fentanyl and Itching studies

Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" IV pentazocine reduced the overall incidence of pruritus within the first 24 hours compared to IV saline, with an estimated relative risk of 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%, 90%; P = ."	9.24	Prophylactic Pentazocine Reduces the Incidence of Pruritus After Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia With Opioids: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Doi, K; Hirabayashi, M; Imamachi, N; Kishimoto, T; Saito, Y, 2017)
"In this randomized, double-blind study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of lornoxicam and ondansetron for the prevention of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus in patients undergoing cesarean section."	9.12	Lornoxicam and ondansetron for the prevention of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus. ( Begec, Z; Erdil, FA; Ersoy, MO; Gedik, E; Gulhas, N; Sagir, O; Togal, T, 2007)
"Neither ondansetron nor tropisetron prevent itching caused by intrathecal morphine with fentanyl."	9.12	Ondansetron and tropisetron do not prevent intraspinal morphine- and fentanyl-induced pruritus in elective cesarean delivery. ( Halonen, PM; Kainu, JP; Korttila, KT; Sarvela, PJ; Soikkeli, AI, 2006)
"Propofol-based general anaesthesia compared to thiopental-sevoflurane-based anaesthesia reduces the incidence and severity of pruritus induced by a single injection of 3 mg epidural morphine with ropivacaine."	9.12	The impact of intraoperative propofol administration in the prevention of postoperative pruritus induced by epidural morphine. ( Christodoulaki, K; Crepi, E; Grigoropoulou, I; Kitsou, M; Kontogiannopoulou, S; Kostopanagiotou, G; Matiatou, S; Matsota, P; Niokou, D; Pandazi, A, 2006)
"Fentanyl is commonly used for spinal analgesia during labour but it is associated with a high incidence of pruritus."	9.11	Intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus during labour: the effect of prophylactic ondansetron. ( Evans, SF; Paech, MJ; Wells, J, 2004)
"Pruritus is a commonly reported side effect after intrathecal fentanyl administration during spinal anesthesia."	9.10	Prophylactic ondansetron reduces the incidence of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus. ( Gürkan, Y; Toker, K, 2002)
"After prophylactic administration of 4 or 8 mg of ondansetron IV, the incidence, duration and severity of pruritus were similar to placebo."	9.10	Ondansetron does not prevent pruritus induced by low-dose intrathecal fentanyl. ( Jokela, RM; Korhonen, AM; Korttila, K; Ravaska, P; Valanne, JV, 2003)
"In this prospective randomised study, pruritus and pain were evaluated in patients undergoing abdominal surgery during which epidural fentanyl was administered."	9.09	The effect of intravenous tenoxicam on pruritus in patients receiving epidural fentanyl. ( Chambers, F; Colbert, S; Moriarty, DC; O'Hanlon, DM, 1999)
"Pruritus is a frequent complication (40%-100%) of intrathecal (IT) fentanyl 25 microg (F) for labor analgesia."	9.08	Intrathecal bupivacaine reduces pruritus and prolongs duration of fentanyl analgesia during labor: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. ( Asokumar, B; Ivankovich, AD; McCarthy, RJ; Newman, LM; Tuman, KJ, 1998)
"The side-effect of pruritus was studied in 31 patients receiving epidural fentanyl 100 micrograms in 8 ml normal saline for postoperative analgesia."	9.05	Pruritus--a side-effect of epidural fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. ( Shipton, EA, 1984)
"IV 8 mg prophylactic ondansetron does not decrease the incidence of fentanyl- or sufentanil-mediated pruritus but may decrease the need for pruritus rescue medication, particularly in specific subgroups."	8.93	Prophylactic Ondansetron for the Prevention of Intrathecal Fentanyl- or Sufentanil-Mediated Pruritus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. ( Guglielminotti, J; Li, G; Moitra, V; Prin, M, 2016)
"A 28-year-old nulliparous patient at 41 weeks of gestation was treated for pruritus with intravenous diphenhydramine after epidural administration of fentanyl."	7.85	Transient Fetal Tachycardia After Intravenous Diphenhydramine Administration. ( Abernathy, A; Alsina, L; Egerman, R; Greer, J, 2017)
"Pruritus was more frequent in the 2."	6.72	Intrathecal sufentanil (1.5 microg) added to hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) for elective cesarean section provides adequate analgesia without need for pruritus therapy. ( Demiraran, Y; Kocaman, B; Ozdemir, I; Yucel, O, 2006)
" We performed this study to establish the dose-response relationship of intrathecal fentanyl for both analgesia and ventilatory depression."	6.69	Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. ( Affleck, PJ; Andreasen, A; Brackin, R; Calicott, R; Choi, KC; Fong, J; Gadalla, F; Gomillion, MC; Hartman, JK; Herman, NL; Koff, HD; Lee, SH; Singhal, A; Van Decar, TK, 1999)
" IV pentazocine reduced the overall incidence of pruritus within the first 24 hours compared to IV saline, with an estimated relative risk of 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%, 90%; P = ."	5.24	Prophylactic Pentazocine Reduces the Incidence of Pruritus After Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia With Opioids: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Doi, K; Hirabayashi, M; Imamachi, N; Kishimoto, T; Saito, Y, 2017)
" Simultaneous administration of dexamethasone and fentanyl have been known to decrease the duration of perineal pain but its role in alleviating perineal pain has not been studied."	5.14	Fentanyl pretreatment for alleviation of perineal symptoms following preoperative administration of intravenous dexamethasone sodium phosphate--a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. ( Garg, R; Rewari, V; Trikha, A, 2010)
"In this randomized, double-blind study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of lornoxicam and ondansetron for the prevention of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus in patients undergoing cesarean section."	5.12	Lornoxicam and ondansetron for the prevention of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus. ( Begec, Z; Erdil, FA; Ersoy, MO; Gedik, E; Gulhas, N; Sagir, O; Togal, T, 2007)
