fentanyl and Emesis, Postoperative studies

Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The secondary outcomes included the incidence of total 24 h PONV after surgery, intraoperative remifentanil requirement, postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and fentanyl consumption, the incidence of bradycardia, agitation, shivering, and mouth dry during post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay period."	9.41	Effects of lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Hu, S; Ju, X; Li, Q; Li, Y; Wang, S; Xu, S, 2021)
" We investigated whether palonosetron prophylaxis reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in high-risk patients after TKA."	9.27	Effects of palonosetron for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in high-risk patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ( Hwang, JY; Jeon, YT; Min, B; Ryu, JH; Sohn, HM, 2018)
") patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with dexmedetomidine added to a fentanyl-based drug mixture could reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in highly susceptible patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery."	9.22	Dexmedetomidine added to an opioid-based analgesic regimen for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in highly susceptible patients: A randomised controlled trial. ( Kim, EK; Kwak, YL; Shim, JK; Song, JW; Song, Y, 2016)
"This randomized trial evaluated the effect of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) based on fentanyl mixed with either propacetamol or an equivalent volume of normal saline on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in highly susceptible patients undergoing spinal surgery."	9.22	Patient-controlled Analgesia With Propacetamol-Fentanyl Mixture for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in High-risk Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Kim, EJ; Kwak, YL; Lee, SR; Shim, JK; Soh, S; Song, JW, 2016)
"This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine for single-shot paravertebral block (PVB) in patients undergoing major breast cancer surgery."	9.22	Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in paravertebral block in breast cancer surgery. ( Kalra, B; Kaur, N; Mohta, M; Sethi, AK, 2016)
"Sixty nonsmoking female patients scheduled for elective knee osteoarthritis surgery were randomly allocated to receive oral aprepitant 80 mg (aprepitant+dexamethasone group, N."	9.20	Antiemetic efficacy of combined aprepitant and dexamethasone in patients at high-risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting from epidural fentanyl analgesia. ( Fujimoto, M; Hamaguchi, E; Kawano, H; Manabe, S; Matsumoto, T; Nakagawa, M; Tada, F; Yamada, A, 2015)
"The study was designed to assess the efficacy of palonosetron and ramosetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) related to intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with opioids after gynecological laparoscopic surgery."	9.20	Efficacy of palonosetron and ramosetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting related to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids after gynecological laparoscopic surgery (double-blinded prospective randomized controlled trial). ( Kim, SH; Lee, SJ; Oh, CS, 2015)
"This study comparatively evaluated the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) regimens using equipotent doses of nefopam or fentanyl during laparoscopic gynecological surgery on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	9.20	Effect of nefopam- versus fentanyl-based patient-controlled analgesia on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Jung, E; Kim, SH; Lee, SJ; Oh, CS, 2015)
"To compare anesthetic techniques, propofol-TCI, desflurane, and sevoflurane, for better results in terms of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and extubation times."	9.20	Target Controlled Infusion versus Sevoflurane/Desflurane Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Comparison Postoperative Nausea/Vomiting and Extubation Time. ( Mahattanaporn, S; Prathep, S; Wasinwong, W, 2015)
"To compare the efficacy of ramosetron, midazolam, and the combination of ramosetron and midazolam in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in female patients undergoing thyroidectomy."	9.17	Ramosetron, midazolam, and combination of ramosetron and midazolam for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. ( Baek, CW; Jung, YH; Kang, H; Kim, JY; Kim, WJ; Koo, GH; Shin, HY; Woo, YC, 2013)
"Caudal bupivacaine is widely used for inguinal hernia repair in children, but often cannot totally eliminate responses to hernial sac traction."	9.17	Caudal dexmedetomidine combined with bupivacaine inhibit the response to hernial sac traction in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Huang, DY; Liu, YX; Luo, T; Wang, GH; Xiang, Q; Zhao, YL; Zhong, L, 2013)
"Preoperative pregabalin administration (75-300 mg po) increased perioperative sedation in a dose-related fashion, but failed to reduce preoperative state anxiety, postoperative pain, or to improve the recovery process after minor elective surgery procedures."	9.14	The effect of pregabalin on preoperative anxiety and sedation levels: a dose-ranging study. ( Klein, K; Taylor, J; Tufanogullari, B; White, PF, 2009)
" The frequency and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia were compared in 140 consecutive children (aged 3 months to 10 years) undergoing cleft lip and palate repair."	9.14	Complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in pediatric cleft lip and palate surgery: a randomized comparison study. ( Goranović, T; Knezević, P; Milić, M, 2010)
"kg(-1) added to bupivacaine significantly improves the quality of intraoperative analgesia and prolongs postoperative analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia."	9.14	Effects of intrathecal fentanyl on quality of spinal anesthesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Apiliogullari, S; Duman, A; Duman, I, 2010)
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the acceptability and therapeutic efficacy of a preoperative single administration of long-acting 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT 3) receptor antagonist in an orally disintegrating tablet formulation, ramosetron, in breast cancer patients."	9.13	Preoperatively administered ramosetron oral disintegrating tablets for preventing nausea and vomiting associated with patient-controlled analgesia in breast cancer patients. ( Baek, SH; Baik, SW; Kim, CH; Kim, HK; Kim, KH; Kwon, JY; Lee, HJ; Shin, SW, 2008)
"Neither ondansetron nor tropisetron prevent itching caused by intrathecal morphine with fentanyl."	9.12	Ondansetron and tropisetron do not prevent intraspinal morphine- and fentanyl-induced pruritus in elective cesarean delivery. ( Halonen, PM; Kainu, JP; Korttila, KT; Sarvela, PJ; Soikkeli, AI, 2006)
"Omission of fentanyl during sevoflurane anesthesia, combined with diclofenac and local infiltration anesthesia, decreases the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting and accelerates postanesthesia recovery in patients undergoing major breast cancer surgery."	9.12	Omission of fentanyl during sevoflurane anesthesia decreases the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting and accelerates postanesthesia recovery in major breast cancer surgery. ( Fukuda, K; Matsuura, S; Segawa, H; Shichino, T; Shirakami, G; Teratani, Y, 2006)
"Fentanyl is commonly used for spinal analgesia during labour but it is associated with a high incidence of pruritus."	9.11	Intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus during labour: the effect of prophylactic ondansetron. ( Evans, SF; Paech, MJ; Wells, J, 2004)
"The effect of different opioids on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has not been conclusively determined yet, thus the aim of this study was to compare the incidence of PONV in propofol-anaesthetized patients receiving either fentanyl or remifentanil as opioid supplement."	9.11	Less postoperative nausea and vomiting after propofol + remifentanil versus propofol + fentanyl anaesthesia during plastic surgery. ( Bautista, AP; Ferreira, TA; Molíns, N; Rama-Maceiras, P; Rey, T; Sanduende, Y, 2005)
"5 microg/kg of fentanyl during induction while maintaining anesthesia by sevoflurane in patients with moderate developmental disabilities undergoing dental care, without causing an increase in postoperative adverse effects and affecting the patient's life quality after discharge."	9.11	The effects of low-dose fentanyl on emergence agitation and quality of life in patients with moderate developmental disabilities. ( Chen, CC; Hung, WT; Liou, CM; Tsai, WY, 2005)
"This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of tropisetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after elective supratentorial craniotomy in adult patients."	9.10	Randomized, double-blinded comparison of tropisetron and placebo for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after supratentorial craniotomy. ( Boyaci, A; Dogru, K; Güler, G; Kurtsoy, A; Madenoglu, H; Yildiz, K, 2003)
" In the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), fentanyl 25 microg was administered for a verbal analog scale (VAS) pain score >or=3."	9.10	Preoperative administration of controlled-release oxycodone for the management of pain after ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation surgery. ( Joshi, W; Maciolek, H; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 2002)
" Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of the combination of desflurane with N2O versus desflurane alone on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in a subgroup of female patients and PONV was considered as the primary endpoint."	9.09	The impact of nitrous oxide on postoperative nausea and vomiting after desflurane anesthesia for breast surgery. ( Vanacker, BF, 1999)
"The relative potencies of alfentanil, fentanyl, and sufentanil as a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting have not been determined."	9.09	Alfentanil causes less postoperative nausea and vomiting than equipotent doses of fentanyl or sufentanil in outpatients. ( Baribault, JP; Langevin, S; Lessard, MR; Trépanier, CA, 1999)
"The goal of this meta-analysis study was to assess the effects of fentanyl on emergence agitation (EA) under sevoflurane anesthesia in children."	8.91	Effects of Fentanyl on Emergence Agitation in Children under Sevoflurane Anesthesia: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Huang, X; Shi, F; Xiao, Y; Xiong, W; Yang, P; Zhou, Q, 2015)
"Medical records were reviewed to collect data on signalment, historical gastrointestinal signs, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, indication for surgery, duration of anesthesia and surgery, patient position during surgery, mode of ventilation, and perioperative administration of maropitant, famotidine, anticholinergics, opioids, colloidal support, NSAID, corticosteroids, and appetite stimulants."	8.02	Low incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia in geriatric dogs receiving maropitant, famotidine, and fentanyl as part of an anesthesia protocol. ( Bergman, PJ; McKee, TS; Moyer, AL; Vinayak, A, 2021)
"BACKGROUND Fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) during general anesthesia induction and postoperative nausea and vomiting are common complications, yet the risk factors for FIC remain controversial."	8.02	Risk Factors for Fentanyl-Induced Cough Following General Anesthesia in Adults: A Retrospective Study from a Single Center in China. ( Chen, LH; Li, ST; Wang, H; Wang, HJ; Wang, Y; Xing, YA; Zhao, X, 2021)
"To examine the impact of adding droperidol to fentanyl-based intravenous patient- controlled analgesia (IVPCA) on the discontinuation of IVPCA use due to postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	7.96	Droperidol Reduces Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Supports the Continuation of Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Fentanyl. ( Funakoshi, R; Hirata, I; Iwamoto, M; Matsui, H; Yoshinuma, H, 2020)
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) are two common anaesthesia-related events, which seem to have common risk factors."	7.81	Fentanyl-induced cough is a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting. ( Chen, LK; Chen, SS; Chien, KL; Fan, SZ; Huang, CH; Leighton, BL; Li, CC; Yang, HJ, 2015)
"We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) and single antiemetic prophylaxis of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5 HT₃)-receptor antagonist after the general anesthesia."	7.80	Incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and single antiemetic prophylaxis. ( Chang, CH; Choi, JB; Choi, JR; Lee, JS; Lee, YW; Shim, YH, 2014)
"OPRM1 A118G has no effect on the individual variation of postoperative nausea and vomiting, the side effects of fentanyl analgesia, in Chinese women undergoing gynecologic surgery."	7.77	Study of the OPRM1 A118G genetic polymorphism associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting induced by fentanyl intravenous analgesia. ( Chang, YZ; Kan, QC; Wang, ZY; Yuan, JJ; Zhang, LR; Zhang, W, 2011)
"Propofol and droperidol decrease the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	7.73	[Prophylactic use of droperidol for postoperative nausea and vomiting following gynecological laparoscopic surgery under total intravenous anesthesia]. ( Furuya, H; Kumatoriya, T; Morioka, M; Morooka, T; Shimomura, T; Tayama, J; Watanabe, K, 2006)
"Nefopam has been considered as a good candidate for inclusion in multimodal analgesia because of its opioid sparing effect, but it can be emetic."	6.87	Association of nefopam use with postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynecological patients receiving prophylactic ramosetron: A retrospective study. ( Bahk, JH; Kim, JT; Kim, WH; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Yoo, S, 2018)
"patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients at high risk of PONV undergoing lumbar spinal surgery."	6.78	Effect of ketamine as an adjunct to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, in patients at high risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. ( Kwak, YL; Park, SJ; Shim, JK; Song, JW; Song, Y; Yang, SY, 2013)
"Atracurium was used for muscle relaxation in both groups."	6.74	Remifentanil-induced abdominal pain: a randomised clinical trial. ( Bameshki, A; Jahanbakhsh, S; Khashayar, P, 2009)
