Target type: biologicalprocess
The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. [GOC:vw]
Phosphate ion transmembrane transport is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism, enabling cells to maintain the appropriate levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), an essential nutrient. This process is crucial for numerous biological functions, including:
1. **Energy production:** Pi is an integral component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. Phosphate transport across the cell membrane is essential for ATP synthesis and the subsequent use of energy in metabolic reactions.
2. **Signal transduction:** Phosphate ions play a crucial role in signal transduction pathways, acting as regulators of protein activity. Phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group to a protein, can alter its conformation and function, influencing cellular processes such as gene expression and cell growth.
3. **Macromolecule synthesis:** Pi is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and phospholipids, key components of cell membranes. Efficient transport of Pi is crucial for the production of these macromolecules.
4. **Bone and tooth development:** Pi is a major component of bone and tooth mineral, hydroxyapatite. Transport of Pi is essential for maintaining bone and tooth integrity and for the proper development of these tissues.
There are two primary mechanisms of phosphate ion transmembrane transport:
1. **Active transport:** This mechanism utilizes energy, typically from ATP hydrolysis, to move Pi against its concentration gradient. Active transporters are often specific for phosphate ions and can be found in various cellular compartments, including the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Examples include the sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NPT) and the phosphate transporter protein (PHT).
2. **Passive transport:** This mechanism relies on the diffusion of Pi down its concentration gradient, without requiring energy expenditure. Passive transport plays a significant role in the movement of Pi across cell membranes when the concentration gradient favors diffusion.
The specific mechanisms and regulation of phosphate transport vary depending on the cell type and its physiological conditions. The process is tightly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways and transcription factors, ensuring adequate levels of Pi for cellular function.
The transport of phosphate ions across cell membranes is an intricate process that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and supporting various biological processes. It is a complex and tightly regulated mechanism that ensures the proper distribution of Pi within the cell and its availability for metabolic functions.
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Vitamin D3 receptor | A vitamin D3 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11473] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4 | A glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O43826] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
3-hydroxybenzoic acid | 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | monohydroxybenzoic acid | bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite |
lithocholic acid | lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action. Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic. | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
chenodeoxycholic acid | chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
ursodeoxycholic acid | ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones. Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
methyl lithocholate | methyl lithocholate: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer | ||
glycolithocholic acid | glycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid. glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer | bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine | |
cholic acid | cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12. Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. | 12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
deoxycholic acid | deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent. | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human blood serum metabolite |
7-dehydrocholesterol | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol | human metabolite; mouse metabolite | |
taurolithocholic acid | taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid. Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic. | bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide | human metabolite |
trichostatin a | trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES | antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
sulfolithocholic acid | lithocholic acid sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group. sulfolithocholic acid: RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer | steroid sulfate | |
2,5-dimethoxybenzenesulfonic acid (1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolyl) ester | phthalimides | ||
calcitriol | dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
vitamin d 2 | Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
cholecalciferol | calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24. | D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone | geroprotector; human metabolite |
hyodeoxycholic acid | hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6. hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer | 5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
calcipotriene | cyclopropanes; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; triol | antipsoriatic; drug allergen | |
maxacalcitol | maxacalcitol: structure given in first source | organic molecular entity | |
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione | pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor | 3-hydroxy steroid | androgen |
loa | lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source | ||
calcitroic acid | calcitroic acid : A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group. calcitroic acid: structure | hydroxycalciol | |
tei 9647 | TEI 9647: a 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 antagonist; TEI-9647 is the (23S)-isomer, and TEI-9648 is the (23R)-isomer; structure in first source | vitamin D | |
pri-2205 | |||
zk 168281 | ZK 168281: structure in first source | vitamin D | |
mumbaistatin | mumbaistatin: inhibits glucose-6-phosphate translocase; isolated from Streptomyces sp.; structure in first source | ||
s 4048 | S 4048: structure in first source | ||
gw 4064 | stilbenoid | ||
zk159222 | ZK159222: a 25-carboxylic ester analog of 1alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; structure in first source | vitamin D | |
lg190155 | LG190155: structure in first source | ||
lg190178 |