Compounds > kalata b1
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

kalata b1

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

kalata B1: a 29-residue cyclotide which has a cystine knot structure and beta-sheet; causes uterine contraction; the principal active component from Oldenlandia affinis; amino acid sequence given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
OldenlandiagenusA plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Some species are used as an ingredient in Chinese and African traditional medicines. Members contain kalata B1, a macrocyclic peptide.[MeSH]RubiaceaeThe Madder plant family of the order Gentianales (formerly Rubiales), subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida includes important medicinal plants that provide QUININE; IPECAC; and COFFEE. They have opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID46231131
CHEMBL ID604166
MeSH IDM0242773

Synonyms (3)

Synonym
bdbm50090473
kalata b1
CHEMBL604166

Research Excerpts

Overview

Kalata B1 is a plant protein with remarkable thermal, chemical and enzymatic stability. It is a member of a new family of polypeptides, isolated from plants, which have a cystine knot structure embedded within an amide-cyclized backbone.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Kalata B1 is a plant protein with remarkable thermal, chemical and enzymatic stability. "( Synthesis and disulfide bond connectivity-activity studies of a kalata B1-inspired cyclopeptide against dengue NS2B-NS3 protease.
Cui, T; Gao, Y; Lam, Y, 2010)		2.04
"Kalata B1 is a member of a new family of polypeptides, isolated from plants, which have a cystine knot structure embedded within an amide-cyclized backbone. "( Chemical synthesis and folding pathways of large cyclic polypeptides: studies of the cystine knot polypeptide kalata B1.
Alewood, PF; Craik, DJ; Daly, NL; Love, S, 1999)		1.96
"Kalata B1 is a prototypic member of the unique cyclotide family of macrocyclic polypeptides in which the major structural features are a circular peptide backbone, a triple-stranded beta-sheet, and a cystine knot arrangement of three disulfide bonds. "( Acyclic permutants of naturally occurring cyclic proteins. Characterization of cystine knot and beta-sheet formation in the macrocyclic polypeptide kalata B1.
Craik, DJ; Daly, NL, 2000)		1.95

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Kalata B1 has been demonstrated to have bioactivity relating to membrane disruption. "( Defining the membrane disruption mechanism of kalata B1 via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.
Hannongbua, S; Nawae, W; Ruengjitchatchawalya, M, 2014)		2.1

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Here we report preclinical pharmacokinetic parameters for the prototypic cyclotide kalata B1 (kB1) and two orally active grafted analogues, ckb-KAL and ckb-KIN, to provide the first in vivo dose-exposure metrics for cyclotides."( Pharmacokinetic characterization of kalata B1 and related therapeutics built on the cyclotide scaffold.
Craik, DJ; Huang, YH; Kan, MW; Le, TT; Poth, AG, 2019)		1.01

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Native and grafted kB1 molecules exhibited multiple compartment kinetics and measurable but limited oral bioavailability of similar magnitude to several orally administered peptide drugs in the clinic."( Pharmacokinetic characterization of kalata B1 and related therapeutics built on the cyclotide scaffold.
Craik, DJ; Huang, YH; Kan, MW; Le, TT; Poth, AG, 2019)		0.79