"kg-1 combined with a regional anaesthetic block is associated with an increased incidence of PONV without any significant contribution to the postoperative pain relief."	6.71	Increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting without additional analgesic effects when a low dose of intravenous fentanyl is combined with a caudal block. ( Kokinsky, E; Larsson, LE; Nilsson, K, 2003)
"However, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) can postpone recovery."	6.71	[Postoperative nausea and vomiting caused by epidural infusion following gynecological laparoscopic surgery: fentanyl and ropivacaine versus ropivacaine alone]. ( Kawai, K; Kinoshita, H; Sanuki, M, 2004)
"Intraoperative hypotension is a common and potentially deleterious event in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of hip fractures."	6.71	Spinal-induced hypotension in elderly patients with hip fracture. A comparison of glucose-free bupivacaine with glucose-free bupivacaine and fentanyl. ( Gillespie, G; Martyr, JW; Stannard, KJ, 2005)
"The postoperative pain was assessed by the Maunuksela pain score (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain)."	6.69	Peroperative treatment with i.v. ketoprofen reduces pain and vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Homan, E; Kokki, H; Purhonen, S; Tuovinen, K, 1999)
"Fentanyl i."	6.69	Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by continuous infusion of subhypnotic propofol in female patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. ( Han, TH; Kil, HY; Kim, SC; Kim, SI; Lee, JS, 2000)
"Fentanyl was used by 22,144 adult patients for analgesia after non-cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia: we randomly divided them into development (80%) and validation (20%) cohorts, repeated 100 times."	5.56	Dynamic predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting for intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia. ( Baek, W; Chae, D; Han, DW; Kim, SY; Park, K; Shin, H; Song, Y, 2020)
" The secondary outcomes included the incidence of total 24 h PONV after surgery, intraoperative remifentanil requirement, postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and fentanyl consumption, the incidence of bradycardia, agitation, shivering, and mouth dry during post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay period."	5.41	Effects of lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Hu, S; Ju, X; Li, Q; Li, Y; Wang, S; Xu, S, 2021)
" The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of intraperitoneal ropivacaine during laparoscopic appendicectomy will reduce the amount of post-operative opiate analgesia used, abdominal pain, post-operative nausea or vomiting, shoulder tip pain and length of hospital stay."	5.30	The role of intraperitoneal ropivacaine in laparoscopic appendicectomy: a prospective, double-blinded randomized control Australian study. ( Beh, H; Hruby, J; Huang, YY; Hunt, V; Jayasundera, M; Koek, S; Rowcroft, A; Suthananthan, AE, 2019)
" The secondary outcomes were postoperative fentanyl consumption, incidence of shoulder pain, unassisted walking and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	5.30	Intraperitoneal nebulization versus intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine for postoperative pain management following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. ( Agarwal, A; Kumar, R; Nath, SS, 2019)
" We investigated whether palonosetron prophylaxis reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in high-risk patients after TKA."	5.27	Effects of palonosetron for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in high-risk patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ( Hwang, JY; Jeon, YT; Min, B; Ryu, JH; Sohn, HM, 2018)
" We evaluated the influence of ABCB1 polymorphisms on the efficacy of ramosetron compared with palonosetron in managing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients who received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery."	5.24	Comparison of Ramosetron and Palonosetron for Preventing Nausea and Vomiting after Spinal Surgery: Association With ABCB1 Polymorphisms. ( Choi, SH; Jang, J; Kwak, YL; Shim, JK; Soh, S; Song, JW, 2017)
") patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with dexmedetomidine added to a fentanyl-based drug mixture could reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in highly susceptible patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery."	5.22	Dexmedetomidine added to an opioid-based analgesic regimen for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in highly susceptible patients: A randomised controlled trial. ( Kim, EK; Kwak, YL; Shim, JK; Song, JW; Song, Y, 2016)
"This randomized trial evaluated the effect of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) based on fentanyl mixed with either propacetamol or an equivalent volume of normal saline on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in highly susceptible patients undergoing spinal surgery."	5.22	Patient-controlled Analgesia With Propacetamol-Fentanyl Mixture for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in High-risk Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Kim, EJ; Kwak, YL; Lee, SR; Shim, JK; Soh, S; Song, JW, 2016)
"This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine for single-shot paravertebral block (PVB) in patients undergoing major breast cancer surgery."	5.22	Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in paravertebral block in breast cancer surgery. ( Kalra, B; Kaur, N; Mohta, M; Sethi, AK, 2016)
"Sixty nonsmoking female patients scheduled for elective knee osteoarthritis surgery were randomly allocated to receive oral aprepitant 80 mg (aprepitant+dexamethasone group, N."	5.20	Antiemetic efficacy of combined aprepitant and dexamethasone in patients at high-risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting from epidural fentanyl analgesia. ( Fujimoto, M; Hamaguchi, E; Kawano, H; Manabe, S; Matsumoto, T; Nakagawa, M; Tada, F; Yamada, A, 2015)
"The study was designed to assess the efficacy of palonosetron and ramosetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) related to intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with opioids after gynecological laparoscopic surgery."	5.20	Efficacy of palonosetron and ramosetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting related to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids after gynecological laparoscopic surgery (double-blinded prospective randomized controlled trial). ( Kim, SH; Lee, SJ; Oh, CS, 2015)
"This study comparatively evaluated the effect of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) regimens using equipotent doses of nefopam or fentanyl during laparoscopic gynecological surgery on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	5.20	Effect of nefopam- versus fentanyl-based patient-controlled analgesia on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Jung, E; Kim, SH; Lee, SJ; Oh, CS, 2015)
"To compare anesthetic techniques, propofol-TCI, desflurane, and sevoflurane, for better results in terms of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and extubation times."	5.20	Target Controlled Infusion versus Sevoflurane/Desflurane Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Comparison Postoperative Nausea/Vomiting and Extubation Time. ( Mahattanaporn, S; Prathep, S; Wasinwong, W, 2015)
"We examined the effects of dexamethasone, droperidol, naloxone, and a combination of these three agents on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in female patients."	5.17	Antiemetic effect of naloxone in combination with dexamethasone and droperidol in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery. ( Hayashida, M; Inada, E; Kasagi, Y; Kikuchi, I; Okutani, R; Sugasawa, Y; Takeda, S; Yamaguchi, K, 2013)
"To compare the efficacy of ramosetron, midazolam, and the combination of ramosetron and midazolam in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in female patients undergoing thyroidectomy."	5.17	Ramosetron, midazolam, and combination of ramosetron and midazolam for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. ( Baek, CW; Jung, YH; Kang, H; Kim, JY; Kim, WJ; Koo, GH; Shin, HY; Woo, YC, 2013)
"The results of this study suggest that (a) etomidate is much safer than propofol for first-trimester surgical abortions and (b) using a lower dose of etomidate, supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam, is more beneficial than the use of etomidate with or without fentanyl in reducing adverse effects like myoclonus and postoperative nausea and vomiting."	5.17	A comparison of anesthetic regimens using etomidate and propofol in patients undergoing first-trimester abortions: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. ( Chu, S; Deng, F; Wu, J; Wu, Z; Xia, G; Yao, S, 2013)
"Caudal bupivacaine is widely used for inguinal hernia repair in children, but often cannot totally eliminate responses to hernial sac traction."	5.17	Caudal dexmedetomidine combined with bupivacaine inhibit the response to hernial sac traction in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Huang, DY; Liu, YX; Luo, T; Wang, GH; Xiang, Q; Zhao, YL; Zhong, L, 2013)
"We investigated whether combined dexamethasone and ondansetron is more effective than ondansetron alone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia."	5.15	The effect of combining dexamethasone with ondansetron for nausea and vomiting associated with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. ( Kang, BC; Lee, JG; Park, EY; Park, YS; Shim, YH; Song, JW, 2011)
"Investigators from Bristol described a fentanyl- and diclofenac-based analgesic technique for tonsillectomy with low postoperative nausea and vomiting rates and low pain scores."	5.15	A randomised controlled trial of two analgesic techniques for paediatric tonsillectomy*. ( Bagshaw, O; Rawlinson, E; Skone, R; Thillaivasan, A; Walker, A, 2011)
"Preoperative pregabalin administration (75-300 mg po) increased perioperative sedation in a dose-related fashion, but failed to reduce preoperative state anxiety, postoperative pain, or to improve the recovery process after minor elective surgery procedures."	5.14	The effect of pregabalin on preoperative anxiety and sedation levels: a dose-ranging study. ( Klein, K; Taylor, J; Tufanogullari, B; White, PF, 2009)
"5 mg/ml ropivacaine increased the incidence of side effects without improvement of analgesia in infants and children undergoing hypospadias repair."	5.14	The addition of fentanyl to 1.5 mg/ml ropivacaine has no advantage for paediatric epidural analgesia. ( Cho, JE; Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, JY, 2009)
"The development of hypotension after spinal block in subjects undergoing cesarean section was not prevented despite low-dose (4 mg) bupivacaine plus 25 microg fentanyl, but the severity of maternal hypotension, and the number of ephedrine treatments and the total dose of ephedrine were decreased."	5.14	Is there an advantage in using low-dose intrathecal bupivacaine for cesarean section? ( Erdogan, H; Kaya, S; Turhanoglu, S, 2009)
" The frequency and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia were compared in 140 consecutive children (aged 3 months to 10 years) undergoing cleft lip and palate repair."	5.14	Complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in pediatric cleft lip and palate surgery: a randomized comparison study. ( Goranović, T; Knezević, P; Milić, M, 2010)
"kg(-1) added to bupivacaine significantly improves the quality of intraoperative analgesia and prolongs postoperative analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia."	5.14	Effects of intrathecal fentanyl on quality of spinal anesthesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair. ( Apiliogullari, S; Duman, A; Duman, I, 2010)
"During the first 12 hr following the procedures, patients experienced significantly less vomiting/retching and less disruption of activity while receiving ondansetron, and recorded significantly lower pain scores while receiving fentanyl."	5.13	Pediatric oncology sedation trial (POST): A double-blind randomized study. ( Barr, RD; Buckley, N; Korz, L; Lappan, J; Nagel, K; Willan, AR, 2008)
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the acceptability and therapeutic efficacy of a preoperative single administration of long-acting 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT 3) receptor antagonist in an orally disintegrating tablet formulation, ramosetron, in breast cancer patients."	5.13	Preoperatively administered ramosetron oral disintegrating tablets for preventing nausea and vomiting associated with patient-controlled analgesia in breast cancer patients. ( Baek, SH; Baik, SW; Kim, CH; Kim, HK; Kim, KH; Kwon, JY; Lee, HJ; Shin, SW, 2008)
"Neither ondansetron nor tropisetron prevent itching caused by intrathecal morphine with fentanyl."	5.12	Ondansetron and tropisetron do not prevent intraspinal morphine- and fentanyl-induced pruritus in elective cesarean delivery. ( Halonen, PM; Kainu, JP; Korttila, KT; Sarvela, PJ; Soikkeli, AI, 2006)
"Omission of fentanyl during sevoflurane anesthesia, combined with diclofenac and local infiltration anesthesia, decreases the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting and accelerates postanesthesia recovery in patients undergoing major breast cancer surgery."	5.12	Omission of fentanyl during sevoflurane anesthesia decreases the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting and accelerates postanesthesia recovery in major breast cancer surgery. ( Fukuda, K; Matsuura, S; Segawa, H; Shichino, T; Shirakami, G; Teratani, Y, 2006)
"Ondansetron, dexamethasone, and droperidol each reduced the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting by about 26 percent."	5.11	A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. ( Abdalla, M; Apfel, CC; Biedler, A; Danner, K; Jokela, R; Kerger, H; Korttila, K; Kredel, M; Pocock, SJ; Roewer, N; Sessler, DI; Trenkler, S; Turan, A; Vedder, I; Zernak, C, 2004)
"Fentanyl is commonly used for spinal analgesia during labour but it is associated with a high incidence of pruritus."	5.11	Intrathecal fentanyl-induced pruritus during labour: the effect of prophylactic ondansetron. ( Evans, SF; Paech, MJ; Wells, J, 2004)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in the pediatric ambulatory surgical population, the efficacy of: (i) oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), when given preoperatively, to reduce postoperative excitement associated with sevoflurane, and (ii) intravenous ondansetron to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) associated with OTFC."	5.11	The effect of premedication with OTFC, with or without ondansetron, on postoperative agitation, and nausea and vomiting in pediatric ambulatory patients. ( Bachman, C; Binstock, W; Kahana, M; Lynch, JP; McDade, W; Rubin, R, 2004)