"Neither ondansetron nor tropisetron prevent itching caused by intrathecal morphine with fentanyl."	5.12	Ondansetron and tropisetron do not prevent intraspinal morphine- and fentanyl-induced pruritus in elective cesarean delivery. ( Halonen, PM; Kainu, JP; Korttila, KT; Sarvela, PJ; Soikkeli, AI, 2006)
"Propofol-based general anaesthesia compared to thiopental-sevoflurane-based anaesthesia reduces the incidence and severity of pruritus induced by a single injection of 3 mg epidural morphine with ropivacaine."	5.12	The impact of intraoperative propofol administration in the prevention of postoperative pruritus induced by epidural morphine. ( Christodoulaki, K; Crepi, E; Grigoropoulou, I; Kitsou, M; Kontogiannopoulou, S; Kostopanagiotou, G; Matiatou, S; Matsota, P; Niokou, D; Pandazi, A, 2006)
"Fentanyl is commonly used for spinal analgesia during labour but it is associated with a high incidence of pruritus."	5.11	Intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus during labour: the effect of prophylactic ondansetron. ( Evans, SF; Paech, MJ; Wells, J, 2004)
"Droperidol in combination with nalbuphine enhances analgesia and is more effective than nalbuphine alone in preventing pruritus, nausea, and vomiting after minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia."	5.10	Minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia in ambulatory surgery: prophylactic nalbuphine versus nalbuphine plus droperidol. ( Ben-David, B; DeMeo, PJ; Lucyk, C; Solosko, D, 2002)
"Pruritus is a commonly reported side effect after intrathecal fentanyl administration during spinal anesthesia."	5.10	Prophylactic ondansetron reduces the incidence of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus. ( Gürkan, Y; Toker, K, 2002)
"After prophylactic administration of 4 or 8 mg of ondansetron IV, the incidence, duration and severity of pruritus were similar to placebo."	5.10	Ondansetron does not prevent pruritus induced by low-dose intrathecal fentanyl. ( Jokela, RM; Korhonen, AM; Korttila, K; Ravaska, P; Valanne, JV, 2003)
"In this prospective randomised study, pruritus and pain were evaluated in patients undergoing abdominal surgery during which epidural fentanyl was administered."	5.09	The effect of intravenous tenoxicam on pruritus in patients receiving epidural fentanyl. ( Chambers, F; Colbert, S; Moriarty, DC; O'Hanlon, DM, 1999)
"Postsurgical analgesia and the incidence of fentanyl-related complications, such as nausea/vomiting, somnolence, pruritus, and respiratory depression, were assessed for 24 hours postoperatively."	5.09	Additional droperidol, not butorphanol, augments epidural fentanyl analgesia following anorectal surgery. ( Ai, K; Kotake, Y; Matsumoto, M; Morisaki, H; Takeda, J, 2000)
" We recorded pain as assessed on a visual analog scale, extension of sensory and motor block, maternal hemodynamic constants, number of boluses of bupivacaine used, total doses of bupivacaine and oxytocin, instruments needed for childbirth, and side effects (pruritus, nausea and vomiting)."	5.09	[The efficacy and safety of continuous epidural analgesia versus intradural-epidural analgesia during labor]. ( Caba, F; Calderón, J; Echevarría, M; Gómez, P; Martínez, A; Rodríguez, R, 2001)
"Pruritus is a frequent complication (40%-100%) of intrathecal (IT) fentanyl 25 microg (F) for labor analgesia."	5.08	Intrathecal bupivacaine reduces pruritus and prolongs duration of fentanyl analgesia during labor: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. ( Asokumar, B; Ivankovich, AD; McCarthy, RJ; Newman, LM; Tuman, KJ, 1998)
"kg-1 oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and were instructed to suck the OTFC until pruritus appeared (Group 2) or until the entire dose was consumed (Group 1)."	5.08	Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate as an anaesthetic premedication when dosed to an opioid effect vs total opioid consumption. ( Dear, GD; Dear, RB; Ginsberg, B; Margolis, JO; Ross, AK, 1998)
" Those receiving sufentanil made fewer PCA requests but had a significantly greater incidence of vomiting during the infusion and dizziness after the termination of the infusion."	5.07	Postcesarean delivery epidural patient-controlled analgesia. Fentanyl or sufentanil? ( Amar, D; Brady, JA; Cohen, S; Goodman, EJ; Kanas, RJ; Pantuck, CB; Pantuck, EJ; Widroff, JS, 1993)
"Respiratory effects, nausea, somnolence, and pruritus were compared during a 48-hr period of continuous epidural morphine (n = 34) and fentanyl (n = 32) infusion in 66 patients following elective total replacement of the hip or knee joint."	5.07	Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl. ( Berghausen, EJ; Dumont, SW; Heine, MF; Huang, KC; Schroeder, JA; Tsueda, K; Vogel, RL; White, MJ, 1992)
"Epidural morphine is associated with a high incidence of pruritus when used for pain control in the post-Caesarean section population."	5.06	A comparison of the incidence of pruritus following epidural opioid administration in the parturient. ( Ackerman, WE; Colclough, GW; Juneja, MM; Kaczorowski, DM, 1989)
"The side-effect of pruritus was studied in 31 patients receiving epidural fentanyl 100 micrograms in 8 ml normal saline for postoperative analgesia."	5.05	Pruritus--a side-effect of epidural fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. ( Shipton, EA, 1984)
"IV 8 mg prophylactic ondansetron does not decrease the incidence of fentanyl- or sufentanil-mediated pruritus but may decrease the need for pruritus rescue medication, particularly in specific subgroups."	4.93	Prophylactic Ondansetron for the Prevention of Intrathecal Fentanyl- or Sufentanil-Mediated Pruritus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. ( Guglielminotti, J; Li, G; Moitra, V; Prin, M, 2016)
"A 28-year-old nulliparous patient at 41 weeks of gestation was treated for pruritus with intravenous diphenhydramine after epidural administration of fentanyl."	3.85	Transient Fetal Tachycardia After Intravenous Diphenhydramine Administration. ( Abernathy, A; Alsina, L; Egerman, R; Greer, J, 2017)
