Page last updated: 2024-10-27

fentanyl and Back Pain

fentanyl has been researched along with Back Pain in 31 studies

Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.

Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Chloroprocaine has been associated with severe back pain after epidural anesthesia."9.07Back pain after epidural anesthesia with chloroprocaine. ( Kao, TC; Stevens, RA; Urmey, WF; Urquhart, BL, 1993)
"TIDD using a low-dose fentanyl admixture with bupivacaine in patients with postlaminectomy syndrome and refractory chronic low back pain results in similar pain relief to TIDD with hydromorphone and bupivacaine."7.96Comparative Effectiveness of Targeted Intrathecal Drug Delivery Using a Combination of Bupivacaine with Either Low-Dose Fentanyl or Hydromorphone in Chronic Back Pain Patients with Lumbar Postlaminectomy Syndrome. ( Ade, T; DeLozier, SJ; Hayek, SM; Janes, JL; Mohan, M; Roh, J; Sharma, G, 2020)
" Although this article focuses on serotonin syndrome as a result of an adverse interaction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and fentanyl, it is important for not only anesthesia professionals, but all clinicians--such as those in emergency medicine and critical care--to be aware of this syndrome and its management."7.80Serotonin syndrome: fentanyl and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor interactions. ( Greenier, E; Lukyanova, V; Reede, L, 2014)
"1 micrograms/kg fentanyl in low back pain patients reduced both sensory intensity and unpleasantness visual analogue scale (VAS) responses to experimental pain evoked by graded 5-sec nociceptive temperature stimuli (45-51 degrees C) as well as VAS-sensory and VAS-affective responses to clinical pain."7.67A simultaneous comparison of fentanyl's analgesic effects on experimental and clinical pain. ( Harkins, SW; Price, C; Price, DD; Rafii, A, 1986)
"Addition of dexamethasone to local lidocaine infiltration effectively decreases the incidence and severity of back pain after combined spinal-epidural anesthesia implemented for gynecological surgery."5.20Dexamethasone added to local lidocaine for infiltration along the spinal-epidural needle pathway decreases incidence and severity of backache after gynecological surgery. ( Cui, GX; Gao, W; Ren, Y, 2015)
"Chloroprocaine has been associated with severe back pain after epidural anesthesia."5.07Back pain after epidural anesthesia with chloroprocaine. ( Kao, TC; Stevens, RA; Urmey, WF; Urquhart, BL, 1993)
" Demographic data, visual analog scale (VAS) and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) scores, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), total dosage of fentanyl, satisfaction rate of anesthesia and complications were collected at different timepoints."4.31Effect of intradiscal local anesthetic injection on intraoperative pain during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy: A retrospective study. ( Duan, L; Kang, JY; Zhang, JH; Zhang, JY; Zhou, HC, 2023)
"TIDD using a low-dose fentanyl admixture with bupivacaine in patients with postlaminectomy syndrome and refractory chronic low back pain results in similar pain relief to TIDD with hydromorphone and bupivacaine."3.96Comparative Effectiveness of Targeted Intrathecal Drug Delivery Using a Combination of Bupivacaine with Either Low-Dose Fentanyl or Hydromorphone in Chronic Back Pain Patients with Lumbar Postlaminectomy Syndrome. ( Ade, T; DeLozier, SJ; Hayek, SM; Janes, JL; Mohan, M; Roh, J; Sharma, G, 2020)
" The most common ER opioids prescribed were oxycodone (26%) and fentanyl (23%), and the most common noncancer pain diagnoses were back pain (65%) and arthritis (48%)."3.96Medical Use of Long-term Extended-release Opioid Analgesics in Commercially Insured Adults in the United States. ( Dasgupta, N; Jonsson Funk, M; Young, JC, 2020)
" Although this article focuses on serotonin syndrome as a result of an adverse interaction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and fentanyl, it is important for not only anesthesia professionals, but all clinicians--such as those in emergency medicine and critical care--to be aware of this syndrome and its management."3.80Serotonin syndrome: fentanyl and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor interactions. ( Greenier, E; Lukyanova, V; Reede, L, 2014)
"The authors treated 9 patients receiving intradiscal electrothermal therapy who were unable to tolerate the latter portion of their heating protocol secondary to axial low back pain despite high doses of opioids, with low dose ketamine."3.72Sedation with ketamine during intradiscal electrothermal therapy. ( Cohen, SP; Larkin, T, 2004)
"1 micrograms/kg fentanyl in low back pain patients reduced both sensory intensity and unpleasantness visual analogue scale (VAS) responses to experimental pain evoked by graded 5-sec nociceptive temperature stimuli (45-51 degrees C) as well as VAS-sensory and VAS-affective responses to clinical pain."3.67A simultaneous comparison of fentanyl's analgesic effects on experimental and clinical pain. ( Harkins, SW; Price, C; Price, DD; Rafii, A, 1986)
"Spinal epidural lipomatosis is a rare condition of adipose tissue hypertrophy in the epidural space."1.38Epidural lipomatosis causing new debilitating back pain in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus on highly active antiretroviral therapy. ( Billings, F; Hoyt, MR, 2012)
"Fentanyl 20 micrograms was added for procedures anticipated to last longer than 45 minutes (but less than 90 min)."1.30Procaine spinal anesthesia: a pilot study of the incidence of transient neurologic symptoms. ( Alexander, GD; Axelrod, EH; Brown, M; Schork, MA, 1998)

