An optically active phenylethanolamine compound having an isopropyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.catecholamine;
phenylethanolamines
beta-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent
darifenacindarifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.1-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
diethylstilbestroldiethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.

Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
olefinic compound;
polyphenol
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
(S)-(-)-pindololpindolol
4,4-dicarboxy-5-pyridoxylproline
tamoxifenstilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
arformoterolarformoterol : An N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide in which both of the stereocentres have R configuration. The active enantiomer of formoterol, it is administered by inhalation (generally as the tartrate salt) as a direct-acting sympathomimetic and bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (any progressive respiratory disease that makes it harder to breathe over time, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema).N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamideanti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
sb-224289SB 224289 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of 1'-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-spiro[furo[2,3-f]indole-3,4'-piperidine]. Selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist (pKi = 8.2). Displays >60-fold selectivity over 5-HT1D, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in radioligand binding and functional assays. Centrally active following oral administration in vivo.1,2,4-oxadiazole;
azaspiro compound;
benzamides;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
serotonergic antagonist
harmineharmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.

Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.
harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
obelinobelin: calcium-sensitive photoprotein obtained from the hydroid Obelia geniculata
cl 316243disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source
ici 118551ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).

ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551
aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic antagonist
vx680N-arylpiperazine
phentolamine
cgp 12177a
dihydrexidinephenanthridines
ici 215001ICI 215001: active metabolite of ICI D7114; no other info avail 9/92monocarboxylic acid
indacaterolindacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source
indanes;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
l 755507L 755507: a benzenesulfonamide derivative; structure in first source
brl 37344BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomermonocarboxylic acid
solabegronsolabegron : A carboxybiphenyl that is [biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid carrying a (2-{[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino}ethyl)nitrilo group at the 3' position. A selective beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist currently in clinical development for the treatment of overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome.

solabegron: GW-427353 is the (R)-isomer;
carboxybiphenyl;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline
beta-adrenergic agonist
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
trantinteroltrantinterol: beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, structure in first source
l 748,337L 748,337: a huamn beta3-adrenergic receptor antagonist; structure in first source
77-lh-28-177-LH-28-1: a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, structure in first source
sb-649915SB-649915: potent 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptor antagonist and 5-HT re-uptake inhibitor
l 764646
naluzotannaluzotan: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent; structure in first source
olodaterolaromatic ether;
benzoxazine;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
sp 2033-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source
bi167107BI167107: structure in first source
n,n-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamineN,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine: structure in first sourcetryptamines