"Ondansetron, dexamethasone, and droperidol each reduced the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting by about 26%, propofol reduced the risk by 19%, and nitrogen by 12%."	5.11	[A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting]. ( Apfel, CC; Bacher, A; Biedler, A; Danner, K; Danzeisen, O; Eberhart, LH; Forst, H; Frings, G; Fritz, G; Goebel, A; Hergert, M; Hopf, HB; Kerger, H; Kranke, P; Lange, M; Mertzlufft, F; Motsch, J; Paura, A; Roewer, N; Schneider, E; Stoecklein, K; Wermelt, J; Zernak, C, 2005)
"The effect of different opioids on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has not been conclusively determined yet, thus the aim of this study was to compare the incidence of PONV in propofol-anaesthetized patients receiving either fentanyl or remifentanil as opioid supplement."	5.11	Less postoperative nausea and vomiting after propofol + remifentanil versus propofol + fentanyl anaesthesia during plastic surgery. ( Bautista, AP; Ferreira, TA; Molíns, N; Rama-Maceiras, P; Rey, T; Sanduende, Y, 2005)
"5 microg/kg of fentanyl during induction while maintaining anesthesia by sevoflurane in patients with moderate developmental disabilities undergoing dental care, without causing an increase in postoperative adverse effects and affecting the patient's life quality after discharge."	5.11	The effects of low-dose fentanyl on emergence agitation and quality of life in patients with moderate developmental disabilities. ( Chen, CC; Hung, WT; Liou, CM; Tsai, WY, 2005)
"Droperidol in combination with nalbuphine enhances analgesia and is more effective than nalbuphine alone in preventing pruritus, nausea, and vomiting after minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia."	5.10	Minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia in ambulatory surgery: prophylactic nalbuphine versus nalbuphine plus droperidol. ( Ben-David, B; DeMeo, PJ; Lucyk, C; Solosko, D, 2002)
"This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of tropisetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after elective supratentorial craniotomy in adult patients."	5.10	Randomized, double-blinded comparison of tropisetron and placebo for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after supratentorial craniotomy. ( Boyaci, A; Dogru, K; Güler, G; Kurtsoy, A; Madenoglu, H; Yildiz, K, 2003)
" Time to first verbal response, pain at rest, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and ketobemidone and dixyrazine utilization were compared."	5.10	Wound infiltration with ropivacaine and fentanyl: effects on postoperative pain and PONV after breast surgery. ( Ingvar, C; Johansson, A; Kornfält, J; Lundberg, J; Nordin, L; Svensson, L, 2003)
" In the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), fentanyl 25 microg was administered for a verbal analog scale (VAS) pain score >or=3."	5.10	Preoperative administration of controlled-release oxycodone for the management of pain after ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation surgery. ( Joshi, W; Maciolek, H; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 2002)
" Our study was designed to evaluate the effect of the combination of desflurane with N2O versus desflurane alone on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in a subgroup of female patients and PONV was considered as the primary endpoint."	5.09	The impact of nitrous oxide on postoperative nausea and vomiting after desflurane anesthesia for breast surgery. ( Vanacker, BF, 1999)
"The relative potencies of alfentanil, fentanyl, and sufentanil as a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting have not been determined."	5.09	Alfentanil causes less postoperative nausea and vomiting than equipotent doses of fentanyl or sufentanil in outpatients. ( Baribault, JP; Langevin, S; Lessard, MR; Trépanier, CA, 1999)
"Postsurgical analgesia and the incidence of fentanyl-related complications, such as nausea/vomiting, somnolence, pruritus, and respiratory depression, were assessed for 24 hours postoperatively."	5.09	Additional droperidol, not butorphanol, augments epidural fentanyl analgesia following anorectal surgery. ( Ai, K; Kotake, Y; Matsumoto, M; Morisaki, H; Takeda, J, 2000)
"To compare the responses to, and hemodynamics associated with surgical stress, recovery profiles, and anesthesiologists' satisfaction following balanced general anesthesia using either remifentanil or fentanyl in a large-scale population."	5.09	Hemodynamics and emergence profile of remifentanil versus fentanyl prospectively compared in a large population of surgical patients. ( Fleisher, LA; Hogue, S; Jamerson, B; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2001)
"kg-1 oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and were instructed to suck the OTFC until pruritus appeared (Group 2) or until the entire dose was consumed (Group 1)."	5.08	Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate as an anaesthetic premedication when dosed to an opioid effect vs total opioid consumption. ( Dear, GD; Dear, RB; Ginsberg, B; Margolis, JO; Ross, AK, 1998)
"The goal of this meta-analysis study was to assess the effects of fentanyl on emergence agitation (EA) under sevoflurane anesthesia in children."	4.91	Effects of Fentanyl on Emergence Agitation in Children under Sevoflurane Anesthesia: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Huang, X; Shi, F; Xiao, Y; Xiong, W; Yang, P; Zhou, Q, 2015)
"Medical records were reviewed to collect data on signalment, historical gastrointestinal signs, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, indication for surgery, duration of anesthesia and surgery, patient position during surgery, mode of ventilation, and perioperative administration of maropitant, famotidine, anticholinergics, opioids, colloidal support, NSAID, corticosteroids, and appetite stimulants."	4.02	Low incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia in geriatric dogs receiving maropitant, famotidine, and fentanyl as part of an anesthesia protocol. ( Bergman, PJ; McKee, TS; Moyer, AL; Vinayak, A, 2021)
"BACKGROUND Fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) during general anesthesia induction and postoperative nausea and vomiting are common complications, yet the risk factors for FIC remain controversial."	4.02	Risk Factors for Fentanyl-Induced Cough Following General Anesthesia in Adults: A Retrospective Study from a Single Center in China. ( Chen, LH; Li, ST; Wang, H; Wang, HJ; Wang, Y; Xing, YA; Zhao, X, 2021)
"To examine the impact of adding droperidol to fentanyl-based intravenous patient- controlled analgesia (IVPCA) on the discontinuation of IVPCA use due to postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	3.96	Droperidol Reduces Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Supports the Continuation of Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Fentanyl. ( Funakoshi, R; Hirata, I; Iwamoto, M; Matsui, H; Yoshinuma, H, 2020)
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) are two common anaesthesia-related events, which seem to have common risk factors."	3.81	Fentanyl-induced cough is a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting. ( Chen, LK; Chen, SS; Chien, KL; Fan, SZ; Huang, CH; Leighton, BL; Li, CC; Yang, HJ, 2015)
" Postoperative pain levels after hybrid VATS, and the impact of postoperative continuous infusion of fentanyl on postoperative pain levels and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were examined."	3.81	[Postoperative Pain after Hybrid Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery]. ( Fukuda, K; Mizota, T; Murata, Y, 2015)
"We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) and single antiemetic prophylaxis of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5 HT₃)-receptor antagonist after the general anesthesia."	3.80	Incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and single antiemetic prophylaxis. ( Chang, CH; Choi, JB; Choi, JR; Lee, JS; Lee, YW; Shim, YH, 2014)
"OPRM1 A118G has no effect on the individual variation of postoperative nausea and vomiting, the side effects of fentanyl analgesia, in Chinese women undergoing gynecologic surgery."	3.77	Study of the OPRM1 A118G genetic polymorphism associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting induced by fentanyl intravenous analgesia. ( Chang, YZ; Kan, QC; Wang, ZY; Yuan, JJ; Zhang, LR; Zhang, W, 2011)
"Propofol and droperidol decrease the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	3.73	[Prophylactic use of droperidol for postoperative nausea and vomiting following gynecological laparoscopic surgery under total intravenous anesthesia]. ( Furuya, H; Kumatoriya, T; Morioka, M; Morooka, T; Shimomura, T; Tayama, J; Watanabe, K, 2006)
"We investigated the effects of various factors (patient background, anesthesia duration, and intraoperative drug use) on the frequency and degree of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) during the first 24 hours of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl."	3.72	[Study of nausea and vomiting accompanying intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl after cervical spine surgery]. ( Fujii, K; Kinoshita, H; Matsunaga, A; Okamura, K; Sanuki, M, 2003)
"We describe two cases of unexpected perineal pain immediately after intravenous injection of fentanyl and dexamethasone (100 microg and 8 mg respectively) during induction of general anaesthesia."	3.71	Excruciating perineal pain after intravenous dexamethasone. ( Neff, SP; Stapelberg, F; Warmington, A, 2002)
"Ketamine treatment was associated with significantly lower NRS scores and morphine doses."	3.30	Perioperative use of ketamine infusion versus dexmedetomidine infusion for analgesia in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a double-blinded three-armed randomized controlled trial. ( Ali, BEEH; El-Shaer, AN; Elderh, MSH; Khaja, MAR; Khalil, BNM; Taeimah, MOA, 2023)
"We evaluated postoperative pain relief following intravenous (IV) lignocaine administration in patients undergoing laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (IPOM)."	3.11	Effect of perioperative lignocaine infusion on postoperative pain relief for laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair: A randomized controlled study. ( Garg, R; Gera, A; Gupta, AK; Sahai, C; Sharma, B; Sood, J, 2022)
" The primary outcome was the dosage of fentanyl-nefopam IV-PCA infused over 24 h postoperatively."	3.11	Effect of remifentanil on post-operative analgesic consumption in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty after interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial. ( Bae, H; Kim, JT; Kim, Y; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Sakura, S; Yoo, S, 2022)
"Fentanyl (1 μg/kg) was administered at the end of surgery in group 1 (n = 70) and at 10 to 15 minutes before the end of surgery in group 2 (n = 70)."	2.94	Effect of Timing of Intravenous Fentanyl Administration on the Incidence of Posttonsillectomy Nausea and Vomiting. ( Kim, HJ; Kim, HY; Kim, MS; Kim, S; Kim, WS; Park, WK, 2020)
"Nefopam has been considered as a good candidate for inclusion in multimodal analgesia because of its opioid sparing effect, but it can be emetic."	2.87	Association of nefopam use with postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynecological patients receiving prophylactic ramosetron: A retrospective study. ( Bahk, JH; Kim, JT; Kim, WH; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Yoo, S, 2018)
"Lidocaine is a short-acting local anesthetic, and intravenous lidocaine has been shown to have analgesic efficacy in surgical settings."	2.82	Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine During Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Neoplasm: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. ( Choi, JB; Jeong, HW; Kim, JE; Kim, SY; Koo, BN; Lee, BH, 2016)
"Postoperative pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were assessed via a visual analog scale."	2.79	Efficacy of continuous wound infiltration of local anesthetic for pain relief after gynecologic laparoscopy. ( Cheong, JY; Kong, TW; Min, SK; Park, H; Ryu, HS, 2014)
"Propofol was infused at a dose determined by a modified Dixon's up-and-down method."	2.79	Intrathecal fentanyl decreases the optimal effect site concentration of propofol during spinal anaesthesia. ( Kim, JS; Kim, JY; Kim, MK; Kim, SH; Lee, JS, 2014)
" The dosage for anesthesia maintenance, recovery time of awareness, extubation time, incidences of nausea, vomiting and chill and irritation of urethral catheters were observed and recorded."	2.79	[Effects of assisted-electroacupuncture on recovery of fast tracking anesthesia in mPCNL]. ( Chen, YH; Lin, CQ; Luo, FR; Ou, JY; Xie, LC; Yan, J; Yang, YB; Zhang, CZ; Zhang, SL; Zhong, SQ, 2014)
"The incidence of postoperative vomiting occurred in 2 patients (3."	2.79	Comparative hemodynamic advantages of subarachnoid administration of atypical and non-atypical opioids. ( Afolayan, JM; Amadasun, FE; Areo, PO; Fadare, JO; Olajumoke, TO, 2014)
"patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients at high risk of PONV undergoing lumbar spinal surgery."	2.78	Effect of ketamine as an adjunct to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, in patients at high risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. ( Kwak, YL; Park, SJ; Shim, JK; Song, JW; Song, Y; Yang, SY, 2013)
"Propofol was better than fentanyl due to a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting."	2.78	Comparison of propofol and fentanyl administered at the end of anaesthesia for prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children. ( Kim, H; Kim, MS; Lee, JR; Moon, BE, 2013)
"Ramosetron was more effective during the first 24-h period after surgery than ondansetron in children using fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia after general anesthesia."	2.78	Comparison of the efficacy of ramosetron and ondansetron in the prophylaxis of postoperative vomiting in children receiving fentanyl by patient-controlled analgesia after orthopedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial. ( Byon, HJ; Jang, YE; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Park, YH, 2013)