Research

Studies (31)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19904 (12.90)18.7374
1990's5 (16.13)18.2507
2000's9 (29.03)29.6817
2010's10 (32.26)24.3611
2020's3 (9.68)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Duan, L1
Zhang, JY1
Zhang, JH1
Kang, JY1
Zhou, HC1
Ade, T1
Roh, J1
Sharma, G1
Mohan, M1
DeLozier, SJ1
Janes, JL1
Hayek, SM1
Young, JC1
Jonsson Funk, M1
Dasgupta, N1
Martikainen, IK2
Peciña, M2
Love, TM2
Nuechterlein, EB2
Cummiford, CM2
Green, CR2
Harris, RE1
Stohler, CS2
Zubieta, JK2
Gao, W1
Ren, Y1
Cui, GX1
Greenier, E1
Lukyanova, V1
Reede, L1
Naik, BI1
Nemergut, EC1
Kazemi, A1
Fernández, L1
Cederholm, SK1
McMurry, TL1
Durieux, ME1
Trist, AJ1
Sahota, H1
Williams, L1
Gross, DP1
Bhambhani, Y1
Haykowsky, MJ1
Rashiq, S1
Williams, BS1
Wong, D1
Amin, S1
Billings, F1
Hoyt, MR1
Hannon, B1
Zimmermann, C1
Bryson, JR1
Ringe, JD1
Faber, H1
Bock, O1
Valentine, S1
Felsenberg, D1
Pfeifer, M1
Minne, HW1
Schwalen, S1
Cohen, SP1
Larkin, T1
Davies, AN1
Vriens, J1
Manchikanti, L1
Manchikanti, KN1
Manchukonda, R1
Pampati, V1
Cash, KA1
D'Arcy, Y1
Rees, SG1
Collis, RE1
Davis, MP1
Shaiova, LA1
Angst, MS1
McQuay, HJ1
Bullingham, RE1
Evans, PJ1
Lloyd, JW1
Moore, RA1
Hannallah, M1
Stevens, RA1
Urmey, WF1
Urquhart, BL1
Kao, TC1
Axelrod, EH1
Alexander, GD1
Brown, M1
Schork, MA1
Sigg, TR1
Leikin, JB1
Boucher, C1
Girard, M1
Drolet, P1
Grenier, Y1
Bergeron, L1
Le Truong, HH1
Hunt, TM1
Plantevin, OM1
Gilbert, JR1
Iudel'son, IaB1
Malkina, DN1
Vas'kin, VZ1
Price, DD1
Harkins, SW1
Rafii, A1
Price, C1
Cherry, DA1
Gourlay, GK1
McLachlan, M1
Cousins, MJ1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Endogenous Opioid Systems and Symptom Change in Fibromyalgia[NCT02866461]0 participants (Actual)Observational2021-11-30Withdrawn (stopped due to It was not possible to conduct this study at the University of Utah due to the inability of the PET research facility to synthesize the radiotracer central to this project. Project was transferred to another institution.)
The Role of Endogenous Opioids in Mindfulness-based Chronic Pain Relief[NCT04034004]Early Phase 188 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-01Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