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" At a sub-lethal concentration, cycloviolacin O2 and vaby D gave a bell-shaped dose-response curve for their DNA-damaging effect."( Genotoxicity and cellular uptake of cyclotides: evidence for multiple modes of action.
Burman, R; Göransson, U; Hellman, B; Yeshak, MY, 2012)		0.38
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (20)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID605670Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 292132010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID409502Cytotoxicity against VEGF-A induced mouse BAF3-VEGF-R2 cells at >10 uM2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 51, Issue:24
Engineering stabilized vascular endothelial growth factor-A antagonists: synthesis, structural characterization, and bioactivity of grafted analogues of cyclotides.
AID605688Insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa punctigera assessed as inhibition of development of larvae at 0.825 umol/g after 16 days2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID654381Induction of apoptosis in human activated PBMC assessed as necrosis at 14 uM by annexinV/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis2012Journal of natural products, Feb-24, Volume: 75, Issue:2
Do plant cyclotides have potential as immunosuppressant peptides?
AID1228339Inhibition of bovine trypsin at 25 uM pre-incubated for 15 mins before Bz-Arg-AMC-HCl substrate addition and further incubated for 1 hr by fluorimetry2015Journal of natural products, May-22, Volume: 78, Issue:5
Inhibition of Human Prolyl Oligopeptidase Activity by the Cyclotide Psysol 2 Isolated from Psychotria solitudinum.
AID605672Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human CEM-SS cells assessed as protection against virus-induced cytopathic effect by XTT method2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID605687Hemolytic activity in human RBC2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID605673Antivirus activity against HIV1 RF infected in human CEM-SS cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID654505Antiproliferative activity against activated human PBMC assessed as decrease in cell division after 72 hrs by flow cytometric analysis2012Journal of natural products, Feb-24, Volume: 75, Issue:2
Do plant cyclotides have potential as immunosuppressant peptides?
AID605692Uterotonic activity in rabbit2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID605617Antimicrobial activity against Candida kefyr ATCC 370952010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID1228338Inhibition of human recombinant POP pre-incubated for 15 mins before Z-Gly-Pro-AMC substrate addition and further incubated for 1 hr by fluorimetry2015Journal of natural products, May-22, Volume: 78, Issue:5
Inhibition of Human Prolyl Oligopeptidase Activity by the Cyclotide Psysol 2 Isolated from Psychotria solitudinum.
AID605691Uterotonic activity in rat2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID1228340Inhibition of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin at 75 uM pre-incubated for 15 mins before Ala-Ala-Phe-AMC substrate addition and further incubated for 1 hr by fluorimetry2015Journal of natural products, May-22, Volume: 78, Issue:5
Inhibition of Human Prolyl Oligopeptidase Activity by the Cyclotide Psysol 2 Isolated from Psychotria solitudinum.
AID604447Uterotonic activity in human2010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
AID378686Toxicity against human type A red blood cells assessed as hemolytic activity after 1hr2006Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Cycloviolacin H4, a hydrophobic cyclotide from Viola hederaceae.
AID654507Induction of apoptosis in human activated PBMC at 1.8 to 14 uM by annexinV/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis2012Journal of natural products, Feb-24, Volume: 75, Issue:2
Do plant cyclotides have potential as immunosuppressant peptides?
AID460481Inhibition of Dengue virus 2 recombinant NS2B/3 protease expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as Dabcyl-KGRRSSKL-Edans substrate cleavage by fluorimetry2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Synthesis and disulfide bond connectivity-activity studies of a kalata B1-inspired cyclopeptide against dengue NS2B-NS3 protease.
AID409500Toxicity in human erythrocytes assessed as hemolytic activity at 50 uM2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 51, Issue:24
Engineering stabilized vascular endothelial growth factor-A antagonists: synthesis, structural characterization, and bioactivity of grafted analogues of cyclotides.
AID605667Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 491312010Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9
Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (102)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's5 (4.90)18.2507
2000's41 (40.20)29.6817
2010's49 (48.04)24.3611
2020's7 (6.86)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 28.90

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index28.90 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.64 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.19 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index36.71 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (28.90)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews12 (11.65%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other91 (88.35%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0310elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.5320phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine
phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.		2.0710phosphoethanolamine;
primary amino compound		algal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.3110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0510
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.0110maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.0610aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		7.4520aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.3110
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0310erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.02101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0710delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.0310dihydrogen
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0610glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		2.3110phosphatidylglycerol
circulin a
circulin A: a macrocyclic knotted peptide having anti-HIV activity		2.9240
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
goethite
[no description available]		2.0610
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0710
patellamide a
patellamide A: a cytotoxic cyclic peptide from ascidian Lissoclinum patella; structure given in first source		3.1610cyclic peptide
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		8.5320phosphocholinesdetergent
cystine
[no description available]		3.2760
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.1110
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.49201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		5.78110cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
circulin b
[no description available]		2.420
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.0510
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.7330
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0810
forapin
Forapin: used as ointment for treatment of myositis & arthritis; contains bee venom, salicylate, nicotinate & vanillylnonamide		2.7430peptidyl amide;
polypeptide		animal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
venom
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.2510chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
chitosan
[no description available]		3.1510
kalata b2
kalata B2: conformation in first source		4.5570
cycloviolacin o13
cycloviolacin O13: amino acid sequence in first source		3.1510
alpha-conotoxin vc1.1
[no description available]		2.110
cmti-iii protein, cucurbita maxima
CMTI protein, Cucurbita maxima: amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
cycloviolacin o2
cycloviolacin O2: macrocyclic peptide (cyclotide) from the two violets, Viola arvensis Murr. and Viola odorata (Violaceae); amino acid sequence in first source		4.4360
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.82110
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.82110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0410
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.0510
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		07.0510
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic
A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.		02.4110
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.1510
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.1510
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.4320
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.1310
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.1310
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.1310
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.1310
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.1310
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.1310
Trichostrongylosis
Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.		02.4620
Haemonchiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.		02.4620
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510