"Ketorolac was more effective in reducing the frequency of bladder spasms and rescue analgesic requirements."	2.76	Ketorolac or fentanyl continuous infusion for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing ureteroneocystostomy. ( Choi, EK; Hong, JY; Jo, YY; Kil, HK, 2011)
"Morphine consumption was significantly lower in the group MgSO(4) at intervals 0-12, 12-24 and 24-36 h."	2.76	The effect of adding intrathecal magnesium sulphate to morphine-fentanyl spinal analgesia after thoracic surgery. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled research study. ( Ben Ammar, MS; Fnaeich, F; Frikha, N; Kilani, T; Mebazaa, MS; Merghli, A; Mestiri, T; Ouerghi, S, 2011)
" This dose-response study suggests that doses of intrathecal bupivacaine less than 10 mg may not adequately ensure successful intraoperative anesthesia."	2.76	ED(50) and ED(95) of intrathecal bupivacaine in morbidly obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery. ( Atkinson Ralls, L; Carvalho, B; Collins, J; Drover, DR; Riley, ET, 2011)
"Postoperative pain was scored on arrival to the PACU and at 30, 60, and 90 min thereafter."	2.76	Ketamine as an adjunct to fentanyl improves postoperative analgesia and hastens discharge in children following tonsillectomy - a prospective, double-blinded, randomized study. ( Chidambaran, V; Elshammaa, N; Housny, W; Michael, R; Thomas, J; Zhang, X, 2011)
" Discontinuation rates and the incidence of adverse events were also evaluated."	2.75	Efficacy and safety of fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management for patient subgroups. ( Anker-Møller, E; Coluzzi, F; Mattia, C; Sonnino, D, 2010)
"Remifentanil has been available in Japan for 3 years."	2.75	Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil-based general anesthesia: a survey of clinical economics under the Japanese health care system. ( Ikeda, D; Kawahara, K; Nakada, T; Yokota, M, 2010)
"Of 200 consecutive breast cancer patients, 191 received the full package."	2.75	Multimodal prevention of pain, nausea and vomiting after breast cancer surgery. ( Callesen, T; Gärtner, R; Kehlet, H; Kroman, N, 2010)
"The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and the need for rescue medication were reduced, and the overall satisfaction score was greater in the Hegu group compared with other groups (P < 0."	2.74	Capsicum plaster at the Hegu point reduces postoperative analgesic requirement after orthognathic surgery. ( Hwang, KG; Kim, KN; Kim, KS; Park, CJ, 2009)
"Atracurium was used for muscle relaxation in both groups."	2.74	Remifentanil-induced abdominal pain: a randomised clinical trial. ( Bameshki, A; Jahanbakhsh, S; Khashayar, P, 2009)
"The duration of time to first postoperative pain and motor blockade was significantly longer in the naloxone (92 +/- 10 and 115 +/- 10 min) and naloxone + fentanyl groups (98 +/- 12 and 122 +/- 16 min) than control (68 +/- 7 and 89 +/- 11 min) and fentanyl groups (68 +/- 11 and 90 +/- 12 min) (P < 0."	2.74	An ultra-low dose of naloxone added to lidocaine or lidocaine-fentanyl mixture prolongs axillary brachial plexus blockade. ( Movafegh, A; Nabavian, O; Nouralishahi, B; Sadeghi, M, 2009)
"Systemic hypertension is a major drawback associated with fast tracking, which may predispose to formation of intracranial hematoma."	2.73	Planning for early emergence in neurosurgical patients: a randomized prospective trial of low-dose anesthetics. ( Bhagat, H; Bithal, PK; Chouhan, RS; Dash, HH; Pandia, MP, 2008)
"However, postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in groups II and III (p < 0."	2.73	Postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in thyroid surgery: comparison of fentanyl and ondansetron regimens with and without the nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac. ( Chang, DJ; Kim, EM; Kim, KJ; Kim, SY; Nam, KH; Nam, SH, 2008)
"This may be a viable alternative for postoperative pain control in this population."	2.73	Postoperative pain relief in infants undergoing myringotomy and tube placement: comparison of a novel regional anesthetic block to intranasal fentanyl--a pilot analysis. ( Billings, K; Coté, CJ; Iyer, A; Suresh, S; Tobin, MJ; Voronov, P, 2008)
"The hearing loss was unilateral in two and bilateral in four patients."	2.73	Hearing loss after spinal anesthesia: the effect of different infusion solutions. ( Iseri, M; Karaca, B; Solak, M; Toker, K; Yildiz, TS, 2007)
"Propofol was infused at 6 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 10 min followed by an infusion of 2."	2.73	A comparison of sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol during shockwave lithotripsy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Ayan, S; Gokce, G; Gultekin, Y; Gursoy, S; Kaygusuz, K; Mimaroglu, C, 2008)
"Perioperative hemodynamic variables, postoperative pain scores, and the need for "rescue" analgesics and antiemetics were recorded at specific intervals."	2.73	Dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: the effect on recovery outcome variables. ( Griffin, J; Kianpour, D; Lacour, T; Macaluso, A; Peixoto, MP; Provost, DA; Shah, M; Skrivanek, G; Tufanogullari, B; White, PF, 2008)
"kg-1 combined with a regional anaesthetic block is associated with an increased incidence of PONV without any significant contribution to the postoperative pain relief."	2.71	Increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting without additional analgesic effects when a low dose of intravenous fentanyl is combined with a caudal block. ( Kokinsky, E; Larsson, LE; Nilsson, K, 2003)
"Celecoxib 400 mg was significantly more effective than 200 mg (and placebo) in reducing postoperative pain."	2.71	The efficacy of celecoxib premedication on postoperative pain and recovery times after ambulatory surgery: a dose-ranging study. ( Issioui, T; Klein, K; Recart, A; Shah, M; Stool, L; Watcha, MF; White, PF, 2003)
"Fentanyl 20 micro g was added to both local anesthetics, and the total volume was diluted to 3 mL with 0."	2.71	Subarachnoid small-dose bupivacaine versus lidocaine for cervical cerclage. ( Abramovitz, S; Beilin, Y; Bernstein, HH; Bodian, C; Hossain, S; Zahn, J, 2003)
"One patient reported postoperative nausea, and no other side effects were reported."	2.71	The effectiveness of continuous epidural infusion of low-dose fentanyl and mepivacaine in perioperative analgesia and hemodynamic control in mastectomy patients. ( Kotake, Y; Matsumoto, M; Morisaki, H; Takeda, J, 2004)
" Dosage of opioids was based on ideal body weight (IBW): fentanyl 5 mcg/kg for intubation followed by infusion of 0."	2.71	Post-anesthesia recovery after infusion of propofol with remifentanil or alfentanil or fentanyl in morbidly obese patients. ( Gaszynski, TM; Gaszynski, WP; Strzelczyk, JM, 2004)
"The efficiency of bilateral paravertebral blockade combined with general anaesthesia (active) vs."	2.71	General anaesthesia combined with bilateral paravertebral blockade (T5-6) vs. general anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. ( Lönnqvist, PA; Naja, MZ; Ziade, MF, 2004)
"Gabapentin might also reduce postoperative pain."	2.71	Gabapentin for the prevention of postoperative pain after vaginal hysterectomy. ( Haanpää, M; Kujansuu, E; Mennander, S; Pirhonen, R; Puura, A; Rintala, S; Rorarius, MG; Salmelin, R; Suominen, P; Yli-Hankala, A, 2004)
"And the need of postoperative pain control in pediatric patients is also increasing."	2.71	Comparison of continuous epidural and intravenous analgesia for postoperative pain control in pediatric lower extremity surgery. ( Bai, SJ; Doh, PS; Kim, JH; Kim, KH; Koo, BN; Shin, YS, 2004)
"However, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) can postpone recovery."	2.71	[Postoperative nausea and vomiting caused by epidural infusion following gynecological laparoscopic surgery: fentanyl and ropivacaine versus ropivacaine alone]. ( Kawai, K; Kinoshita, H; Sanuki, M, 2004)
"Intraoperative hypotension is a common and potentially deleterious event in elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia for repair of hip fractures."	2.71	Spinal-induced hypotension in elderly patients with hip fracture. A comparison of glucose-free bupivacaine with glucose-free bupivacaine and fentanyl. ( Gillespie, G; Martyr, JW; Stannard, KJ, 2005)
"To compare postoperative nausea, emesis, analgesia, and recovery between propofol-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl in outpatient laparoscopic tubal ligations with general anesthesia."	2.70	Propofol-ketamine versus propofol-fentanyl for outpatient laparoscopy: comparison of postoperative nausea, emesis, analgesia, and recovery. ( Davis, DJ; Ramanathan, S; Romeo, RC; Vallejo, MC, 2002)
"The overall incidence of postoperative vomiting was high in both groups: 70% in the fentanyl group and 78% in the morphine group."	2.70	Adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison of morphine and fentanyl for peri-operative analgesia. ( Carr, AS; Esuvaranathan, V; Johnson, A; Mukherjee, K; Streets, C, 2001)
"Ondansetron (Zofran) has proven benefit in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting if given before general anesthesia in a variety of surgical procedures."	2.70	The prevention of emesis in plastic surgery: a randomized, prospective study. ( Chao, JD; Few, JW; Fine, NA; Marcus, JR; Mustoe, TA, 2002)
"The postoperative pain was assessed by the Maunuksela pain score (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain)."	2.69	Peroperative treatment with i.v. ketoprofen reduces pain and vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Homan, E; Kokki, H; Purhonen, S; Tuovinen, K, 1999)
"125% to 0."	2.69	A comparison of two concentrations of bupivacaine and adrenaline with and without fentanyl in paediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Connelly, NR; Dwyer, M; Joshi, W; Kilaru, PR; Reuben, SS; Schwartz, D, 1999)
"Postoperative pain was mild in both groups, but remifentanil patients had more than the propofol group."	2.69	Remifentanil-based anesthesia versus a propofol technique for otologic surgical procedures. ( Avramov, A; Fluder, E; Jellish, WS; Leonetti, JP; Murdoch, J, 2000)
"Postoperative pain was evaluated by verbal rating scale."	2.69	Day-case laparoscopy: a comparison of prophylactic opioid, NSAID or local anesthesia for postoperative analgesia. ( Aypar, U; Coşkun, F; Salman, MA; Yücebaş, ME, 2000)
"Fentanyl i."	2.69	Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by continuous infusion of subhypnotic propofol in female patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. ( Han, TH; Kil, HY; Kim, SC; Kim, SI; Lee, JS, 2000)
"Intraoperative hypertensive events and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were higher for OBA (43) (30."	1.72	Feasibility and effectiveness of opioid-free anesthesia in cytoreductive surgery with or without heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. ( Bassas, E; Bernat, MJ; Bijelic, L; Deiros, C; Fernanz, J; Pujol, E; Tejedor, A, 2022)
"Fentanyl was used by 22,144 adult patients for analgesia after non-cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia: we randomly divided them into development (80%) and validation (20%) cohorts, repeated 100 times."	1.56	Dynamic predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting for intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia. ( Baek, W; Chae, D; Han, DW; Kim, SY; Park, K; Shin, H; Song, Y, 2020)
"Second, we explored whether or not postoperative pain scores were associated with intra-operative fentanyl dosing."	1.51	Association between intra-operative fentanyl dosing and postoperative nausea/vomiting and pain: A prospective cohort study. ( Bandschapp, O; Clamer, D; Mauermann, E; Ruppen, W, 2019)
"Among the 910 patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair, PONV occurred in 68 patients (7."	1.48	Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in outpatient repair of inguinal hernia. ( Amatucci, C; Illuminati, G; Palumbo, P; Pulli, VT; Tellan, G; Usai, S; Vietri, F, 2018)
"In this retrospective analysis of 10,575 patients who used fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) after surgery, we evaluated difference between young and elderly patients on their characteristic of adverse effects."	1.42	Postoperative Pain and Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia-Related Adverse Effects in Young and Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 10,575 Patients. ( Choi, S; Han, DW; Kim, SY; Koh, JC; Lee, J, 2015)
"The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in the fentanyl 0."	1.38	Comparing the administration of fentanyl 1 µg kg⁻¹ and fentanyl 0.5 µg kg⁻¹ in dilation and curettage procedures. ( Küçük, M; Oğurlu, M; Uğur, B, 2012)
"57% of patients having complications (52 patients having 60 adverse events)."	1.37	Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the second 7 years of office practice. ( Rodgers, MS; Rodgers, SF, 2011)
"More propofol was administered in group P than in group PFM and PR."	1.37	[Eighty cases of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for inguinal hernia repairs using tumescent local anesthesia (TLA)]. ( Adachi, K; Hayasaka, T; Kameyama, E; Nakamura, T; Uchida, K; Yamada, M, 2011)
"Propofol (68%) was the leading narcotic, fentanyl (56%) and sufentanil (48%) were the most commonly used intraoperative analgesics and 75% of clinics used epidural analgesia."	1.34	[Elective colon resection in Germany. A survey of the perioperative anesthesiological management]. ( Hasenberg, T; Jauch, KW; Niedergethmann, M; Post, S; Rittler, P; Schwenk, W; Senkal, M; Shang, E; Spies, C, 2007)
"Postoperative pain was scored using the Oucher visual analog scale and nausea scored using a five point scale."	1.33	An evaluation of pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting following the introduction of guidelines for tonsillectomy. ( Nolan, JA; White, MC, 2005)
" There were a total of 70 patients who had 77 adverse events."	1.33	Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the first 7 years of office practice. ( Rodgers, SF, 2005)
"Pruritus was observed in 29% of patients and was more common in diplegia than quadriplegia (48% vs 12."	1.30	Epidural analgesia in children with cerebral palsy. ( Brenn, BR; Brislin, RP; Rose, JB, 1998)
"001) and the total dosage of both intraoperative sedative agents (p < 0."	1.30	Optimization of conscious sedation in plastic surgery. ( Few, JW; Fine, NA; Marcus, JR; Mustoe, TA; Tyrone, JW, 1999)