"Perceived Intervention Effectiveness Was Assessed With a VAS (0 = Not Effective at All; 10 = Most Effective Imaginable) for Each Intervention Session."

(NCT04034004)
Timeframe: Delivered after completion of each of the 4 meditation intervention sessions. Up to 8 weeks.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
intervention 1 effectivenessintervention 2 effectivenessintervention 3 effectivenessintervention 4 effectiveness
Mindfulness Meditation4.834.054.214.51
Non-mindfulness Meditation5.135.175.215.40

Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

Pain severity and interference: impact of pain on daily function, location of pain, pain medications and amount of pain relief in the past 24 hours or the past week. Higher scores indicate higher chronic pain. BPI severity and interference scales are used and collected before and after each intervention. Higher BPI severity indicate higher chronic pain severity. Higher BPI interference scores indicate higher chronic pain interference.The scoring scale for severity and interference range from 0 - 10, respectively. (NCT04034004)
Timeframe: Administered at the baseline, post-intervention session 6 and post-intervention session 7. Outcome measurements will compare in BPI severity and interference from baseline to session 7.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
baseline BPI severitysession 7 BPI severitybaseline BPI interferencesession 7 BPI interference
Mindfulness Meditation4.473.944.403.38
Non-mindfulness Meditation5.225.155.174.57

Pain Catastrophizing Scale

This is a 13-item questionnaire with 3 subscales assessing rumination, magnification, and helplessness in patients. A numeric value between 0 (not at all) and 4 (all the time) is provided in response to each statement. Scores on this assessment range from 0 to 52, with higher values reflecting more salient impacts of pain on one's day to day experience. The total range is from 0 - 52. (NCT04034004)
Timeframe: The Pain Catastrophizing Scale was administered at the baseline, post-intervention session 6 and session 7. Outcome measurements will compare change in Pain Catastrophizing Scale from baseline to session 7.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline PCSSession 7 PCS
Mindfulness Meditation18.5715.33
Non-mindfulness Meditation20.8318.48

Pain Ratings

"Numerical pain ratings (NRS) will be assessed while lying on the back and in response to the straight leg raise test (SLR). Pain ratings will be collected during SLR 1 and SLR 2 in the baseline, saline and naloxone sessions, respectively. The 11 point scan will include a minimum rating of 0 which is characterized as no pain whereas the maximum (10) is labeled as most intense imaginable. Higher numbers correspond to higher pain." (NCT04034004)
Timeframe: Pain ratings were collected while lying supine and in response to the straight leg raise test. Collected twice, once in the first half and one in the second half of the baseline, saline infusion and naloxone infusion sessions. Up to 8 weeks total.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
baseline session: supine 1baseline session: straight leg raise test 1baseline session: supine 2baseline session: straight leg raise test 2saline session: supine 1saline session: straight leg raise test 1saline session: supine 2saline session: straight leg raise 2naloxone session: supine 1naloxone session: straight leg raise 1naloxone session: supine 2naloxone session: straight leg raise 2
Mindfulness Meditation3.604.834.135.153.234.373.903.673.304.303.733.45
Non Mindfulness Meditation4.695.414.765.784.625.754.375.324.826.105.185.52

SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Functioning

This is a 12-item version of the SF-12 item Health Survey designed to assess general mental and physical functioning, and overall health-related quality of life. We used the physical functioning SF-12 scale and collected this information before and after each intervention and by group. The total range of scores is from 0 - 100. The minimum total score is 0 and the maximum score is 100. Higher scores indicate better functioning. (NCT04034004)
Timeframe: Up to 8 weeks. Administered at visit 1, 6 and 7. Outcome measurements will compare SF-12 health survey from baseline to session 7.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
baseline SF physical functioningsession 7 SF physical functioning
Mindfulness Meditation52.5039.66
Non-mindfulness Meditation49.1744.83

The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)

The Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMDQ) is a self-administered disability measure in which greater levels of disability are reflected by higher numbers on a 24-point scale. The RMDQ has been shown to yield reliable measurements, which are valid for inferring the level of disability, and to be sensitive to change over time for groups of patients with low back pain. Higher scores indicate greater disability. Total RMDQ scores are used before and after each intervention by group. The range of scores is from 0 - 24. (NCT04034004)
Timeframe: The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire was administered at the baseline, post-intervention session 6 and session 7. Outcome measurements will compare RMDQ from baseline to session 7.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
baseline RMDQsession 7 RMDQ
Mindfulness Meditation12.8612.03
Non-mindfulness Meditation13.8514.02

Trials

7 trials available for fentanyl and Back Pain

ArticleYear
Dexamethasone added to local lidocaine for infiltration along the spinal-epidural needle pathway decreases incidence and severity of backache after gynecological surgery.
    Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2015, Mar-18, Volume: 21

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; Dexamethasone; Femal

2015
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Opioid Consumption and Pain After Major Spine Surgery.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2016, Volume: 122, Issue:5

    Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Chi-Sq

2016
Acute opioid administration improves work-related exercise performance in patients with chronic back pain.
    The journal of pain, 2008, Volume: 9, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Chronic Disease; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Exer

2008
Evaluation of therapeutic thoracic medial branch block effectiveness in chronic thoracic pain: a prospective outcome study with minimum 1-year follow up.
    Pain physician, 2006, Volume: 9, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Back Pain; Chronic Disease; Disability Evaluation; Employment; Female; Fentanyl; Follow-Up St

2006
Back pain after epidural anesthesia with chloroprocaine.
    Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 78, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; D

1993
Intrathecal fentanyl does not modify the duration of spinal procaine block.
    Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; Bloo

2001
Morbidity in gynaecological day-case surgery. A comparison of two anaesthetic techniques.
    British journal of anaesthesia, 1979, Volume: 51, Issue:8

    Topics: Abdomen; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, General; Back Pain; Dilatation and Curettage; F

1979

Other Studies

24 other studies available for fentanyl and Back Pain

ArticleYear
Effect of intradiscal local anesthetic injection on intraoperative pain during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy: A retrospective study.
    Asian journal of surgery, 2023, Volume: 46, Issue:7

    Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; Diskectomy, Percutaneous; Fentanyl; Humans; Intervertebral Disc Displ

2023
Comparative Effectiveness of Targeted Intrathecal Drug Delivery Using a Combination of Bupivacaine with Either Low-Dose Fentanyl or Hydromorphone in Chronic Back Pain Patients with Lumbar Postlaminectomy Syndrome.
    Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2020, 09-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Back Pain; Bupivacaine; Fentanyl; Humans; Hydromorphone; Inj

2020
Medical Use of Long-term Extended-release Opioid Analgesics in Commercially Insured Adults in the United States.
    Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2020, 04-01, Volume: 21, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Arthritis; Back Pain; Cancer Pain; Chronic Pain; Delayed-Action Pre

2020
Alterations in endogenous opioid functional measures in chronic back pain.
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2013, Sep-11, Volume: 33, Issue:37

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Back Pain; Brain; Brain Mapping; Carbon Radioisotop

2013
Alterations in endogenous opioid functional measures in chronic back pain.
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2013, Sep-11, Volume: 33, Issue:37

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Back Pain; Brain; Brain Mapping; Carbon Radioisotop

