Page last updated: 2024-12-10

petasin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

petasin: both petasin and neopetasin inhibit biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotriene; unlike petasin, neopetasin does not inhibit eosinophil cation protein releasenor suppresses cPLA2 activity; from Petasites formosanus Kitamurai; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

petasin : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of angelic acid with the hydroxy group of (1R,2R,7S,8aR)-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxo-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Petasites	genus	A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain SESQUITERPENES. The common name of sweet coltsfoot is similar to the common name for TUSSILAGO.[MeSH]	Asteraceae	A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]
Petasites formosanus	species	[no description available]	Asteraceae	A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5281526
CHEMBL ID	3291073
CHEBI ID	8030
SCHEMBL ID	12621121
MeSH ID	M0377075

Synonyms (24)

Synonym
(+)-petasin
9z0q32j0qc ,
2-butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-6-oxo-2-naphthalenyl ester, (1r-(1alpha,2beta(z),7beta,8aalpha))-
unii-9z0q32j0qc
26577-85-5
petasin
C09706 ,
AC1NQYL4 ,
[(1r,2r,7s,8ar)-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxo-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl] (z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate
o-angeloylsencathenone
petasine
petaforce
crotonic acid, 2-methyl-, ester with 3.alpha.-hydroxy-eremophila-9,11-dien-8-one, (z)-
2-butenoic acid, 2-methyl-, (1r,2r,7s,8ar)-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-6-oxo-2-naphthalenyl ester, (2z)-
CHEMBL3291073
CHEBI:8030 ,
(1r,2r,7s,8ar)-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxo-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl (2z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate
SCHEMBL12621121
surecn12621121
zinc05132525
[(1r,2r,7s,8ar)-7-isopropenyl-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl] (z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate
Q7171781
XP173205
DTXSID201030056

Research Excerpts

Overview

S-petasin is a bioactive compound isolated from leaves or roots of Petasites hybridus.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"S-petasin is a bioactive compound isolated from leaves or roots of Petasites hybridus."	( Effects of S-petasin on corticosterone release in rats. Chang, LL; Lin, YL; Tseng, YC; Wang, PS; Wun, WS, 2002)	1.24
"S-petasin is a bioactive compound isolated from leaves or roots of P."	( Effects of S-petasin on cyclic AMP production and enzyme activity of P450scc in rat zona fasciculata-reticularis cells. Chang, LL; Lin, YL; Wang, PS; Wun, WS, 2004)	1.25

Effects

S-Petasin has been used to relieve gastrointestinal pain, lung disease, and spasms of the urogenital tract.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"S-Petasin has been isolated from Petasites hybridus (L.), Petasites officinalis (L.) and Petasites formosanus, but not from Petasites japonicus."	( S-Petasin isolated from Petasites japonicus exerts anti-adipogenic activity in the 3T3-L1 cell line by inhibiting PPAR-γ pathway signaling. Choi, YW; Cui, ZW; Guo, L; Kang, JS; Li, K; Son, BG, 2019)	1.79
"S-petasin has been used to relieve gastrointestinal pain, lung disease, and spasms of the urogenital tract."	( Effects of S-petasin on corticosterone release in rats. Chang, LL; Lin, YL; Tseng, YC; Wang, PS; Wun, WS, 2002)	1.24

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"S-Petasin could inhibit I(Ca,L) evoked by action potential waveforms effectively."	( The mechanism of inhibitory actions of S-petasin, a sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, on L-type calcium current in NG108-15 neuronal cells. Chen, H; Lin, YL; Wu, SN, 2003)	1.14

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

Role	Description
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
vasodilator agent	A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
anti-allergic agent	A drug used to treat allergic reactions.
EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} activator	Any compound that binds to and activates the enzyme [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase (EC 2.7.11.31).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