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Authors

Clinical Trials (63)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average Nausea Scores Over 72 Hours

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	17 (7.52)	18.2507
2000's	96 (42.48)	29.6817
2010's	95 (42.04)	24.3611
2020's	18 (7.96)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Moyer, AL	1
McKee, TS	1
Bergman, PJ	1
Vinayak, A	1
Tejedor, A	1
Bijelic, L	1
Deiros, C	1
Pujol, E	1
Bassas, E	1
Fernanz, J	1
Bernat, MJ	1
Sharma, B	1
Garg, R	2
Sahai, C	1
Gupta, AK	1
Gera, A	1
Sood, J	1
Kim, Y	2
Bae, H	1
Yoo, S	2
Park, SK	2
Lim, YJ	2
Sakura, S	2
Kim, JT	3
Lee, CH	1
Cho, SA	1
Oh, SK	1
Choi, SS	1
Kong, MH	1
Kim, YS	1
Mondal, S	2
Bergbower, EAS	2
Cheung, E	2
Grewal, AS	2
Ghoreishi, M	2
Hollander, KN	2
Anders, MG	2
Taylor, BS	2
Tanaka, KA	2
Shim, JG	1
Ryu, KH	1
Cho, EA	1
Ahn, JH	1
Cha, YB	1
Lim, G	1
Lee, SH	1
Khalil, BNM	1
Elderh, MSH	1
Khaja, MAR	1
El-Shaer, AN	1
Ali, BEEH	1
Taeimah, MOA	1
Shin, DW	1
Hong, B	1
Yoon, SH	1
Lim, CS	1
Youn, S	1
Chae, D	1
Kim, SY	4
Song, Y	3
Baek, W	1
Shin, H	1
Park, K	1
Han, DW	2
Mauermann, E	1
Clamer, D	1
Ruppen, W	1
Bandschapp, O	1
Kim, HJ	3
Kim, MS	2
Kim, HY	1
Park, WK	1
Kim, WS	1
Kim, S	1
Hirata, I	1
Iwamoto, M	1
Matsui, H	1
Yoshinuma, H	1
Funakoshi, R	1
Subramani, Y	1
Nagappa, M	1
Kumar, K	1
Fochesato, LA	1
Chohan, MBY	1
Zhu, YF	1
Armstrong, K	1
Singh, SI	1
Gürcan, HS	1
Ülgey, A	1
Öz Gergin, Ö	1
Seçkin Pehlivan, S	1
Yıldız, K	2
Hong, JM	1
Han, YH	1
Lee, D	1
Hwang, BY	1
Baik, J	1
Cho, AR	1
Lee, HJ	2
Kim, E	1
Zhao, X	1
Wang, H	1
Wang, HJ	1
Wang, Y	1
Xing, YA	1
Li, ST	1
Chen, LH	1
Xu, S	1
Wang, S	1
Hu, S	1
Ju, X	1
Li, Q	1
Li, Y	1
Sümer, I	1
Uysal, H	1
Yeşiltaş, S	1
Türkay, M	1
Yi, MS	1
Kang, H	2
Kim, MK	2
Choi, GJ	1
Park, YH	2
Baek, CW	2
Jung, YH	2
Woo, YC	2
Kim, KM	1
Huh, J	1
Lee, SK	1
Park, EY	2
Lee, JM	1
Onishi, E	1
Murakami, M	1
Hashimoto, K	1
Kaneko, M	1
Mraovic, B	2
Simurina, T	2
Gan, TJ	1
Karaca, O	1
Pınar, HU	1
Arpacı, E	1
Dogan, R	1
Cok, OY	1
Ahiskalioglu, A	2
Palumbo, P	1
Usai, S	1
Amatucci, C	1
Pulli, VT	1
Illuminati, G	1
Vietri, F	1
Tellan, G	1
Ryu, JH	1
Jeon, YT	1
Min, B	1
Hwang, JY	1
Sohn, HM	1
Seki, H	1
Furumoto, K	1
Sato, M	1
Kagoya, A	1
Hashimoto, H	1
Sekiguchi, Y	1
Nakatsuka, I	1
Kim, WH	1
Bahk, JH	1
Uppal, V	1
Retter, S	1
Casey, M	1
Sancheti, S	1
Matheson, K	1
McKeen, DM	1
Huang, YY	1
Suthananthan, AE	1
Hunt, V	1
Hruby, J	1
Koek, S	1
Rowcroft, A	1
Beh, H	1
Jayasundera, M	1
Kumar, R	1
Nath, SS	1
Agarwal, A	1
Nooh, N	1
Abdelhalim, AA	1
Abdullah, WA	1
Sheta, SA	1
Mihara, T	1
Goto, T	1
Dabbous, A	1
Souki, F	1
Souki, M	1
Baraka, A	1
Jabbour-Khoury, S	1
Kasagi, Y	1
Hayashida, M	1
Sugasawa, Y	1
Kikuchi, I	1
Yamaguchi, K	1
Okutani, R	1
Takeda, S	2
Inada, E	1
Song, JW	5
Shim, JK	4
Yang, SY	1
Park, SJ	1
Kwak, YL	4
Kim, WJ	1
Shin, HY	1
Kim, JY	3
Koo, GH	1
Sawi, W	1
Choy, YC	1
Kim, SH	4
Shin, YS	2
Oh, YJ	1
Lee, JR	2
Chung, SC	1
Choi, YS	1
Sethi, S	1
Ghai, B	2
Sen, I	1
Ram, J	2
Wig, J	2
Yoshida, T	1
Fujiwara, T	1
Furutani, K	1
Ohashi, N	1
Baba, H	1
Kong, TW	1
Park, H	1
Cheong, JY	1
Min, SK	1
Ryu, HS	1
Subramanyam, R	1
Varughese, A	1
Kurth, CD	1
Eckman, MH	1
Manabe, M	1
Onishi, J	1
Onishi, A	1
Tsukioki, M	1
Lee, JS	4
Kim, JS	1
Domingo-Triadó, V	1
López Alarcón, MD	1
Villegas Estévez, F	1
Alba Moratillas, C	1
Massa Domínguez, B	1
Palomares Payá, F	1
Mínguez Martí, A	1
Debón Vicent, L	1
Yan, J	1
Lin, CQ	1
Zhang, CZ	1
Ou, JY	1
Luo, FR	1
Zhang, SL	1
Zhong, SQ	1
Chen, YH	1
Yang, YB	1
Xie, LC	1
Afolayan, JM	1
Olajumoke, TO	1
Amadasun, FE	1
Fadare, JO	1
Areo, PO	1
Choi, JB	2
Shim, YH	3
Lee, YW	1
Choi, JR	1
Chang, CH	1
Kawano, H	1
Matsumoto, T	1
Hamaguchi, E	2
Manabe, S	1
Nakagawa, M	1
Yamada, A	1
Fujimoto, M	1
Tada, F	1
Nitta, Y	1
Kamekura, N	1
Takuma, S	1
Fujisawa, T	1
Minami, E	1
Kawashima, S	1
Kato, T	1
Ito, Y	1
Morishima, T	1
Ito, S	1
Sobue, K	1
Oh, CS	2
Lee, SJ	2
Purwar, B	1
Ismail, KM	1
Turner, N	1
Farrell, A	1
Verzune, M	1
Annappa, M	1
Smith, I	1
El-Gizawy, Z	1
Cooper, JC	1
Soga, T	1
Kume, K	1
Kakuta, N	1
Tsutsumi, R	1
Kawanishi, R	1
Fukuta, K	1
Tanaka, K	1
Tsutsumi, YM	1
Li, CC	1
Chen, SS	1
Huang, CH	1
Chien, KL	1
Yang, HJ	1
Fan, SZ	1
Leighton, BL	1
Chen, LK	1
Jung, E	1
Kim, EK	1
Shi, F	1
Xiao, Y	1
Xiong, W	1
Zhou, Q	1
Yang, P	1
Huang, X	1
İnce, İ	1
Aksoy, M	1
Yalcin, E	1
Ahiskalioglu, EO	1
Kilinc, A	1
Szczeklik, W	1
Andrychiewicz, A	1
Górka, K	1
Konarska, K	1
Soja, J	1
Sładek, K	1
Kim, EJ	1
Soh, S	2
Lee, SR	1
Koh, JC	1
Lee, J	1
Choi, S	1
Mohta, M	1
Kalra, B	1
Sethi, AK	1
Kaur, N	1
Ham, SY	1
Kim, EH	1
Son, MJ	1
Park, WS	1
Murata, Y	1
Mizota, T	1
Fukuda, K	2
Prathep, S	1
Mahattanaporn, S	1
Wasinwong, W	1
Allen, G	1
Kim, JE	1
Koo, BN	2
Jeong, HW	1
Lee, BH	1
Wang, X	1
Liu, W	1
Xu, Z	1
Wang, F	1
Zhang, C	1
Wang, B	1
Wang, K	1
Yu, J	1
Yurtlu, DA	1
Aslan, F	1
Ayvat, P	1
Isik, Y	1
Karakus, N	1
Ünsal, B	1
Kizilkaya, M	1
Wu, HY	1
Gong, CA	1
Lin, SP	1
Chang, KY	1
Tsou, MY	1
Ting, CK	1
Peringathara, B	1
Robinson, S	1
Choi, SH	1
Jang, J	1
Zheng, J	1
Han, W	1
Han, XD	1
Ma, XY	1
Zhang, P	1
Patel, R	1
Carvalho, JC	1
Downey, K	1
Kanczuk, M	1
Bernstein, P	1
Siddiqui, N	1
Çaparlar, CÖ	1
Özhan, MÖ	1
Süzer, MA	1
Yazicioğlu, D	1
Eşkin, MB	1
Şenkal, S	1
Çaparlar, MA	1
Imren, EÖ	1
Atik, B	1
Çekmen, N	1
Nagel, K	1
Willan, AR	1
Lappan, J	1
Korz, L	1
Buckley, N	1
Barr, RD	1
Bhagat, H	1
Dash, HH	1
Bithal, PK	1
Chouhan, RS	1
Pandia, MP	1
Kim, EM	1
Nam, KH	1
Chang, DJ	1
Nam, SH	1
Kim, KJ	1
Voronov, P	1
Tobin, MJ	1
Billings, K	1
Coté, CJ	1
Iyer, A	1
Suresh, S	1
Kim, KS	1
Kim, KN	1
Hwang, KG	1
Park, CJ	1
Pranevicius, M	1
Pranevicius, O	1
Makkar, JK	1
Kaushik, S	1
White, PF	3
Tufanogullari, B	2
Taylor, J	1
Klein, K	2
Gentile, A	1
Tran-Van, D	1
Dardare, E	1
Fritsch, N	1
Benois, A	1
Fontaine, B	1
Massicotte, L	1
Chalaoui, KD	1
Beaulieu, D	1
Roy, JD	1
Bissonnette, F	1
Jahanbakhsh, S	1
Bameshki, A	1
Khashayar, P	1
Cho, JE	1
Hong, JY	2
Kil, HK	2
Turhanoglu, S	1
Kaya, S	1
Erdogan, H	1
Erdil, F	1
Bulut, S	1
Demirbilek, S	1
Gedik, E	1
Gulhas, N	2
Ersoy, MO	2
Chhabra, A	1
Sinha, R	1
Subramaniam, R	1
Chandra, P	1
Narang, D	1
Garg, SP	1
Johnston, KD	2
Movafegh, A	1
Nouralishahi, B	1
Sadeghi, M	1
Nabavian, O	1
Milić, M	1
Goranović, T	1
Knezević, P	1
Ghali, AM	1
El Btarny, AM	1
Thangaswamy, CR	1
Rewari, V	1
Trikha, A	1
Dehran, M	1
Wong, CA	2
McCarthy, RJ	2
Blouin, J	1
Landau, R	1
Mattia, C	1
Coluzzi, F	1
Sonnino, D	1
Anker-Møller, E	1
Duman, A	1
Apiliogullari, S	1
Duman, I	1
Bang, SR	1
Yu, SK	1
Kim, TH	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
The Incremental Risk of Intraoperative Fentanyl on PONV: A Modifiable Risk Without Drawbacks?[NCT03201315]		363 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-01-01	Completed
Effects of Combination Intravenous Dexmedetomidine and Lidocaine on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Hysterectomy With General Anesthesia[NCT03809923]		240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Completed
Comparison of the Prophylactic Anti-emetic Efficacy of Gabapentin and Ramosetron in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery[NCT02617121]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Compare the Addition of Epinephrine (no Epinephrine, 100mcg, and 200mcg) to the Standard Dose of Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 12mg, Fentanyl 20mcg and Morphine 150mcg in Scheduled C-sections.[NCT03335293]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Due to FDA constraints on the off label use of the medications we will not be able to conduct this evaluation.)
Effects of Nitrous Oxide Added at the End of Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Recovery and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting - a Randomized Clinical Trial (SEVONATE)[NCT03420586]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-07	Completed
Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Type-II Pectoral Nerve Block and Rhomboid Intercostal Block for Pain Management Following Mastectomy Surgery[NCT04297007]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-23	Completed
Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Study for Comparison of Surgical Rectus Sheath and Intrathecal Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control After Caesarean Section[NCT02790099]	Phase 4	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Randomized Prospective Study Comparing Paravertebral Catheters, Single Shot Paravertebral Block, Thoracic Epidural, for Postoperative Analgesia Following Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery[NCT03151434]	Phase 3	147 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-07	Completed
Electrical Acupoint Stimulation for Postoperative Recovery After Knee Arthroplasty. A Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical Trial.[NCT03249701]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Not yet recruiting
Differences in Incidence of Common Side Effects Between Young Adults and Elderly Patients While Using Fentanyl-based IV-PCA[NCT02448862]		10,575 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-05-31	Completed
Effect of the Association of Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonist Aprepitant to Dexamethasone/Ondansetron in the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in High Risk Apfel Score Patients[NCT02357693]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect and Safety of Intravenous Nefopam/Fentanyl Postoperative Patient-Controlled-Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Laparotomy[NCT02596269]	Phase 2/Phase 3	73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
[NCT01840254]		108 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
The Effect of Combining Aprepitant With Ondansetron in High-risk Patients for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting[NCT01897337]	Phase 4	125 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Analgesic Effect of IntraPeritoneal LIGNOcaine in Gynaecological Open Surgery: A Double-blinded Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial (IP LIGNO Trial)[NCT05897385]		112 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-22	Recruiting
Contribution of COMT Haplotypes in Propranolol Analgesic Efficacy for Treating Post-surgical Pain After Laparoscopic Hemicolectomy[NCT02511483]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-18	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulty with recruitment)
Preoperative Use of Pregabalin and Analgesia Levels After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy[NCT01321801]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD): A New Modality to Assess Postoperative Agitation After a Single Bolus of Dexmedetomidine Versus Nalbuphine in Children With Cleft Palate Repair[NCT04928391]	Phase 3	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-20	Recruiting
The Efficacy of Combined Local and General Anesthesia or General Anesthesia Alone in External Dacryocystorhinostomy: A Randomized Controlled Study[NCT04300595]		24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Recruiting
Fentanyl Versus Midazolam as an Adjunct to Intrathecal Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Children Undergoing Infraumbilical Surgery[NCT03592537]	Phase 2/Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-15	Completed
Combined General Anesthesia Plus Paravertebral Block Versus General Anesthesia Plus Opioid Analgesia for Breast Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT01904266]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Multimodal Pain Treatment for Breast Cancer Surgery - a Prospective Cohort Study[NCT04875559]		236 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2021-04-19	Completed
Intrathecal Magnesium Associated to Lidocaine Decreases the Incidence of the Transitory Neurologic Syndrome Following Same-day-surgery[NCT01794247]	Phase 3	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to low recruitment rate)
Effectiveness of Subarachnoid Hyperbaric Bupivacaine on Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Pregnant Patients With Obesity Operated by Cesarean Section[NCT04205344]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Completed
Effect of Subarachnoid Hyperbaric Bupivacaine on Mean Arterial Pressure in Obese Pregnant Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section[NCT06060015]	Phase 4	106 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-01	Recruiting
Use of Sevoflurane, Midazolam and Ketamine in Children for Dental Sedation Treatment: Occurrence of Adverse Events[NCT02284204]	Phase 2	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Should we Associate Dexamethasone and Ondansetron to Closed-loop Anesthesia to Reduce the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Bariatric Surgery?[NCT01876290]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Dexmedetomidine Comme Adjuvant à la rachianesthésie Lors de césariennes électives : Une étude Pilote[NCT05099055]	Phase 3	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-15	Completed
Caudal Versus Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate In The Prevention OF Emergence Agitation After Sevoflurane Anesthesia For Lower Abdominal Surgeries In Children.[NCT03846284]		93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-08	Active, not recruiting
Effectivity of 0.5 mg/kg Propofol in the End of Anesthesia to Reduce the Incidence of Postanesthetic Emergence Agitation in Pediatric Patients Under General Inhalation Anesthesia[NCT03528954]		54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-31	Completed
Comparison of Caudal Bupivacaine Alone With Bupivacaine Plus Two Doses of Dexmedetomidine for Postoperative Analgesia in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Infra-umbilical Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Double Blinded Study[NCT02385435]	Phase 2/Phase 3	91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Effects Of Adjuvants (Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine) to Caudal Anesthesia on Cardiac Output and Hemodynamics Measured By Electrical Cardiometry In Children: A Randomized Double Blind Study[NCT03101137]	Phase 4	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
Antiemetic Prophylaxis for Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting After Hip Arthroscopy[NCT00878228]	Phase 4	98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Does Magnesium Sulfate as a Supplement in Adductor Canal Blocks Improve Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty?[NCT02581683]	Phase 4	130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Intrathecal Chloroprocaine vs. Bupivacaine for Cervical Cerclage[NCT03305575]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-13	Completed
The Putative Role of the Pavlovian Reflex as a Non-pharmacological Preoperative Intervention in the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting[NCT04719910]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-01	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cesamet(R) (Nabilone) for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Elective Surgery[NCT02115529]	Phase 2	331 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Granisetron vs Granisetron and Dexamethasone on the Reduction of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Caesarean Section With Intrathecal Morphine: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04570592]	Phase 2	126 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-10-01	Recruiting
Evaluation of an Enhanced Recovery Pathway for Endoscopy Patients Receiving Moderate Sedation[NCT04983498]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Investigator left organization before study initiated.)
A Prospective Evaluation of an Anesthesia Protocol to Reduce Post-operative and Post-discharge Nausea and Vomiting in a High Risk Orthognathic Surgery Population[NCT01592708]		233 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Antagonism Research Between Antiemetics Agents (Droperidol, Dexametasone, Ondansetron) and Acetaminophen in Thyroidectomy's Post-operative Analgesia.[NCT01679093]	Phase 3	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
IRB-HSR# 13957: IV Lidocaine for Patients Undergoing Primary Breast Cancer Surgery: Effects on Postoperative Recovery and Cancer Recurrence[NCT01204242]	Phase 2	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-01	Completed
Postoperative Vomiting in Children: Evaluation of the Addition of Droperidol to Conventional Bi-prophylaxis[NCT01739985]		322 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Preoperative Gabapentin Prior to Vaginal Apical Suspension Prolapse Procedures[NCT05658887]	Phase 4	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-01	Enrolling by invitation
Gabapentin Premedication to Reduce Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Surgical Patient Receiving Spinal Morphine[NCT02944981]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Comparison of Oral Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Postoperative Pain Control After Photorefractive Keratectomy: a Prospective, Randomized Study.[NCT00954187]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Terminated (stopped due to PI left institution)
Gabapentin Regimens and Their Effects on Opioid Consumption[NCT03334903]	Phase 4	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-15	Completed
Gabapentin as a Pre-emptive Analgesic in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Procedures[NCT02957097]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Original PI left institution and the PI who took over was not able to initiate the study so it was never started.)
The Effect of Gabapentin on Acute Pain and PONV in Bariatric Surgical Patients[NCT00886236]		62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Cognitive Functions After TIVA With Dexmedetomidine[NCT02631135]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Anesthesiological Strategies in Elective Craniotomy: Randomized, Equivalence, Open Trial[NCT00741351]	Phase 3	411 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
Does a Single Intravenous Dose of Ketamine Reduce the Need for Supplemental Opioids in Post-Cesarean Section Patients?[NCT00486902]		188 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Completed
IRB-HSR# 14583: Intravenous Ondansetron to Attenuate the Hypotensive, Bradycardic Response to Spinal Anesthesia in Healthy Parturients[NCT01414777]	Phase 2/Phase 3	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
The Effects of Propofol vs. Sevoflurane Administered During Anesthesia Maintenance on Early and Late Recovery After Gynecological Surgery[NCT01755234]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Use of Dexmedetomidine for Deep Sedation in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Hysteroscopic Surgery[NCT01337739]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to The study drug delayed time of discharge which is clinically impracticable.)
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl Versus Midazolam and Remifentanil for Sedation in Patients Undergoing Ablation Procedures for Treatment of a Tachyarrhythmia[NCT03451227]		6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-01	Terminated (stopped due to Unable to recruit eligible participants)
Comparative Study Between Intravenous Nalbuphine Versus Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Conscious Sedation in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy[NCT05689242]	Phase 4	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Influence of Dexmedetomidine and Lidocaine on Opioid Consumption, Cognitive Function and Incidence of Neuropathic Pain in Laparoscopic Intestine Resection[NCT02616523]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Guanfacine for PONV and Pain After Sinus Surgery[NCT02882854]		84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Completed
The Use of Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant for Perioperative Pain Management in Morbidly Obese Adolescents Undergoing Bariatric Surgery[NCT02880540]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
The Effect of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Timing on Intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section Under Regional Anesthesia.[NCT04697277]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-08-20	Recruiting
Infiltration of Bupivacaine Local Anesthetic to Trocar Insertion Sites After Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT01688596]	Phase 1	135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Optimizing Patient Analgesic Experience During IVF[NCT01814657]		308 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Nausea scores will be collected by a study team member post operatively up to 3 days per protocol. Nausea will be recorded as 0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, or 3=severe (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: Nausea scores will be documented at 1 hour post op, 24,48,and 72 hours after the surgery.The scores will then be averaged.