2013
Alterations in endogenous opioid functional measures in chronic back pain.
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2013, Sep-11, Volume: 33, Issue:37

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Back Pain; Brain; Brain Mapping; Carbon Radioisotop

2013
Alterations in endogenous opioid functional measures in chronic back pain.
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2013, Sep-11, Volume: 33, Issue:37

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Back Pain; Brain; Brain Mapping; Carbon Radioisotop

2013
Serotonin syndrome: fentanyl and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor interactions.
    AANA journal, 2014, Volume: 82, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Back Pain; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Depression; Drug Interactions; Female; Fentany

2014
Chronic Back Pain Is Associated with Alterations in Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Ventral Striatum.
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2015, Jul-08, Volume: 35, Issue:27

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Brain Mapping; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chronic Disease; Dopamine

2015
Not so patchy story of attempted suicide…leading to 24 hours of deep sleep and survival!
    BMJ case reports, 2017, Jan-17, Volume: 2017

    Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Chronic Pain; Drug Overdose; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Suicide,

2017
Case scenario: self-extraction of intrathecal pump medication with a concomitant intrathecal granulomatous mass.
    Anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 114, Issue:2

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, O

2011
Epidural lipomatosis causing new debilitating back pain in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
    International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 21, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, N

2012
I just started using a fentanyl patch for chronic back pain. What special precautions should I take?
    The Johns Hopkins medical letter health after 50, 2012, Volume: 24, Issue:8

    Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Chronic Disease; Fentanyl; Humans; Patient

2012
The role of fentanyl in refractory opioid-related acute colonic pseudo-obstruction.
    Journal of pain and symptom management, 2013, Volume: 45, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Back Pain; Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction; Drug Substitution; Female; Fentanyl; Human

2013
Transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of back pain caused by vertebral osteoporosis.
    Rheumatology international, 2002, Volume: 22, Issue:5

    Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Female; Fentanyl;

2002
Sedation with ketamine during intradiscal electrothermal therapy.
    Spine, 2004, Jul-15, Volume: 29, Issue:14

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Conscious Sedation; Dose-Response Re

2004
Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and xerostomia.
    Journal of pain and symptom management, 2005, Volume: 30, Issue:6

    Topics: Administration, Buccal; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Bethanechol; Colonic Neoplasms; Drug Combinat

2005
New pain management options: delivery systems and techniques.
    Nursing, 2007, Volume: 37, Issue:2

    Topics: Administration, Buccal; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Inhalation; Analgesia; Analgesia,

2007
Spinal cord injury after accidental dural puncture for labour analgesia.
    International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Ba

2007
When opioids cause pain.
    Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2007, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:28

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fentanyl; Human

2007
Demand analgesia to assess pain relief from epidural opiates.
    Lancet (London, England), 1980, Apr-05, Volume: 1, Issue:8171

    Topics: Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthesia, Epidural; Back Pain; Computers; Fentanyl; Heroin; Humans; Injections

1980
Back pain associated with the epidural injection of fentanyl.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 1995, Volume: 80, Issue:4

    Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Back Pain; Fentanyl; Humans

1995
Procaine spinal anesthesia: a pilot study of the incidence of transient neurologic symptoms.
    Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1998, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intrave

1998
Inadvertent epidural gentamicin administration.
    The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1999, Volume: 33, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Female; Fentanyl; Gentamicins; Humans; Me

1999
[Peridural analgesia in the combined treatment of neurologic syndromes in lumbar osteochondrosis].
    Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia : 1952), 1990, Volume: 90, Issue:4

    Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Back Pain; Fentanyl; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Lumbar Ver

1990
A simultaneous comparison of fentanyl's analgesic effects on experimental and clinical pain.
    Pain, 1986, Volume: 24, Issue:2

    Topics: Affect; Back Pain; Fentanyl; Hot Temperature; Humans; Pain; Perception; Sensation

1986
Diagnostic epidural opioid blockade and chronic pain: preliminary report.
    Pain, 1985, Volume: 21, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Back Pain; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fent

1985