" We experienced a case of pentazocine inhibiting itch evoked by intrathecal fentanyl in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)."	3.80	[Treatment of intrathecal fentanyl-induced itch with pentazocine: a case report]. ( Hirabayashi, M; Imamachi, N; Saito, Y; Sakakihara, M, 2014)
"PCA-fentanyl consumption was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 and 3 (P = ."	3.30	Comparison of the Efficacies of Three Different Intrathecal Doses of Morphine in Achieving Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia. ( Kocamanoğlu, İS; Tamdoğan, İ; Turunç, E, 2023)
" There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects between the two drugs."	2.77	The effectiveness and adverse events of morphine versus fentanyl on a physician-staffed helicopter. ( Cudnik, M; Emerman, CL; Pakiela, J; Smith, DA; Smith, MD; Wang, Y, 2012)
"Remifentanil PCA was associated with the greatest decrease in pain scores, but the difference was significant only at 1 h."	2.75	Obstetric analgesia: a comparison of patient-controlled meperidine, remifentanil, and fentanyl in labour. ( Douma, MR; Kam-Endtz, CE; Stienstra, R; van der Linden, PD; Verwey, RA, 2010)
"The duration of time to first postoperative pain and motor blockade was significantly longer in the naloxone (92 +/- 10 and 115 +/- 10 min) and naloxone + fentanyl groups (98 +/- 12 and 122 +/- 16 min) than control (68 +/- 7 and 89 +/- 11 min) and fentanyl groups (68 +/- 11 and 90 +/- 12 min) (P < 0."	2.74	An ultra-low dose of naloxone added to lidocaine or lidocaine-fentanyl mixture prolongs axillary brachial plexus blockade. ( Movafegh, A; Nabavian, O; Nouralishahi, B; Sadeghi, M, 2009)
"This is the first dose-finding study specifically designed to estimate the ED95 of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with a fixed amount of fentanyl for analgesia in active labor."	2.73	Determination of the ED95 for intrathecal plain bupivacaine combined with fentanyl in active labor. ( Carvalho, JC; Goldszmidt, E; Parkes, RK; Whitty, R, 2007)
"Pruritus was more frequent in the 2."	2.72	Intrathecal sufentanil (1.5 microg) added to hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) for elective cesarean section provides adequate analgesia without need for pruritus therapy. ( Demiraran, Y; Kocaman, B; Ozdemir, I; Yucel, O, 2006)
" Adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention, sedation, motor block, and respiratory depression (< 8 breaths per minute) were recorded."	2.71	Efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural or intravenous analgesia after major surgery. ( Hu, JS; Liew, C; Lui, PW; Teng, YH; Tsai, SK, 2004)
"Pruritus was more common in group BF."	2.70	Hypotension in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of fractured neck of femur. A comparison of two different spinal solutions. ( Clark, MX; Martyr, JW, 2001)
" A dose-response curve indicates that the median effective dose of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia is 14 microg (95% confidence interval, 13-15 microg)."	2.69	The dose-response relation of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia. ( Alves, D; Cork, RC; Hays, R; Palmer, CM; Van Maren, G, 1998)
" We performed this study to establish the dose-response relationship of intrathecal fentanyl for both analgesia and ventilatory depression."	2.69	Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. ( Affleck, PJ; Andreasen, A; Brackin, R; Calicott, R; Choi, KC; Fong, J; Gadalla, F; Gomillion, MC; Hartman, JK; Herman, NL; Koff, HD; Lee, SH; Singhal, A; Van Decar, TK, 1999)
"Pruritus was more pronounced within the first six hours in Group 1 and at 18 hr in Group 2."	2.68	Epidural morphine vs hydromorphone in post-caesarean section patients. ( Arellano, R; Carstoniu, J; Halpern, SH; O'Leary, G; Preston, R; Roger, S; Sandler, A, 1996)
"Severe pruritus was observed in the morphine group significantly more than in the fentanyl group."	2.68	[Effects of continuous epidural administration of fentanyl and morphine on postcesarean pain]. ( Dohi, S; Ishiyama, T; Oda, A; Okumura, Y; Suzuki, A, 1996)
"This study was designed to determine and compare the dose-response characteristics, speed of onset, and relative potency of single-dose epidural fentanyl (F) and sufentanil (S) for postoperative pain relief."	2.68	A randomized, double-blind, dose-response comparison of epidural fentanyl versus sufentanil analgesia after cesarean section. ( Grass, JA; Harris, AP; Michitsch, R; Sakima, NT; Schmidt, R; Zuckerman, RL, 1997)
"Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is a novel lozenge dosage form of fentanyl used for premedication."	2.67	Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in patients undergoing outpatient dermatologic procedures. ( Bezzant, JL; Gerwels, JW; Le Maire, L; Pauley, LF; Streisand, JB, 1994)
"Pruritus was less common in Group A patients at the 8 and 24 hr observation periods (P < 0."	2.67	A comparative study of patient-controlled epidural fentanyl and single dose epidural morphine for post-caesarean analgesia. ( Gambling, DR; Yu, PY, 1993)
"Centipede bites are a constant risk throughout tropical regions and have the rare potential for systemic side effects."	1.51	Challenges of Remote Medical Care in South Sudan: Centipede Bites. ( Dickson, N; Moles, I; Pallett, SJC, 2019)
"Pruritus was not associated to any factor."	1.39	Orphan symptoms in advanced cancer patients followed at home. ( Adile, C; Aielli, F; Casuccio, A; Fusco, F; Mercadante, S; Porzio, G; Valle, A, 2013)
"Itching is known as a commonly side effect of opioid administration."	1.36	Characterization of scratching behavior induced by intradermal administration of morphine and fentanyl in mice. ( Kamei, C; Kuyama, S; Sugimoto, Y; Yamamoto, A, 2010)
"Pruritus was observed in 29% of patients and was more common in diplegia than quadriplegia (48% vs 12."	1.30	Epidural analgesia in children with cerebral palsy. ( Brenn, BR; Brislin, RP; Rose, JB, 1998)

