cellulose and Hemolysis

Biofabrication of skin tissue equivalents using 3D bioprinting technology has gained much attention in recent times due to the simplicity, the versatility of the technology and its ability in bioengineering biomimetic tissue histology. The key component being the bioink, several groups are actively working on the development of various bioink formulations for optimal skin tissue construction.. Here, we present alginate (ALG), gelatin (GEL) and diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DCEL) based bioink formulation and its application in bioprinting and biofabrication of skin tissue equivalents. Briefly, DEAE cellulose powder was dispersed in alginate solution with constant stirring at 60 °C to obtain a uniform distribution of cellulose fibers; this was then mixed with GEL solution to prepare the bioink. The formulation was systematically characterized for its morphological, physical, chemical, rheological, biodegradation and biocompatibility properties. The printability, shape fidelity and cell-laden printing were assessed using the CellInk bioprinter.. The bioink proved to be a good printable, non-cytotoxic and stable hydrogel formulation. The primary human fibroblast and keratinocyte-loaded 3D bioprinted constructs showed excellent cell viability, collagen synthesis, skin-specific marker and biomimetic tissue histology.. The results demonstrated the successful formulation of ALG-GEL-DCEL bioink and its application in the development of human skin tissue equivalents with distinct epidermal-dermal histological features.

Topics: Adult; Alginates; Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Biomarkers; Bioprinting; Cell Line; DEAE-Cellulose; Fibroblasts; Gelatin; Hemolysis; Humans; Ink; Keratinocytes; Mice; Microtechnology; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Rheology; Skin; Skin, Artificial; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds

Sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from gray triggerfish (GTSP) and smooth hound (SHSP) skins. Their chemical and physical characteristics were determined using X-ray diffraction and Infrared spectroscopic analysis. The antibacterial activities of GTSP and SHSP against Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 43251), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 43972) and Enterobacter sp were evaluated by determining clear growth inhibition zone diameters and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and by essays in liquid media. GTSP and SHSP were fractionated by a Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Fraction FGII, from GTSP, and fraction FSII, from SHSP, showed the most important inhibitory effects against the tested bacterial species. The sulfated polysaccharides from fish skins did not show hemolytic activity towards bovine erythrocytes. Overall, the results suggested that those polysaccharides could offer promising sources of polysaccharides for future application as dietary ingredients in the nutraceutical industry.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacteria; Cattle; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; DEAE-Cellulose; Fishes; Fungi; Hemolysis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polysaccharides; Skin; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfates; X-Ray Diffraction