Class	Description
sesquiterpenoid	Any terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
enone	An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
alicyclic ketone	A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
enoate ester	An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (38)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1387101	Antiproliferative activity against human MV411 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
AID1154420	Activation of AMPK in glucose loaded C57BL/6J mouse assessed as decrease of AUC of blood glucose level at 100 to 200 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154410	Increase of AMPKalpha phosphorylation at Thr172 in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 10 uM after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154415	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse white adipose tissue assessed as phosphorylated ACC level at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1387100	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
AID1154417	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse skeletal muscle assessed as phosphorylated ACC level at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154419	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse skeletal muscle assessed as increase of PGC-1alpha transcription at 100 to 200 mg/kg, sc after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154425	Activation of AMPK in rat H4IIE cells assessed as increase of ADP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154435	Activation of AMPK in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase of ADP/ATP ratio level after 2 hrs by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154434	Activation of AMPK in rat H4IIE cells assessed as increase of ADP/ATP ratio level after 1 hr by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154407	Increase of AMPKalpha phosphorylation at Thr172 in rat H4IIE cells after 1 hr by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154409	Increase of AMPKalpha phosphorylation at Thr172 in rat H4IIE cells at 0.3 uM after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154428	Activation of AMPK in rat H4IIE cells assessed as decrease of ATP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154414	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse white adipose tissue at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154413	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse liver assessed as phosphorylated ACC level at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154427	Activation of AMPK in mouse C2C12 cells assessed as increase of ADP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154431	Activation of AMPK in rat H4IIE cells assessed as increase of AMP/ATP ratio level after 1 hr by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154424	Activation of AMPK in mouse C2C12 cells assessed as increase of AMP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154421	Activation of AMPK in glucose loaded C57BL/6J mouse assessed as decrease of AUC of blood glucose level at 500 mg/kg, po after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154430	Activation of AMPK in mouse C2C12 cells assessed as decrease of ATP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154439	Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 2 assessed as reduction of oxygen consumption at stage 4 in presence of succinate and rotenone	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154416	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse skeletal muscle at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154422	Activation of AMPK in rat H4IIE cells assessed as increase of AMP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154433	Activation of AMPK in mouse C2C12 cells assessed as increase of AMP/ATP ratio level after 2 hrs by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154423	Activation of AMPK in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase of AMP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1387098	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
AID1387099	Antiproliferative activity against human HGC27 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
AID1154411	Increase of AMPKalpha phosphorylation at Thr172 in mouse C2C12 cells at 5 uM after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154426	Activation of AMPK in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase of ADP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154412	Activation of AMPK in C57BL/6J mouse liver at 200 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154408	Activation of AMPKalpha in rat H4IIE cells assessed as ACC phosphorylation at Ser79 after 1 hr by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154429	Activation of AMPK in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as decrease of ATP level by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154438	Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1 assessed as reduction of oxygen consumption at stage 4 in presence of glutamate and malate	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154432	Activation of AMPK in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase of AMP/ATP ratio level after 2 hrs by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154436	Activation of AMPK in mouse C2C12 cells assessed as increase of ADP/ATP ratio level after 2 hrs by spectrophotometric analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154437	Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1 assessed as reduction of oxygen consumption at stage 4 at 10 uM in presence of glutamate and ADP	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154440	Activation of AMPK in LKB1-deficient human HeLa cells at 10 to 100 uM after 1 hr by Western blot analysis	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
AID1154406	Increase of AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 in rat H4IIE cells at 5 to 10 uM after 1 hr by ELISA	2014	Journal of natural products, Jun-27, Volume: 77, Issue:6	Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (39)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (2.56)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	19 (48.72)	29.6817
2010's	11 (28.21)	24.3611
2020's	8 (20.51)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.49

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	34.49 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	3.76 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	5.47 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	49.68 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.38 (0.95)

This Compound (34.49)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (7.69%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (5.13%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	34 (87.18%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
histamine [no description available]	8.41	1	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.6	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.31	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
corticosterone [no description available]	7.42	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.4	1	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.41	1	1	quaternary ammonium salt
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.31	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acadesine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.42	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.7	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
zileuton [no description available]	2	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.41	2	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.25	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.04	1	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	13.9	37	3
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.41	1	1	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
acrivastine acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.	3.41	1	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
isopetasin isopetasin: inhibits biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotriene; from Petasites formosanus Kitamurai; structure in first source	4.87	10	0
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	1.93	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.31	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.31	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.41	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.6	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.25	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.11	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.85	2	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.04	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.92	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.01	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.01	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.01	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	3.4	1	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.02	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.41	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2	1	0

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