Average Sedation Scores Over 72 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Group #1	0.27
Group #2	0.27
Group #3	0.29

Sedation scores will be documented by a study team member post operatively up to 3 days per protocol requirements. Determining if patient is 0=awake and alert, 1=quietly awake, 2=asleep and arousable, or 3=deep sleep. (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: Sedation scores will be documented at 1 hour post op, 24,48,and 72 hours after the sugery. The scores will then be averaged.

Secondary Endpoint Includes Total Intravenous Opioid Consumption at 72 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Group #1	0.38
Group #2	0.32
Group #3	0.22

Opioid consumption will be collected by a study team member post operatively up to 3 days per protocol time requirements (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: Opioid consumption will be measured at 1 hour post op, 24,48, and 72 hours post op. The total amount will be recorded.

Subjects Overall Satisfaction Scores

Intervention	miligram morphine equivalent (Median)
Group #1	57
Group #2	35
Group #3	21.3

Subjects will be followed up at 24 hours post operatively by a study team member to document patient overall satisfaction scores. Score was recorded as 0=dissatisfied, 1=satisfied, 2=very satisfied. (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: post operatively at hour 24

Subjects Overall Satisfaction Scores

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Group #1	0.89
Group #2	0.95
Group #3	1.33

Subjects will be followed up at 48 hours post operatively by a study team member to document patient overall satisfaction scores. Scores will be recorded as 0=dissatisfied, 1=satisfied, 2=very satisfied. (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: post operatively at hour 48

The Primary Endpoint of This Study Will be VAS Pain Score at 24 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Group #1	1.19
Group #2	1.05
Group #3	1.32

"The VAS score will be taken with both rest and movement (knee flexion) and will be measured by a study team investigator using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Using units on a scale of 1-10 for documentation with 10 being the worst pain and 0 being no pain" (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: Pain scores will be measured 24 hours after surgery.

The Primary Endpoint of This Study Will be VAS Pain Score at 48 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
US Guided Single Shot Paravertebral Block	4.0
US Guided Paravertebral Catheter	4.5
Thoracic Epidural	3.0

"The VAS scores will be taken with both rest and movement (knee flexion) and will be measured by a study team investigator using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Usingunits on a scale scale of 1-10 for documentation with 10 being the worst pain and 0 being no pain" (NCT03151434)
Timeframe: Pain scores will be measured 48 hours after surgery.

Incidence of Nausea and Vomiting

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
US Guided Single Shot Paravertebral Block	3.0
US Guided Paravertebral Catheter	4.0
Thoracic Epidural	2.0

The percentage of participants who had nausea and vomiting during postoperative 48 hours (NCT02448862)
Timeframe: Postoperative 48 hours

Incidence of Rescue Analgesics Requirement

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Elderly Patients	20.6
Young Adults	23.8

The percentage of patients who required rescue analgesics at least once during the postoperative 48-hour period (NCT02448862)
Timeframe: Postoperative 48 hours

Incidence of Rescue Antiemetics Requirement

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Elderly Patients	47.9
Young Adults	53.8

The proportion of patients who required rescue antiemetics at least once during the postoperative 48-hour period (NCT02448862)
Timeframe: Postoperative 48 hours

Incidence of Dizziness or Headaches

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Elderly Patients	12.2
Young Adults	10.1

The percentage of participants who had headache and dizziness (NCT02448862)
Timeframe: Postoperative 48 hours

Postoperative Pain in Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	headache	dizziness
Elderly Patients	1.7	6.5
Young Adults	2.3	9.8

The Numeric Pain Scale (NRS - 0: no pain, 10: worst pain can't imagine) for pain measured once at each time periods (0~6, 6~12, 12~18, 18~24, 24~48 hours) (NCT02448862)
Timeframe: Postoperative 48 hours

Impact of Nausea and Vomiting on Quality of Life

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Postoperative 0-6 hours	Postoperative 6-12 hours	Postoperative 12-18 hours	Postoperative 18-24 hours	Postoperative 24-48 hours
Elderly Patients	5.74	4.58	3.97	3.32	2.84
Young Adults	5.70	4.68	3.91	3.33	2.83

Percentage of participants whose quality of life was impacted by nausea and vomiting (NCT00878228)
Timeframe: Postdischarge Day 1

Incidence of Nausea

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Study Group	18
Control Group	30

Percentage of participants with nausea (NCT00878228)
Timeframe: Postdischarge Day 1

Severity of Nausea

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Study Group	46
Control Group	54

Percentage of participants reporting moderate or severe nausea in the first 24 hours (NCT00878228)
Timeframe: Postdischarge Day 1

Duration of Motor Block

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Study Group	23
Control Group	32

"The time difference between local anesthetic injection and complete resolution of motor block -as measured on the Bromage scale:~I = free movement of feet, legs and hip = No block II = able to flex knees, with free movement of feet = Mild block III = unable to flex knees, but with free movement of feet = Moderate block IV = unable to move legs or feet = Complete block" (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Duration of Sensory Block

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	75
Bupivacaine	99

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and complete resolution of sensory block. The sensory level was tested using a blunt needle tip along the patient's demratomal distribution of the spinal anesthetic. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Time to Ambulation

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	127
Bupivacaine	210

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and patient's walking for the first time postoperatively. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Time to Micturation

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	110
Bupivacaine	179

The time difference between local anesthetic injection and the patient's voiding for the first time postoperatively. (NCT03305575)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Chloroprocaine	111
Bupivacaine	233

Anesthesia start time determined from anesthesia portion of the medical record. Time at which discharge order was placed will serve as time of discharge. (NCT01592708)
Timeframe: Anesthesia start time to placement of hospital discharge order - average 26 - 28 hours

Post-discharge Nausea

Intervention	hours (Median)
Intervention Cohort	26.4
Comparison Cohort	28.2

To be assessed based on patient diary completed daily for 1 week following discharge to home from the hospital (NCT01592708)
Timeframe: 1 week from discharge from hospital

Post-discharge Vomiting

Post-operative Nausea

Intervention	percentage of subjects with PDN (Number)
Intervention Cohort	72
Comparison Cohort	60

Intervention	percentage of subjects with PDV (Number)
Intervention Cohort	22
Comparison Cohort	29

End of surgery time determined by anesthesia portion of the medical record. PONV to be assessed by review of surgeons' and nurses' notes in the medical record as well as through review of patient diaries. Vomiting constitutes a safety issue and, as such, associated adverse events will be noted. (NCT01592708)
Timeframe: End of surgery to discharge from hospital

Post-operative Vomiting

"VAS Score 1: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Resting?"