Research

Studies (88)

Authors

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Mean Change in Numeric Pain Score (NPS) From First to Last Dose

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	4 (4.55)	18.7374
1990's	33 (37.50)	18.2507
2000's	29 (32.95)	29.6817
2010's	19 (21.59)	24.3611
2020's	3 (3.41)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Singh, NP	1
Makkar, JK	1
Jafra, A	1
Verma, P	1
Singh, PM	1
Tamdoğan, İ	1
Turunç, E	1
Kocamanoğlu, İS	1
Hirabayashi, M	2
Doi, K	1
Imamachi, N	2
Kishimoto, T	1
Saito, Y	3
Abernathy, A	1
Alsina, L	1
Greer, J	1
Egerman, R	1
Jun, JH	1
Kim, GS	1
Lee, JJ	1
Ko, JS	1
Kim, SJ	1
Jeon, PH	1
Uppal, V	1
Retter, S	1
Casey, M	1
Sancheti, S	1
Matheson, K	1
McKeen, DM	1
Pallett, SJC	1
Dickson, N	1
Moles, I	1
Ginosar, Y	1
Birnbach, DJ	1
Shirov, TT	1
Arheart, K	1
Caraco, Y	1
Davidson, EM	1
Clivatti, J	1
Siddiqui, N	1
Goel, A	1
Shaw, M	1
Crisan, I	1
Carvalho, JC	2
Mercadante, S	1
Porzio, G	1
Valle, A	1
Fusco, F	1
Aielli, F	1
Adile, C	1
Casuccio, A	1
Martin, CM	1
Domingo-Triadó, V	1
López Alarcón, MD	1
Villegas Estévez, F	1
Alba Moratillas, C	1
Massa Domínguez, B	1
Palomares Payá, F	1
Mínguez Martí, A	1
Debón Vicent, L	1
Sakakihara, M	1
Prin, M	1
Guglielminotti, J	1
Moitra, V	1
Li, G	1
Adam, F	1
Movafegh, A	1
Nouralishahi, B	1
Sadeghi, M	1
Nabavian, O	1
Yamamoto, A	1
Kuyama, S	1
Kamei, C	1
Sugimoto, Y	1
Douma, MR	1
Verwey, RA	1
Kam-Endtz, CE	1
van der Linden, PD	1
Stienstra, R	1
Wong, CA	2
McCarthy, RJ	4
Blouin, J	1
Landau, R	1
Schmutz, JL	1
Barbaud, A	1
Trechot, P	1
Bang, SR	1
Yu, SK	1
Kim, TH	1
Minkowski, CP	1
Epstein, D	1
Frost, JJ	1
Gorelick, DA	1
Rewari, V	1
Garg, R	1
Trikha, A	1
Smith, MD	1
Wang, Y	1
Cudnik, M	1
Smith, DA	1
Pakiela, J	1
Emerman, CL	1
Yao, L	1
Wang, T	1
Yang, B	1
Buvanendran, A	1
Kroin, JS	1
Leong, W	1
Perry, P	1
Tuman, KJ	2
Ben-David, B	1
DeMeo, PJ	1
Lucyk, C	1
Solosko, D	1
Gürkan, Y	2
Toker, K	2
Korhonen, AM	1
Valanne, JV	1
Jokela, RM	1
Ravaska, P	1
Korttila, K	1
Okutomi, T	2
Saito, M	2
Mochizuki, J	2
Amano, K	2
Vath, JS	1
Kopacz, DJ	1
Canatay, H	1
Ozdamar, D	1
Solak, M	1
Finsterer, J	1
Keller, H	1
Arias, I	1
Zuntner, G	1
Scavone, BM	1
Slavenas, JP	1
Vidovich, MI	1
Peaceman, AM	1
Ganchiff, JN	1
Strauss-Hoder, T	1
Wells, J	1
Paech, MJ	1
Evans, SF	1
Teng, YH	1
Hu, JS	1
Tsai, SK	1
Liew, C	1
Lui, PW	1
Kanai, Y	1
Tani, A	1
Hoka, S	1
Sarvela, PJ	1
Halonen, PM	1
Soikkeli, AI	1
Kainu, JP	1
Korttila, KT	1
Kostopanagiotou, G	1
Pandazi, A	1
Matiatou, S	1
Kontogiannopoulou, S	1
Matsota, P	1
Niokou, D	1
Kitsou, M	1
Crepi, E	1
Christodoulaki, K	1
Grigoropoulou, I	1
Morita, T	1
Tei, Y	1
Demiraran, Y	1
Ozdemir, I	1
Kocaman, B	1
Yucel, O	1
Gulhas, N	1
Erdil, FA	1
Sagir, O	1
Gedik, E	1
Togal, T	1
Begec, Z	1
Ersoy, MO	1
Whitty, R	1
Goldszmidt, E	1
Parkes, RK	1
Shipton, EA	1
Watts, RW	1
Fletcher, IA	1
Kiroff, GK	1
Weber, C	1
Owen, H	1
Plummer, JL	1
Gerwels, JW	1
Bezzant, JL	1
Le Maire, L	1
Pauley, LF	1
Streisand, JB	1
Hudes, ET	1
Hirano, GM	1
Kashin, BA	1
Ho, K	1
MacDonald, IA	1
Shine, K	1
Howell, PR	1
Gambling, DR	2
Pavy, T	1
McMorland, G	1
Douglas, MJ	1
Blanco, J	1
Blanco, E	1
Rodríguez, G	1
Castro, A	1
Alvarez, J	1
Uchida, H	1
Kaneko, M	1
Nakatani, T	1
Kosaka, Y	1
Pelton, JJ	1
Fish, DJ	1
Keller, SM	1
Cohen, S	1
Amar, D	1
Pantuck, CB	1
Pantuck, EJ	1
Goodman, EJ	1
Widroff, JS	1
Kanas, RJ	1
Brady, JA	1
Yu, PY	1
Halpern, SH	1
Arellano, R	1
Preston, R	1
Carstoniu, J	1
O'Leary, G	1
Roger, S	1
Sandler, A	1
Schutzman, SA	1
Liebelt, E	1
Wisk, M	1
Burg, J	1
Epstein, RH	1
Mendel, HG	1
Witkowski, TA	1
Waters, R	1
Guarniari, KM	1
Marr, AT	1
Lessin, JB	1
Smith, AJ	1
Haynes, TK	1
Roberts, DE	1
Harmer, M	1
Oda, A	1
Ishiyama, T	1
Suzuki, A	1
Okumura, Y	1
Dohi, S	1
Reinhart, DJ	1
Goldberg, ME	1
Roth, JV	1
Dua, R	1
Nevo, I	1
Klein, KW	1
Torjman, M	1
Vekeman, D	1
Lyons, G	2
Columb, M	1
Hawthorne, L	1
Dresner, M	1
Grass, JA	1
Sakima, NT	1
Schmidt, R	1
Michitsch, R	1
Zuckerman, RL	1
Harris, AP	1
Palmer, CM	1
Cork, RC	1
Hays, R	1
Van Maren, G	1
Alves, D	1
Ginsberg, B	1
Dear, RB	1
Margolis, JO	1
Dear, GD	1
Ross, AK	1
Ozalp, G	1
Güner, F	1
Kuru, N	1
Kadiogullari, N	1
Asokumar, B	1
Newman, LM	1
Ivankovich, AD	1
Brenn, BR	1
Brislin, RP	1
Rose, JB	1
Colbert, S	1
O'Hanlon, DM	1
Chambers, F	1
Moriarty, DC	1
Carrero Cardenal, EJ	1
Valero Castell, R	1
Roux Carmona, C	1
Lapena Bayo, C	1
Ortells Ribé, J	1
Artigas Rubio, X	1
Woodhouse, A	1
Ward, EM	1
Mather, LE	1
Cooper, DW	1
Saleh, U	1
Taylor, M	1
Whyte, S	1
Ryall, D	1
Kokri, MS	1
Desira, WR	1
Day, H	1
McArthur, E	1
Herman, NL	1
Choi, KC	1
Affleck, PJ	1
Calicott, R	1
Brackin, R	1
