Compounds > altertoxin i
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

altertoxin i

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Description

Altertoxin I is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Alternaria alternata. It has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic, genotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects. The compound is of interest to researchers due to its potential health risks to humans and animals, particularly in relation to food contamination. Studies on altertoxin I focus on its biosynthesis, toxicity mechanisms, and potential applications in medicine and agriculture.'

altertoxin I: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species; do not confuse with Anemonia sulcata toxin I which is also abbreviated ATX I [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID104860
CHEMBL ID521470
SCHEMBL ID22837286
MeSH IDM0143563

Synonyms (20)

Synonym
56258-32-3
ccris 2190
altertoxin i
altertoxin-i
3,10-perylenedione, 1,2,11,12,12a,12b-hexahydro-1,4,9,12a-tetrahydroxy-, (1s,12ar,12bs)-
CHEMBL521470
(12s,12as,12br)-4,9,12,12b-tetrahydroxy-2,11,12,12a-tetrahydro-1h-perylene-3,10-dione
altertoxin-1
1,2,7,8,12b-pentahydro-1,4,6b,10-tetrahydroxyperylene-3,9-dione
bdbm50479261
SCHEMBL22837286
DTXSID40971689
1,4,9,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,2,11,12,12a,12b-hexahydroperylene-3,10-dione
CS-0085164
HY-N6724
dihydroalterperylenol; 3,10-perylenedione, 1,2,11,12,12a,12b-hexahydro-1,4,9,12a-tetrahydroxy-, [1s-(1?,12a?,12b?)]-; (1s,12ar,12bs)-1,2,11,12,12a,12b-hexahydro-1,4,9,12a-tetrahydroxy-3,10-perylenedione
altertoxin i 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
BA162708
altertoxin l
AKOS040740694

Research Excerpts

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (45)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID405782Inhibition of recombinant AKT12008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467454Antifungal activity against multidrug-resistant Candida krusei by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID467452Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID405909Inhibition of recombinant SRC2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467450Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID405781Cytotoxicity against mouse L5178Y cells at 10 ug/ml by MTT assay2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID1875242Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition2022Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 85, Issue:9
Naturally Occurring Partially Reduced Perylenequinones from Fungi.
AID405910Inhibition of recombinant VEGFR22008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405919Inhibition of recombinant TIE22008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405785Inhibition of recombinant Aurora B2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405915Inhibition of recombinant PDGFRbeta2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405787Inhibition of recombinant CDK2/CycA2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405786Inhibition of recombinant B-RAF-V600E mutant2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405918Inhibition of recombinant SAK2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467455Antifungal activity against multidrug-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID467449Antifungal activity against multidrug-resistant Candida albicans by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID405913Inhibition of recombinant INSR2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405904Inhibition of recombinant EGFR2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405917Inhibition of recombinant CK2alpha12008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405906Inhibition of recombinant ERBB22008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405908Inhibition of recombinant IGF1R2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID1166445Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human A3.01 cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication at 1.5 ug/ml2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Altertoxins with potent anti-HIV activity from Alternaria tenuissima QUE1Se, a fungal endophyte of Quercus emoryi.
AID1166452Therapeutic index, ratio of CC50 for human A3.01 cells to IC50 for HIV1 infected in human A3.01 cells2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Altertoxins with potent anti-HIV activity from Alternaria tenuissima QUE1Se, a fungal endophyte of Quercus emoryi.
AID1617182Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by SRB assay2019Journal of natural products, 11-22, Volume: 82, Issue:11
Alternatone A, an Unusual Perylenequinone-Related Compound from a Soft-Coral-Derived Strain of the Fungus
AID405784Inhibition of recombinant Aurora A2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID1617181Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2019Journal of natural products, 11-22, Volume: 82, Issue:11
Alternatone A, an Unusual Perylenequinone-Related Compound from a Soft-Coral-Derived Strain of the Fungus
AID467448Antifungal activity against multidrug-resistant Aspergillus ficuum by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID1166449Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human A3.01 cells assessed as complete inhibition of viral replication at 2.20 uM2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Altertoxins with potent anti-HIV activity from Alternaria tenuissima QUE1Se, a fungal endophyte of Quercus emoryi.
AID405789Inhibition of recombinant COT2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467444Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID467445Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID1617183Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by SRB assay2019Journal of natural products, 11-22, Volume: 82, Issue:11
Alternatone A, an Unusual Perylenequinone-Related Compound from a Soft-Coral-Derived Strain of the Fungus
AID467447Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID405907Inhibition of recombinant FAK2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID1166447Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in human A3.01 cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Altertoxins with potent anti-HIV activity from Alternaria tenuissima QUE1Se, a fungal endophyte of Quercus emoryi.
AID405912Inhibition of recombinant FLT32008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405783Inhibition of recombinant ARK52008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405914Inhibition of recombinant MET2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467446Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID405911Inhibition of recombinant VEGFR32008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405788Inhibition of recombinant CDK4/CycD12008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID405916Inhibition of recombinant PLK12008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467453Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
AID405905Inhibition of recombinant EPHB42008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Cytotoxic metabolites from the fungal endophyte Alternaria sp. and their subsequent detection in its host plant Polygonum senegalense.
AID467451Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae by broth dilution method2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (19)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902 (10.53)18.7374
1990's4 (21.05)18.2507
2000's6 (31.58)29.6817
2010's5 (26.32)24.3611
2020's2 (10.53)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.63

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index11.63 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.18 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.81 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (11.63)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (4.55%)5.53%
Reviews1 (4.55%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other20 (90.91%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		5.48151ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
perfluorobutyric acid
perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.		1.9910fluoroalkanoic acidchromatographic reagent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.110acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
altenuene
altenuene: metabolite of Alternaria; structure given in first source. altenuene : A benzochromenone mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Allernaria tenuis.		2.9240
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.110azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
altertoxin ii
altertoxin II: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species; do not confuse with toxin II from Anemonia sulcata which is abbreviated ATX II		3.470
altertoxin iii
altertoxin III: structure given in first source; isolated from Alternaria species		2.6830
alteichin
alteichin: unusual phytotoxin from Alternaria eichorniae, fungal pathogen of water hyacinth; doubly hydrated form of 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone		4.0840polyphenol
stemphyltoxin iii
stemphyltoxin III: from Alternaria alternata		2.2110
curvularin
curvularin: from Penicillium Baradicum Baghdadi; structure		2.0410
tentoxin
tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure		210lactam
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		2.0410macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
alternariol
alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.		3.2860benzochromenone;
phenols		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin
alternariol monomethyl ether
djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.		3.1350aromatic ether;
benzochromenone		antifungal agent;
fungal metabolite;
mycotoxin
radicinin
radicinin: mold metabolite from plant pathogen Stemphylium radicinum; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3beta,7E))-isomer; structure		210aromatic ketone
altenusin
altenusin: structure given in first source. altenusin : A carboxybiphenyl that is [biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 3, 4' and 5', methoxy group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2'. It is a a metabolite isolated from Alternaria and several other fungal species.		2.4520aromatic ether;
carboxybiphenyl;
catechols;
hydroxybiphenyls;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
fungal metabolite
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		1.9910glycoside
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.4220inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
kahalalide f
kahalalide F: a cyclodepsipeptide toxin; isolated from a mollusk, Elysia rubefescens; exhibits antitumoral activity against cell lines of colon cancer and prostatic cancer; structure given in first source		2.0410
tenuazonic acid
Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.		2.4620
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.110
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.110
Sick Building Syndrome
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		01.9910