Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Tungiasis

An infestation with the flea TUNGA PENETRANS causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. There is a high incidence of secondary infections such as BACTEREMIA and TETANUS.

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Tungiasis

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Tungiasis is the parasitic skin disease caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans, also called the jigger flea, found in most intertropical countries."( Capito, C; Durant, C; Grossi, O; Hervier, B; Lefebvre, M, 2011)
"Tungiasis is an endemic but neglected health problem in Uganda especially in resource poor communities."( Halage, AA; Musoke, D; Namuhani, N; Ssempebwa, J; Ssemugabo, C; Wafula, ST, 2016)
"Tungiasis is still a prevalent health problem in rural communities in Eastern Uganda due to a number of individual (host) and environmental factors."( Halage, AA; Musoke, D; Namuhani, N; Ssempebwa, J; Ssemugabo, C; Wafula, ST, 2016)
"Tungiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases; it affects up to 40% of individuals living in societies with poor housing and sanitation standards."( Nicholaus, P; Pallangyo, P, 2016)
"Tungiasis is a neglected disease of concern in underprivileged societies that is preventable and curable."( Nicholaus, P; Pallangyo, P, 2016)
"Tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease caused by penetrating female sand fleas."( Ayala, A; Feldmeier, H; Miller, H; Ocampo, J; Trujillo, J, 2019)
"Tungiasis is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by the female sand flea (Tunga penetrans), which burrows into the skin causing intense pain, itching and debilitation."( Elson, L; Feldmeier, H; Fillinger, U; Randu, K, 2019)
"Tungiasis is a neglected disease caused by Tunga penetrans that can be complicated by secondary infections and local tissue destruction."( de Brito, AR; de Carvalho, FCA; Gomes, CM; Gonçalves, RG; Kurizky, PS; Santana, YRT; Tardin Martins, AC, 2021)
"Tungiasis is mainly observed in disadvantaged rural and peripheral urban communities in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa."( Albuquerque, GR; Beugnet, F; Bittar, TV; Botteon, KD; Carlos, RSA; Cutolo, AA; da Paixão Sevá, A; de Almeida Borges, F; de Carvalho Teixeira, JB; de Melo Navarro, AW; Dos Santos, KC; Guedes, PEB; Harvey, TV; Lima, ACR; Tielemans, E; Vitor, RC, 2023)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"There is no standard treatment for tungiasis, and available treatment options are scarce."( Abrha, S; Bartholomeus, A; Carroll, S; Christenson, JK; Feldmeier, H; Heukelbach, J; Kosari, S; Peterson, GM; Thomas, J, 2021)

Research

Studies (21)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19900 (0.00)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's0 (0.00)18.1394
2010's15 (71.43)28.8240
2020's6 (28.57)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
albendazole0low10
benzyl benzoate0low10
dichlorvos0low10
thiabendazole0low10
niridazole0low20
pantothenic acid0medium11
penicillanic acid0low10
isoxazoles0medium11
chlorfenvinphos0medium21
gentian violet0medium21
ferrous sulfate0low10
hexamethyldisiloxane0medium21
piperacillin0low10
tolvaptan0low10
potassium permanganate0medium11
nsc 43470medium11
dextrothyroxine0low20
clove0medium31
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination0low10
afoxolaner0low10
folic acid0low10

Protein Targets (283)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain A, Beta-lactamase1001
Luciferase6006
glp-1 receptor, partial2002
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit3003
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma5005
ATAD5 protein, partial2002
Fumarate hydratase1001
TDP1 protein7007
GLI family zinc finger 35005
AR protein7007
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease3003
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 34004
progesterone receptor3003
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]5005
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 16006
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha6006
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha9009
farnesoid X nuclear receptor5005
pregnane X nuclear receptor5005
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha8008
polyprotein1001
67.9K protein2002
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma4004
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor6006
caspase-33003
IDH11001
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 22002
aryl hydrocarbon receptor3003
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a4004
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)4004
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 22002
Histone H2A.x2002
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a3003
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 12002
chromobox protein homolog 12002
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 22002
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 25005
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 34004
heat shock protein beta-13003
mitogen-activated protein kinase 13003
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor2002
plasminogen precursor2002
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor2002
geminin6006
Vif0001
peripheral myelin protein 225005
survival motor neuron protein isoform d4004
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 11001
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 11001
lamin isoform A-delta103003
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A2002
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30202
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40203
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit3003
Bile salt export pump0606
Interferon beta3003
Cellular tumor antigen p535005
Integrin beta-33003
Integrin alpha-IIb3003
Methionine aminopeptidase0202
Glutamate receptor 23003
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 11203
Inositol monophosphatase 12002
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10202
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 54004
Ataxin-24004
Chain A, ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN0101
Chain A, ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN0101
Chain B, Odorant-binding Protein0101
Chain A, ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN0101
Chain A, ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN0101
Chain A, ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN0101
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE4004
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A2002
Chain A, Ferritin light chain4004
USP1 protein, partial4004
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor3003
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor1001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 15005
Chymotrypsinogen A0101
Beta-lactamase0101
Hormone-sensitive lipase0101
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic0101
Spike glycoprotein5005
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE5005
Chain A, Cruzipain2002
endonuclease IV1001
thioredoxin reductase1001
Microtubule-associated protein tau2003
nonstructural protein 11001
glucocerebrosidase3003
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 12002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 11001
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
DNA polymerase beta2002
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)1001
M-phase phosphoprotein 81001
interleukin 81001
acetylcholinesterase3003
15-lipoxygenase, partial1001
pregnane X receptor3003
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A12002
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor5005
activating transcription factor 63003
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a4004
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a3003
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 12002
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 14004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi4004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-14004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta4004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-24004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-54004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-34004
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-14004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-24004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-44004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-34004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-64004
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma3003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-14004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-34004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-24004
Acetylcholinesterase0101
GABA theta subunit4004
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon4004
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0011
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase2002
Chain A, HADH2 protein2002
Chain B, HADH2 protein2002
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase3003
acid sphingomyelinase1001
alpha-galactosidase1001
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
Thymidylate synthase0202
Thymidylate synthase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0011
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Alpha-synuclein1001
Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial0001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A30101
Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial0001
Multidrug resistance associated protein0001
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q11001
beta-amyloid peptide, A beta {N-terminal} [human, cerebrospinal fluid, conditioned medium of mixed-brain cell cultures, Peptide Partial, 33 aa]1001
phosphopantetheinyl transferase1001
SMAD family member 21001
SMAD family member 31001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)2002
alpha synuclein, partial1001
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)3003
hypothetical protein, conserved1001
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 43003
G2002
cytochrome P450 2D64004
luciferase1001
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta3003
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor1001
Caspase-71001
tumor necrosis factor1001
polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX121001
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA1001
caspase-31001
huntingtin isoform 21001
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 11001
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 11001
lethal factor (plasmid)1001
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B1001
Epidermal growth factor receptor0101
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 2002
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40202
Cytochrome P450 3A40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50202
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0202
60 kDa chaperonin0101
Adenosine receptor A30202
Cytochrome P450 2D60101
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10202
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
Androgen receptor0202
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30202
Substance-K receptor0202
D(1A) dopamine receptor0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 11001
Histamine H2 receptor0202
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0202
Adenosine receptor A2a0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
D(3) dopamine receptor0202
Kappa-type opioid receptor0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 21001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 31001
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0202
Histamine H2 receptor1001
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 41001
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0202
Leukotriene B4 receptor 11001
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 51001
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 12002
Leukotriene B4 receptor 21001
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial2002
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase1001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 11001
ras-related protein Rab-9A2002
EWS/FLI fusion protein1001
Type II pantothenate kinase0001
Type III pantothenate kinase0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0101
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-19 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
Beta-lactamase SHV-10001
Beta-lactamase SHV-10001
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase OXA-70001
Kappa-type opioid receptor0001
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-130001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Class D beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Metallo-b-lactamase 0001
BlaVIM-1 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC0001
Histamine H3 receptor0001
Beta-lactamase class B VIM-2 0001
Beta-lactamase VIM-1 0001
Chain A, Methionine aminopeptidase0101
BRCA11001
P531001
pyruvate kinase1001
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 11001
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor1001
Cytochrome P450 1A20101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0101
Endothelin receptor type B1001
Endothelin-1 receptor1001
Methionine aminopeptidase 20101
Methionine aminopeptidase 10112
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A0011
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH 0101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10101
Vasopressin V2 receptor0202
Vasopressin V1a receptor0202
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]