Intervention	percentage of subjects with PON (Number)
Intervention Cohort	24
Comparison Cohort	70

Intervention	percentage of subjects with POV (Number)
Intervention Cohort	11
Comparison Cohort	28

Surgical site pain. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months after surgery (at 2nd postoperative appointment)

"VAS Score 2: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Moving?"

Intervention	score on 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	2.26
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	2.46

Surgical site pain. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

"VAS Score 3: How Well Are You Sleeping?"

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	3.84
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	3.54

Sleep quality. Scale 0-10 with 0 worst and 10 best. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

"VAS Score 4: How Bad is Your Nausea?"

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	5.73
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	6.38

Nausea. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

"VAS Score 5: How Satisfied Are You With Your Pain Management?"

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	0.36
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	0.17

Satisfaction. Scale 0-10 with 0 worst and 10 best. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Days Taking Opioids

Intervention	score on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care	7.83
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	8.48

Number of days until patients are finished consuming opioid medications after discharge. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Opioid Consumption

Intervention	days (Mean)
Standard of Care	14.8
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	18.7

Mean opioid consumption, measured in mg of morphine equivalents. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (total amount measured at second postoperative appointment; means assessed afterwards).

Evaluate Incidence of Respiratory Depression as Evidenced by Pulse Oximetry Data

Evaluate the Amount of Diluadid Given Postoperatively

Intervention	morphine equivalents (Mean)
Standard of Care	287.0
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen	281.1

Intervention	% oxygen saturation (Mean)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid	93
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid	94
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid	95

The amount of intraoperative and postoperative opioids used will be collected and analyzed for the three different arms. (NCT00886236)
Timeframe: 120 hours

Number of Participants Who Experience Incidence of Postoperative Nausea.

Cumulative Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Supplemental Analgesia to Treat Breakthrough Pain

Intervention	ml (Mean)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid	11.035
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid	8.7
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid	12.4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid	12
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid	11
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid	12

Cumulative hydrocodone/acetaminophen for supplemental analgesia to treat breakthrough pain for 72 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Disturbing Dreams

Intervention	tablets (Median)
Ketamine	10
Placebo	9

Number of subject reporting disturbing dreams at 72 hours post cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Number of Subjects Requiring Supplemental Analgesia in the First 24 Hours Following Cesarean Delivery

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	0
Placebo	0

Request for oral hydrocodone/acetaminophen for pain not controlled by around the clock non-steroidal antiflammatory drugs in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain Score (0-10) at 2 Weeks Following Cesarean Delivery

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	64
Placebo	66

Numeric rating for pain score (0 to 10) reported at 2 weeks following cesarean delivery. Zero is no pain and 10 is worst pain imaginable. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Postoperative Nausea

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
Ketamine	2
Placebo	2.6

Number of subjects reporting nausea in first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postoperative Vomiting

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	27
Placebo	30

Number of subjects that vomited in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postperative Pruritus

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	13
Placebo	13

Number of subjects with pruritus in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Verbal Pain Scores (0 to 10) at First Analgesia Request

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	12
Placebo	19

Numeric rating of pain scores (NRS) scale (0 to 10) at time of supplemental analgesia request. Zero is no pain and 10 is worst pain imaginable. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Mg of Morphine Equivalents (IV)

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
Ketamine	3
Placebo	4

Total opioid use in the post operative care unit (Mg of morphine equivalents) (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: PACU admission to discharge

Opioid Use Discharge From Post Anesthesia Care Unit to 24 Hours After PACU Discharge.

Intervention	miligrams of morphine equivalents (Median)
Sevoflurane	9
Propofol	9.4

Opioid use in mg of morphine equivalents from discharge from the post anesthesia care unit to 24 hours after PACU discharge. (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: Discharge from PACU to 24 hours post operative after PACU discharge.

Pain in Post Anesthesia Care Unit

Intervention	mg morphine equivalents (Median)
Sevoflurane	30
Propofol	25

"Numeric rating scale for pain on a scale of 0-10 (0 is no pain and 10 is high pain) versus time curve in the post anesthesia care unit ( score * min). A higher value indicates more pain and time in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit.~The range is 0 pain to x time in minutes x 1 hour to 5 hour ( 60-300 minutes) . The pain scores were collected at 15 minute intervals from the time of admission to the PACU. The area under the NRS pain scale versus time curve was calculated using the trapezoidal method as an indicator of pain burden during early recovery (Graph Pad Prism ver 5.03, Graph Pad Software INC." (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: Time in the post anesthesia care unit

Quality of Recovery Score 24 Hours Post Operative

Intervention	Pain Score * minutes in PACU (Median)
Sevoflurane	270
Propofol	240

Quality of recovery score 24 hours after the surgical procedure.Score of 40 is poor recovery and a score of 200 is good recovery. (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: 24 hours after the surgical procedure

The Primary Outcome Will be the Difference in Intraoperative Opioid (Fentanyl) Administration Between Patients Receiving Dexmedetomidine and Those Receiving Propofol.

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Sevoflurane	175
Propofol	176

The primary outcome will be the difference in intraoperative opioid (fentanyl) administration between patients receiving dexmedetomidine and those receiving propofol. As described by mean and standard deviation. (NCT01337739)
Timeframe: Interoperative period

Time to Discharge

Time to discharge from the Post Anesthesia Care Unit or home or to hospital room. (NCT01337739)
Timeframe: 24 Hours

Consumption of Fentanyl

consumption of fentanyl (mg) during the procedure (NCT02616523)
Timeframe: time of the operation

Consumption of Piritramide

consumption of piritramide (mg) in the recovery room (NCT02616523)
Timeframe: one hour after the operation

Neuropathic Pain (Pain Questionnaire) dn4

Pain questionnaire dn4 will be send to participants after two months of surgery to evaluate the neuropathic pain. There are minimum 0 points and maximum 10 points. If the score is 4 or higher then the pain is likely to be neuropathic pain. (NCT02616523)
Timeframe: two months after the surgery

PACU Length of Stay in Minutes

(NCT02882854)
Timeframe: Time frame between arrival and discharge in PACU, approximately 90 minutes

Postoperative Nausea Assessment Using 11-point Nausea Scale (nVRS)

PONV assessed using nVRS at 24 hours postop when 0 is no nausea and 10 is worst nausea. (NCT02882854)
Timeframe: 24 hours post op

Postoperative Pain Assessment Using 11-point Visual/Verbal Analog (VAS)

Postoperative pain assessment using VAS at 24 hours postop when 0 is no pain and 10 is worst pain (NCT02882854)
Timeframe: 24 hours postop

Total Narcotic Requirement in PACU

Total narcotic requirement in PACU tallied in morphine equivalents during PACU stay (NCT02882854)
Timeframe: Time frame between arrival and discharge in PACU, approximately 90 minutes

Maximum Postoperative Pain Assessment Using 11-point Visual/Verbal Analog (VAS)

Maximum postoperative pain assessment assessed in PACU at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after PACU arrival using VAS when 0 is no pain and 10 is worst pain (NCT02882854)
Timeframe: 15, 30, 60 minutes after arriving in PACU

Pain Scores (Numerical Rating Scale 0-10) Using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised

"Average pain scores during the day of surgery using the FPS-R rates pain on a scale from 1-10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 very much pain. Each level accompanies a facial expression, ranging from content to distress." (NCT02880540)
Timeframe: From surgery until discharge from the hospital, an average of 48 hours.

Estimated Blood Loss > 200 mL

Estimated blood loss will be measured in (mL) on the day of surgery after completing the procedure. Blood loss will be categorized as >200 mL vs. <= 200 mL. (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: day of surgery after procedure completion

Length of Hospital Stay >= 24 Hours

Length of hospital stay will be measured on the day of surgery after completing the procedure to when the patient is discharged from the hospital. Length of stay will be categorized as less than 24 hours vs. greater than or equal to 24 hours. (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: from time surgery completed to time patient discharged

Operating Time

Operating time measured in minutes (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: start to end of patient's surgery

Postoperative Pain Score

"Postoperative pain is measured on day of surgery after trocar incisions are closed and injected with local anesthetic. Postoperative pain is evaluated with the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at 24 hrs after the surgery. The Numerical Rating Scale is a scale from 0 to 10 that measures pain severity, where 0 equates to no pain and 10 equates to unable to move." (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postoperative Pain Score

"Postoperative pain is measured on day of surgery after trocar incisions are closed and injected with local anesthetic. Postoperative pain is evaluated with the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at 6 hrs after the surgery. The Numerical Rating Scale is a scale from 0 to 10 that measures pain severity, where 0 equates to no pain and 10 equates to unable to move." (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Postoperative Pain Score Evaluated by Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)

"Postoperative pain is measured on day of surgery after trocar incisions are closed and injected with local anesthetic. Postoperative pain is evaluated with the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at 4 hrs after the surgery. The Numerical Rating Scale is a scale from 0 to 10 that measures pain severity, where 0 equates to no pain and 10 equates to unable to move." (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: 4 hours

Surgical Complications

Intraoperative complications include injury to bowel, bladder, blood vessels, nerves and hemorrhage. Perioperative complications include urinary tract infections, urinary retention, ileus, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pneumonia, renal and cerebrovascular morbidity, thromboembolic complications (DVT and PE). Postoperative complications include pulmonary, renal, and cerebrovascular morbidity, wound and vaginal vault complications (infection, separation, and dehiscence), septicemia, thromboembolic events, and re-operation. (NCT01688596)
Timeframe: From date of randomization up to 12 months

Intervention	Total Morphine Equivalents mg (Mean)
Placebo Comparator	11.8
Active Comparator	11.58

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	15 minutes after PACU admission72482977			15 minutes after PACU admission72482978	30 minutes after PACU admission72482977	30 minutes after PACU admission72482978	60 minutes after PACU admission72482977	60 minutes after PACU admission72482978
	Mild (Pain nVRS 1-5)	Moderate/Severe (Pain nVRS 6-10)	None (Pain nVRS 0)
Guanfacine	31
Placebo	24
Guanfacine	0
Placebo	5
Guanfacine	8
Placebo	10
Guanfacine	18
Placebo	20
Guanfacine	7
Placebo	6
Guanfacine	14
Placebo	14
Guanfacine	12
Placebo	16
Guanfacine	6
Placebo	13
Guanfacine	21
Placebo	12

Article	Year
Effect of intrathecal lipophilic opioids on the incidence of shivering in women undergoing cesarean delivery after spinal anesthesia: a systematic review and bayesian network meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC anesthesiology, 2020, 08-26, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bayes Theorem; Cesarean Section; Fe	2020
Efficacy of Intrathecal Fentanyl for Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With Trial Sequential Analysis. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2020, Volume: 130, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics	2020
Effects of Fentanyl on Emergence Agitation in Children under Sevoflurane Anesthesia: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Incidence; Male; Methyl E	2015
[Management of transdermal therapeutics in perioperative care]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2009, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analgesics; Anesthetics; Cardiovascular System; Contraindications; Diffus	2009
The potential for mu-opioid receptor agonists to be anti-emetic in humans: a review of clinical data. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Alfentanil; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Antiemetics; Blood-Brain Barrier; Fentanyl; Humans; Models,	2010
[Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) for relief of postoperative pain]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 60, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Droperidol; Fentanyl; Humans; Infusi	2011
Efficacy of adding clonidine to intrathecal morphine in acute postoperative pain: meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia, 2013, Volume: 110, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Pain; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Clonidine; Endpoint Determination; Fentan	2013
Postoperative pain management: can transdermal patches help? Orthopedics, 2006, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Antiemetics; Clonidine; Fentanyl; Humans;	2006