Singhal, A	1
Andreasen, A	1
Gadalla, F	1
Fong, J	1
Gomillion, MC	1
Hartman, JK	1
Koff, HD	1
Lee, SH	1
Van Decar, TK	1
Bimston, DN	1
McGee, JP	1
Liptay, MJ	1
Fry, WA	1
Kotake, Y	1
Matsumoto, M	1
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Morisaki, H	1
Takeda, J	1
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García del Valle, S	1
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Kostamovaara, PA	1
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Alahuhta, S	1
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Calderón, J	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Decreased Neuraxial Morphine and Adjunctive Peripheral Nerve Blockade to Reduce Severity of Side Effects and Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery[NCT04279054]	Early Phase 1	87 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-09	Active, not recruiting
Quadratus Lumborum Block for Analgesia After Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04908761]		88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-06-03	Completed
Efficacy and Adverse Events of Morphine and Fentanyl in an Aeromedical Setting[NCT00580489]		204 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Comparison of Atropine Versus Glycopyrrolate in Preventing Spinal Anesthesia Induced Hypotension in Adult Patient Undergoing Major Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries[NCT03580889]	Phase 4	138 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-09-15	Recruiting
Effects of a Single Dose of Intrathecal Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Morphine Consumption After Total Hip Replacement[NCT00560092]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Intrathecal Magnesium Associated to Lidocaine Decreases the Incidence of the Transitory Neurologic Syndrome Following Same-day-surgery[NCT01794247]	Phase 3	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to low recruitment rate)
Spinal Anesthesia With Bupivacaine or 2-chloroprocaine for Outpatient Elective Surgery: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Comparison.[NCT00845962]		106 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Comparison of 1% Chloroprocaine vs. Hyperbaric Bupivacaine Spinals in Patients Undergoing Hemorrhoidectomies in an Ambulatory Surgery Center: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.[NCT03324984]	Phase 2	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-06	Completed
IRB-HSR# 14583: Intravenous Ondansetron to Attenuate the Hypotensive, Bradycardic Response to Spinal Anesthesia in Healthy Parturients[NCT01414777]	Phase 2/Phase 3	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Mu-Opioid Receptor Genetic Polymorphism and the Duration of Intrathecal Fentanyl Labor Analgesia. Mu-Opioid Receptor Genetic Polymorphism and the Efficacy of Postoperative Intrathecal Morphine Analgesia[NCT00418015]		293 participants (Actual)	Observational	2005-10-31	Completed
Non-Interventional Pharmacogenetic Study of Patient / Proxy Controlled Analgesia in Children Undergoing Surgery[NCT01731873]		182 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-01-17	Completed
A Randomized Trial of the Impact of Three Labor Analgesia Techniques on Labor Duration in Spontaneously Laboring Nulliparous Parturients[NCT01982838]		129 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Terminated (stopped due to Low qualified candidate enrollment)
A Randomized Trial of the Impact of Three Labor Analgesia Techniques on Labor Duration in Nulliparous Labor Inductions[NCT01982851]		134 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Terminated (stopped due to low qualified candidate enrollment)
Determination of the Initial Minimum Effective Dose of 0.5% Bupivacaine With 20mcg of Fentanyl Via a Spinal Catheter for Operative Fixation of Fractured Neck of Femur.[NCT01922622]		33 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-07-31	Completed
Spinal Sufentanil for Relief of Labor Pain in Primi- and Multiparous Parturients[NCT04141527]		164 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-06-15	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"Mean difference in the numeric pain score (NPS) from the first dose to the final dose of medication administered.~A significant mean pain score change is defined as greater than or equal to 2~Numeric Pain Score (NPS) 0-10, 0 Least pain, 10 most pain" (NCT00580489)
Timeframe: Medication was administered over a mean transport time of 37 minutes in the Morphine group and 43 minutes in the Fentanyl group.

Recording of Instance of Narcotic Side Effects.

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Morphine	2.2
Fentanyl	2.5

Instances of narcotic side effects (vital sign derangement, itching, nausea/vomiting) . (NCT00580489)
Timeframe: Groups were observed a mean of 37 minutes in the Morphine Group and a mean of 43 minutes in the Fentanyl group for side effects.

Duration of Intrathecal Analgesia Following Cesarean Delivery

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm C Morphine	0
Arm D Fentanyl	0

Time until request for supplemental analgesia following intrathecal morphine/fentanyl for cesarean delivery (NCT00418015)
Timeframe: 0 to 72 hours following cesarean delivery

Duration of Intrathecal Fentanyl Analgesia

Intervention	Hours (Median)
Cesarean Delivery OPRM1 c304A	26
Cesarean Delivery OPRM1 c304A>G	40

Time from intrathecal drug administration to request for analgesia either in laboring women of after cesarean delivery (NCT00418015)
Timeframe: Time (0-1440 minutes) to first analgesia request

Subjects With Pruritus at 24 Hours Post Morphine

Intervention	Minutes (Median)
Labor Analgesia OPRM1 c304A	70
Labor Analgesia OPRM1 c304A>G	63

Subjects reporting pruritus in the first 24 hours post cesarean delivery (NCT00418015)
Timeframe: 24 hours post cesarean delivery

Visual Analog Pain Scale (0 to 100) at Analgesia Request Following Intrathecal Intervention

Intervention	participants (Number)
Cesarean Delivery OPRM1 c304A	33
Cesarean Delivery OPRM1 c304A>G	3

Visual analog pain scale (0 to 100) at 1st request for supplemental analgesia (NCT00418015)
Timeframe: VAS at analgesia request

Severity of Pruritus Following Fentanyl

Intervention	Units on a scale (Median)
Labor Analgesia OPRM1 c304A	33
Labor Analgesia OPRM1 c304A>G	38
Cesarean Delivery OPRM1 c304A	26
Cesarean Delivery OPRM1 c304A>G	40

Severity of pruritus during labor analgesia (NCT00418015)
Timeframe: Labor analgesia

Article	Year
The effect of two groups of intrathecal fentanyl doses on analgesic outcomes and adverse effects in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2022, Volume: 50 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; P	2022
Efficacy of Intrathecal Fentanyl for Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With Trial Sequential Analysis. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2020, Volume: 130, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics	2020
Prophylactic Ondansetron for the Prevention of Intrathecal Fentanyl- or Sufentanil-Mediated Pruritus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2016, Volume: 122, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Antipruritics; Fentanyl; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Ondansetron; Pruritus; Rand	2016
[Patient-controlled analgesia. Pain and Locoregional Anesthesia Committee and the Standards Committee of the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2009, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Antiemetics; Droperidol; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Synergism;	2009
[Combined subarachnoid-epidural technique for obstetric analgesia]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2000, Volume: 47, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia,	2000

Article	Year
Comparison of the Efficacies of Three Different Intrathecal Doses of Morphine in Achieving Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia. Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 2023, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fe	2023
Prophylactic Pentazocine Reduces the Incidence of Pruritus After Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia With Opioids: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017, Volume: 124, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Antipruritics; Cesarean	2017
[Breakthrough pain treatment with sublingual fentanyl in patients with chronic cutaneous ulcers]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2014, Volume: 61, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Aged; Chronic Disease; Constipation; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Male; Mid	2014
An ultra-low dose of naloxone added to lidocaine or lidocaine-fentanyl mixture prolongs axillary brachial plexus blockade. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Axilla; Brachial Plexus; Double-Blind Method; Drug Co	2009
Obstetric analgesia: a comparison of patient-controlled meperidine, remifentanil, and fentanyl in labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 104, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Consciousness; Dou	2010
Can gabapentin help reduce postoperative pain in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair? A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 2010, Volume: 26, Issue:9 Suppl Topics: Aged; Amines; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Arthrosc	2010
Fentanyl pretreatment for alleviation of perineal symptoms following preoperative administration of intravenous dexamethasone sodium phosphate--a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Dexamethasone; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Glucocorticoids; Hu	2010
The effectiveness and adverse events of morphine versus fentanyl on a physician-staffed helicopter. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2012, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Air Ambulances; Analgesics, Opioid; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Male; Morp	2012
[Effects of preincisional epidural administration of lidocaine and fentanyl on postoperative pain management following hysterectomy]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2002, Jun-10, Volume: 82, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Drug Therapy, Combination;	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Double-Blind	2002
Minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia in ambulatory surgery: prophylactic nalbuphine versus nalbuphine plus droperidol. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Spinal; Droperidol; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2002
Prophylactic ondansetron reduces the incidence of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Incidence; Injection	2002
Ondansetron does not prevent pruritus induced by low-dose intrathecal fentanyl. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2003, Volume: 47, Issue:10 Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Antiprur	2003
Prophylactic epidural naloxone reduces the incidence and severity of neuraxial fentanyl-induced pruritus during labour analgesia in primiparous parturients. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2003, Volume: 50, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Heart Rate	2003
Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: the effect of added fentanyl. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local	2004
Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: the effect of added fentanyl. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local	2004
Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: the effect of added fentanyl. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local	2004
Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: the effect of added fentanyl. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local	2004
Spinal anesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Bu	2004
Efficacy and side effect profile of varying doses of intrathecal fentanyl added to bupivacaine for labor analgesia. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2004, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response Re	2004
Intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus during labour: the effect of prophylactic ondansetron. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2004, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; In	2004
Efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural or intravenous analgesia after major surgery. Chang Gung medical journal, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intraveno	2004
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor using ropivacaine and fentanyl provides better maternal satisfaction with less local anesthetic requirement. Journal of anesthesia, 2005, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anestheti	2005
Ondansetron and tropisetron do not prevent intraspinal morphine- and fentanyl-induced pruritus in elective cesarean delivery. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-S	2006
The impact of intraoperative propofol administration in the prevention of postoperative pruritus induced by epidural morphine. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics,	2006
Intrathecal sufentanil (1.5 microg) added to hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) for elective cesarean section provides adequate analgesia without need for pruritus therapy. Journal of anesthesia, 2006, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; A	2006
Lornoxicam and ondansetron for the prevention of intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus. Journal of anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipruritics; Apgar Score; Cesarean Section; Double	2007
Determination of the ED95 for intrathecal plain bupivacaine combined with fentanyl in active labor. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Ane	2007
Pruritus--a side-effect of epidural fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1984, Jul-14, Volume: 66, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epidural Space; Fentanyl; Humans; Pain, Postoperative; P	1984
The introduction of patient-controlled analgesia into an isolated rural hospital. The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery, 1995, Volume: 65, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Feasibility Studies; Fentanyl; Hospit	1995
Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in patients undergoing outpatient dermatologic procedures. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology, 1994, Volume: 20, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Blo	1994
Patient-controlled analgesia following caesarean section under general anaesthesia: a comparison of fentanyl with morphine. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obste	1995
Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of morphine/bupivacaine with fentanyl/bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1994, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Abdomen; Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Drug Combinations; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypotension;	1994
Postcesarean delivery epidural patient-controlled analgesia. Fentanyl or sufentanil? Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 78, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Bupivacaine; Cesa	1993
A comparative study of patient-controlled epidural fentanyl and single dose epidural morphine for post-caesarean analgesia. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1993, Volume: 40, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Cesarean Section;	1993
Epidural morphine vs hydromorphone in post-caesarean section patients. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1996, Volume: 43, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesth	1996
Comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for conscious sedation of children undergoing laceration repair. Annals of emergency medicine, 1996, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics, Opioid; Child, Preschool; Chlorpromazine; Dermatologic Surgical Pr	1996
The safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for preoperative sedation in young children. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation;	1996
A comparison of opioid solutions for patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 51, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Bupivacaine; Double-Bl	1996
[Effects of continuous epidural administration of fentanyl and morphine on postcesarean pain]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 45, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Injectio	1996
Transdermal fentanyl system plus im ketorolac for the treatment of postoperative pain. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1997, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, N	1997
Extradural pain relief in labour: bupivacaine sparing by extradural fentanyl is dose dependent. British journal of anaesthesia, 1997, Volume: 78, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Loc	1997
A randomized, double-blind, dose-response comparison of epidural fentanyl versus sufentanil analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 85, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesth	1997
The dose-response relation of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia. Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	1998
Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate as an anaesthetic premedication when dosed to an opioid effect vs total opioid consumption. Paediatric anaesthesia, 1998, Volume: 8, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Inhalation;	1998
Postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia with opioid bupivacaine mixtures. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1998, Volume: 45, Issue:10 Topics: Abdomen; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local;	1998
Intrathecal bupivacaine reduces pruritus and prolongs duration of fentanyl analgesia during labor: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	1998
The effect of intravenous tenoxicam on pruritus in patients receiving epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Abdomen; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cyc	1999
[Our negative experience with meperidine for the prevention of coughing during cataract surgery]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1999, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Antitussive Agents; Cataract Extraction; Cough; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Intraocular P	1999
Intra-subject variability in post-operative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): is the patient equally satisfied with morphine, pethidine and fentanyl? Pain, 1999, Volume: 80, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Meperidi	1999
Patient-controlled analgesia: epidural fentanyl and i.v. morphine compared after caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 82, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioi	1999
Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Depression, Chemical; Dose-R	1999
Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Depression, Chemical; Dose-R	1999
Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Depression, Chemical; Dose-R	1999
Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1999, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Depression, Chemical; Dose-R	1999
Continuous paravertebral extrapleural infusion for post-thoracotomy pain management. Surgery, 1999, Volume: 126, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Catheterization; Fentanyl; Forced Expiratory	1999
Additional droperidol, not butorphanol, augments epidural fentanyl analgesia following anorectal surgery. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2000, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anal Canal; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; An	2000
The effect of the addition of ropivacaine or bupivacaine upon pruritus induced by intrathecal fentanyl in labour. Anaesthesia, 2000, Volume: 55, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pre	2000
Ropivacaine 1 mg x ml(-1) does not decrease the need for epidural fentanyl after hip replacement surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2001, Volume: 45, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroplasty, Repl	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 94, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivaca	2001
[The efficacy and safety of continuous epidural analgesia versus intradural-epidural analgesia during labor]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Bupivacaine; Cesarea	2001
Hypotension in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of fractured neck of femur. A comparison of two different spinal solutions. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2001, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacai	2001
Postoperative analgesia for major abdominal surgery with continuous thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine with sufentanil, versus bupivacaine with morphine. A randomized double blind study. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, 1992, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therap	1992
Does epidural fentanyl decrease the efficacy of epidural morphine after cesarean delivery? Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Injections, Epidural; In	1992
Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1992, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Carbon Dioxide; Female; Fentanyl; Hip Prosthesi	1992
Pain following thoracotomy. A randomised, double-blind comparison of lumbar versus thoracic epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia, 1991, Volume: 46, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentan	1991
A double-blind assessment of segmental sensory changes with epidural fentanyl versus epidural saline in patients undergoing extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 72, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Cold Temperature; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Injections, Epidural;	1990
[A combination of sufentanil and 0.25% bupivacaine administered epidurally for obstetrical analgesia. Comparison with fentanyl and placebo]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Double-Bl	1989
A comparison of the incidence of pruritus following epidural opioid administration in the parturient. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1989, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Cesarean Section; Clinic	1989
A blinded study using nalbuphine for prevention of pruritus induced by epidural fentanyl. Anesthesiology, 1988, Volume: 69, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Middle Aged; M	1988

Article	Year
Transient Fetal Tachycardia After Intravenous Diphenhydramine Administration. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2017, Volume: 130, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Diphenhydramine; Female; F	2017
Comparison of intrathecal morphine and surgical-site infusion of ropivacaine as adjuncts to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in living-donor kidney transplant recipients. Singapore medical journal, 2017, Volume: 58, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Amides; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; In	2017
Challenges of Remote Medical Care in South Sudan: Centipede Bites. Wilderness & environmental medicine, 2019, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthropod Venoms;	2019
Duration of analgesia and pruritus following intrathecal fentanyl for labour analgesia: no significant effect of A118G μ-opioid receptor polymorphism, but a marked effect of ethnically distinct hospital populations. British journal of anaesthesia, 2013, Volume: 111, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Ethnicity; Female; Fentanyl	2013
Quality of labour neuraxial analgesia and maternal satisfaction at a tertiary care teaching hospital: a prospective observational study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2013, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Contro	2013
Orphan symptoms in advanced cancer patients followed at home. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2013, Volume: 21, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Fentanyl; Hiccup; Home Care Services; Hospitalization; Humans; Ita	2013
Lessons learned from hospice care. The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amitriptyline; Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Monitoring; Fentanyl; Health Servic	2013
[Treatment of intrathecal fentanyl-induced itch with pentazocine: a case report]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Abscess; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Antipruritics; Emergency Medical Services; Fallopi	2014
Characterization of scratching behavior induced by intradermal administration of morphine and fentanyl in mice. European journal of pharmacology, 2010, Feb-10, Volume: 627, Issue:1-3 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Fentanyl; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Hypnotics and Sed	2010
Observational study of the effect of mu-opioid receptor genetic polymorphism on intrathecal opioid labor analgesia and post-cesarean delivery analgesia. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cesarean Section; DNA;	2010
[Codeine and cutaneous drug reactions: Absence of cross-allergy with tramadol and fentanyl]. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie, 2010, Volume: 137, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bromhexine; Codeine; Cross Reactions; Drug Eruptions; Edema; Expectorants; Female; Fentanyl;	2010
Differential response to IV carfentanil in chronic cocaine users and healthy controls. Addiction biology, 2012, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Brain; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Dizziness; Female; Fentanyl; Half-Life;	2012
Severe withdrawal from short-term transdermal fentanyl after naloxone for uremic pruritus. Journal of pain and symptom management, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fentany	2004
Skin reaction to both morphine and fentanyl attenuated by steroids and antihistaminics. Journal of pain and symptom management, 2006, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Combinations; Female; Fentanyl; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Mor	2006
Analgesic effects of thoracic epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:11 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Bupivacaine; Drug Combinations; Fentanyl; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Pain Mea	1994
One year's experience with an acute pain service in a Spanish University Clinic hospital. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 11, Issue:5 Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Bupivacaine; Fentanyl;	1994
Epidural narcotic analgesia after thoracotomy. Southern medical journal, 1993, Volume: 86, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Blood Gas Analysis; Carbon Dioxide; Drug Costs;	1993
Epidural analgesia in children with cerebral palsy. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1998, Volume: 45, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Con	1998
[Ondansetron in the treatment of the pruritus associated with the spinal infusion of opiates]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2000, Volume: 47, Issue:9 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Fentanyl;	2000

fentanyl and Itching