Article	Year
Low incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia in geriatric dogs receiving maropitant, famotidine, and fentanyl as part of an anesthesia protocol. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2021, 12-15, Volume: 260, Issue:S1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antiemetics; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Famotidine; Fentanyl; Incidence; Pneumonia, As	2021
Feasibility and effectiveness of opioid-free anesthesia in cytoreductive surgery with or without heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Journal of surgical oncology, 2022, Volume: 125, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures; Feasibility Studies; Fenta	2022
Role of Cardiac Anesthesiologists in Intraoperative Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) Protocol: A Retrospective Single-Center Study Analyzing Preliminary Results of a Yearlong ERACS Protocol Implementation. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2023, Volume: 37, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesiologists; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery;	2023
Role of Cardiac Anesthesiologists in Intraoperative Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) Protocol: A Retrospective Single-Center Study Analyzing Preliminary Results of a Yearlong ERACS Protocol Implementation. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2023, Volume: 37, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesiologists; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery;	2023
Role of Cardiac Anesthesiologists in Intraoperative Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) Protocol: A Retrospective Single-Center Study Analyzing Preliminary Results of a Yearlong ERACS Protocol Implementation. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2023, Volume: 37, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesiologists; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery;	2023
Role of Cardiac Anesthesiologists in Intraoperative Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery (ERACS) Protocol: A Retrospective Single-Center Study Analyzing Preliminary Results of a Yearlong ERACS Protocol Implementation. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2023, Volume: 37, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesiologists; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery;	2023
Machine learning for prediction of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Fentanyl; Humans; Machine Learning; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting	2022
Dynamic predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting for intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia, 2020, Volume: 75, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Comorbidity; Female; Fe	2020
Association between intra-operative fentanyl dosing and postoperative nausea/vomiting and pain: A prospective cohort study. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Antiemetics; Cohort Studies; Dose-Respons	2019
Droperidol Reduces Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Supports the Continuation of Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Fentanyl. Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2020, Volume: 23 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Cohort Studies; Droperidol; Female; Fentanyl;	2020
Risk Factors for Fentanyl-Induced Cough Following General Anesthesia in Adults: A Retrospective Study from a Single Center in China. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2021, Jul-13, Volume: 27 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intrave	2021
The Effect of Intraoperative Body Temperature on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients. Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 2021, Volume: 36, Issue:6 Topics: Antiemetics; Body Temperature; Child; Fentanyl; Humans; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Prospecti	2021
Relationship between the incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Asian journal of surgery, 2018, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Antiemeti	2018
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in outpatient repair of inguinal hernia. Annali italiani di chirurgia, 2018, Volume: 89 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, L	2018
Is ramosetron superior to ondansetron? Paediatric anaesthesia, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Benzimidazoles; Female; Fentanyl; Hu	2013
Risk assessment of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia environment: predictive values of the Apfel's simplified risk score for identification of high-risk patients. Yonsei medical journal, 2013, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Antiemetics; Female; Fentanyl; Human	2013
Cost-effectiveness of intravenous acetaminophen for pediatric tonsillectomy. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision	2014
[Effect of interscalene block on perioperative pain during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR)]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amides; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Arthroscopy; Blood Pressur	2014
Incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and single antiemetic prophylaxis. Yonsei medical journal, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Desflurane; Female; Fen	2014
Incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and single antiemetic prophylaxis. Yonsei medical journal, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Desflurane; Female; Fen	2014
Incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and single antiemetic prophylaxis. Yonsei medical journal, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Desflurane; Female; Fen	2014
Incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and single antiemetic prophylaxis. Yonsei medical journal, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Antiemetics; Desflurane; Female; Fen	2014
Acute angle-closure glaucoma after general anesthesia for bone grafting. Anesthesia progress, 2014,Winter, Volume: 61, Issue:4 Topics: Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; Androstanols; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Darkness;	2014
[Analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:10 Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm,	2014
Fentanyl-induced cough is a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting. British journal of anaesthesia, 2015, Volume: 115, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Causality; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Cough; Female; Fentanyl; Hu	2015
Flexible bronchoscopy under conscious sedation with midazolam and fentanyl can be safely performed by nonanesthesiologists. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 2015, Volume: 125, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Bronchosco	2015
Postoperative Pain and Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia-Related Adverse Effects in Young and Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 10,575 Patients. Medicine, 2015, Volume: 94, Issue:45 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agent	2015
[Postoperative Pain after Hybrid Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2015, Volume: 64, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Analgesia; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Block; Pain Mana	2015
Evidence appraisal of Li CC, Chen SS, Huang CH, et al. Fentanyl-induced cough is a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(3):444-448. AORN journal, 2016, Volume: 103, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cough; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting	2016
Propofol-Based Sedation Versus General Anesthesia for Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection. Medicine, 2016, Volume: 95, Issue:20 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Arterial Pressure; Co	2016
Predicting postoperative vomiting among orthopedic patients receiving patient-controlled epidural analgesia using SVM and LR. Scientific reports, 2016, 06-01, Volume: 6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthetics, Local; Are	2016
Fentanyl-induced cough is a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting. British journal of anaesthesia, 2016, Volume: 117, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cough; Fentanyl; Humans; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Risk Factors;	2016
Non-opioid anesthesia with esmolol avoids opioid-induced hyperalgesia and reduces fentanyl requirement after laparoscopy. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2009, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Fentanyl; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Laparos	2009
Does fentanyl really need to be omitted in favour of sevoflurane in day care surgery? European journal of anaesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 26, Issue:5 Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Fenta	2009
Observational study of the effect of mu-opioid receptor genetic polymorphism on intrathecal opioid labor analgesia and post-cesarean delivery analgesia. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cesarean Section; DNA;	2010
Study of the OPRM1 A118G genetic polymorphism associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting induced by fentanyl intravenous analgesia. Minerva anestesiologica, 2011, Volume: 77, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Substitution; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; China; Elective S	2011
Advanced paediatric conscious sedation: an alternative to dental general anaesthetic in the U.K. SAAD digest, 2011, Volume: 27 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intraven	2011
Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the second 7 years of office practice. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2011, Volume: 69, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Conscious	2011
The effect of combining dexamethasone with ondansetron for nausea and vomiting associated with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia, 2011, Volume: 66, Issue:9 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Dexamethasone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fentany	2011
[Eighty cases of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for inguinal hernia repairs using tumescent local anesthesia (TLA)]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 60, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Local; Female; Fentanyl; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Male; Midazo	2011
Breast augmentation and augmentation-mastopexy with local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Aesthetic surgery journal, 2012, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Intravenous; An	2012
Comparing the administration of fentanyl 1 µg kg⁻¹ and fentanyl 0.5 µg kg⁻¹ in dilation and curettage procedures. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Dilatation and Curettage; Female; F	2012
[Influence of intraoperative fentanyl and remifentanil infusion on early postoperative oral intake after general anesthesia]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2012, Volume: 61, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Eating; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Intrao	2012
Effect of CYP3A418B polymorphisms and interactions with OPRM1 A118G on postoperative fentanyl requirements in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. Molecular medicine reports, 2013, Volume: 7, Issue:3* Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Dizziness; F	2013
An outcome study comparing intravenous sedation with midazolam/fentanyl (conscious sedation) versus propofol infusion (deep sedation) for aesthetic surgery. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2003, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anxiety; Conscious Sedation; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnot	2003
[Metoclopramide and dexamethasone in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after inhalational anaesthesia]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 2003, Volume: 38, Issue:11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Antiemetics; De	2003
[Study of nausea and vomiting accompanying intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl after cervical spine surgery]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; Aging; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Antiemetics; Cervical Vertebrae; Female; Fentanyl; Human	2003
An evaluation of pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting following the introduction of guidelines for tonsillectomy. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: Acetaminophen; Adenoidectomy; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Ant	2005
Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the first 7 years of office practice. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2005, Volume: 63, Issue:10 Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenou	2005
[Prophylactic use of droperidol for postoperative nausea and vomiting following gynecological laparoscopic surgery under total intravenous anesthesia]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Antiemetics; Droperidol; Female; Fentanyl;	2006
Risk factors for nausea and vomiting following vitrectomy in adults. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Int	2007
[Elective colon resection in Germany. A survey of the perioperative anesthesiological management]. Der Anaesthesist, 2007, Volume: 56, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Colon; Data Collection; Digestive System Surgical Procedures;	2007
Epidural analgesia in children: planning, organization and development of a new program. Minerva anestesiologica, 2007, Volume: 73, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Argentina; Bupivacaine; Cat	2007
Effects of fentanyl on gastric myoelectrical activity: a possible association with polymorphisms of the mu-opioid receptor gene? Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Electrophysiology; Female; Fentanyl; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gen	2008
Epidural analgesia in children with cerebral palsy. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1998, Volume: 45, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Con	1998
Postoperative comfort in paediatric outpatient surgery. Paediatric anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesi	1999
Optimization of conscious sedation in plastic surgery. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 1999, Volume: 104, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics, Opioid; Cons	1999
[Quality of recovery from anesthesia]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 48 Suppl Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Clinical Trials as Topic; Fentanyl; Headache; Humans; Methyl	1999
Nonopioid analgesia improves outcomes. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 93, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Fentanyl; Humans; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; T	2000
[Propofol anesthesia for ambulatory surgery in adults]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 49, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Fentanyl; Flurbiprofe	2000
Acupressure and prevention of nausea and vomiting. British journal of anaesthesia, 2000, Volume: 85, Issue:5 Topics: Acupressure; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Female; Fentanyl; Humans;	2000
Sedation and analgesia for transvaginal oocyte retrieval: an audit resulting in a change of clinical practice. Human fertility (Cambridge, England), 2001, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Conscious Sedation; Deep Sedation; Female;	2001
Excruciating perineal pain after intravenous dexamethasone. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2002, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Dexamethasone; Female; Fentanyl; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Pa	2002

fentanyl and Emesis, Postoperative

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (226)

Authors

Clinical Trials (63)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average Nausea Scores Over 72 Hours

Average Sedation Scores Over 72 Hours

Secondary Endpoint Includes Total Intravenous Opioid Consumption at 72 Hours

Subjects Overall Satisfaction Scores

Subjects Overall Satisfaction Scores

The Primary Endpoint of This Study Will be VAS Pain Score at 24 Hours

The Primary Endpoint of This Study Will be VAS Pain Score at 48 Hours

Incidence of Nausea and Vomiting

Incidence of Rescue Analgesics Requirement

Incidence of Rescue Antiemetics Requirement

Incidence of Dizziness or Headaches

Postoperative Pain in Numeric Pain Scale

Impact of Nausea and Vomiting on Quality of Life

Incidence of Nausea

Severity of Nausea

Duration of Motor Block

Duration of Sensory Block

Time to Ambulation

Time to Micturation

Hospital Length of Stay

Post-discharge Nausea

Post-discharge Vomiting

Post-operative Nausea

Post-operative Vomiting

"VAS Score 1: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Resting?"

"VAS Score 2: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Moving?"

"VAS Score 3: How Well Are You Sleeping?"

"VAS Score 4: How Bad is Your Nausea?"

"VAS Score 5: How Satisfied Are You With Your Pain Management?"

Days Taking Opioids

Opioid Consumption

Evaluate Incidence of Respiratory Depression as Evidenced by Pulse Oximetry Data

Evaluate the Amount of Diluadid Given Postoperatively

Number of Participants Who Experience Incidence of Postoperative Nausea.

Cumulative Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Supplemental Analgesia to Treat Breakthrough Pain

Disturbing Dreams

Number of Subjects Requiring Supplemental Analgesia in the First 24 Hours Following Cesarean Delivery

Pain Score (0-10) at 2 Weeks Following Cesarean Delivery

Postoperative Nausea

Postoperative Vomiting

Postperative Pruritus

Verbal Pain Scores (0 to 10) at First Analgesia Request

Mg of Morphine Equivalents (IV)

Opioid Use Discharge From Post Anesthesia Care Unit to 24 Hours After PACU Discharge.

Pain in Post Anesthesia Care Unit

Quality of Recovery Score 24 Hours Post Operative

The Primary Outcome Will be the Difference in Intraoperative Opioid (Fentanyl) Administration Between Patients Receiving Dexmedetomidine and Those Receiving Propofol.

Time to Discharge

Consumption of Fentanyl

Consumption of Piritramide

Neuropathic Pain (Pain Questionnaire) dn4

PACU Length of Stay in Minutes

Postoperative Nausea Assessment Using 11-point Nausea Scale (nVRS)

Postoperative Pain Assessment Using 11-point Visual/Verbal Analog (VAS)

Total Narcotic Requirement in PACU

Maximum Postoperative Pain Assessment Using 11-point Visual/Verbal Analog (VAS)

Pain Scores (Numerical Rating Scale 0-10) Using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised

Estimated Blood Loss > 200 mL

Length of Hospital Stay >= 24 Hours

Operating Time

Postoperative Pain Score

Postoperative Pain Score

Postoperative Pain Score Evaluated by Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)

Surgical Complications

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies