taurine has been researched along with Drug Withdrawal Symptoms in 55 studies
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"Chronic amphetamine use results in anxiety-like states after drug cessation." | 7.79 | The influence of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands on anxiety-like effect of amphetamine withdrawal in rats. ( Gibula-Bruzda, E; Koltunowska, D; Kotlinska, JH, 2013) |
"Acamprosate was discontinued in nine patients (1%) because of severe adverse events; only two cases were clearly linked to treatment (diarrhoea and dermatitis)." | 6.70 | Use of acamprosate and different kinds of psychosocial support in relapse prevention of alcoholism. Results from a non-blind, multicentre study. ( Preuss, U; Schuetz, C; Soyka, M, 2002) |
"Chronic amphetamine use results in anxiety-like states after drug cessation." | 3.79 | The influence of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands on anxiety-like effect of amphetamine withdrawal in rats. ( Gibula-Bruzda, E; Koltunowska, D; Kotlinska, JH, 2013) |
" The effect of neramexane, a low-to-moderate affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, was examined on the development and expression of ethanol dependence (withdrawal-associated audiogenic seizures) and ethanol-induced conditioned place preference." | 3.72 | Effect of neramexane on ethanol dependence and reinforcement. ( Biala, G; Bochenski, M; Danysz, W; Kotlinska, J; Rafalski, P, 2004) |
"Acamprosate was well tolerated during the entire course of the study." | 2.72 | Effects of acamprosate on sleep during alcohol withdrawal: A double-blind placebo-controlled polysomnographic study in alcohol-dependent subjects. ( Boeijinga, P; Danel, T; Gendre, I; Landron, F; Luthringer, R; Muzet, M; Staner, L, 2006) |
"Acamprosate was discontinued in nine patients (1%) because of severe adverse events; only two cases were clearly linked to treatment (diarrhoea and dermatitis)." | 2.70 | Use of acamprosate and different kinds of psychosocial support in relapse prevention of alcoholism. Results from a non-blind, multicentre study. ( Preuss, U; Schuetz, C; Soyka, M, 2002) |
"Prevalence of alcohol dependence remains stable across time between 5-7% in men and 2-3% in women, corresponding to at least 1." | 2.44 | [Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment]. ( Blanc, F; Perney, P; Rigole, H, 2008) |
"Acamprosate is a proven effective intervention in the treatment of alcohol dependence." | 2.43 | Predictors of acamprosate efficacy: results from a pooled analysis of seven European trials including 1485 alcohol-dependent patients. ( Geerlings, PJ; Koeter, MW; Lehert, P; van den Brink, W; Verheul, R, 2005) |
"Acamprosate was generally well tolerated in placebo-controlled trials." | 2.40 | Acamprosate. A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in the management of alcohol dependence after detoxification. ( Wagstaff, AJ; Wilde, MI, 1997) |
"Antalarmin did not produce a place preference or place aversion by itself in morphine-dependent rats." | 1.33 | Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats. ( Cador, M; Koob, GF; Stinus, L; Zorrilla, EP, 2005) |
" According to these observations, NR2B SSNAs are potent inhibitors of ethanol-withdrawal-induced neurotoxicity and considering that these agents have acceptable side effect profiles, they could be promising therapeutic candidates in the pharmacotherapy for physical signs of acute alcohol-withdrawal and associated neuronal damage." | 1.32 | NR2B subunit selective NMDA antagonists inhibit neurotoxic effect of alcohol-withdrawal in primary cultures of rat cortical neurones. ( Farkas, S; Horváth, C; Kolok, S; Nagy, J; Szombathelyi, Z, 2004) |
" Chronic administration of lower daily doses of acamprosate (100 and 200 mg/kg) blocked the increased ethanol consumption typically observed in rats after an imposed abstinence period." | 1.30 | Chronic acamprosate eliminates the alcohol deprivation effect while having limited effects on baseline responding for ethanol in rats. ( Durbin, P; Heyser, CJ; Koob, GF; Schulteis, G, 1998) |
"Sleep-wake states were studied following withdrawal in 36 adult male wistar alcohol-dependent rats, after chronic administration of ethanol (10 g/kg/24 h) for 13 days." | 1.30 | Effects of muscimol or homotaurine on sleep-wake states in alcohol-dependent rats during withdrawal. ( Bajenaru, O; Dall'Ava-Santucci, J; Dinh-Xuan, AT; Emmanouilidis, E; Manicom, R; Poenaru, S; Rouhani, S; Tran, G, 1998) |
"When acamprosate was given to alcohol-naive animals, it increased locomotor activity and body temperature transiently, in particular during the rats' active night phase." | 1.29 | Acamprosate and alcohol: II. Effects on alcohol withdrawal in the rat. ( Putzke, J; Schöbitz, B; Spanagel, R; Stefferl, A; Zieglgänsberger, W, 1996) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 5 (9.09) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 13 (23.64) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 27 (49.09) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 10 (18.18) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Koltunowska, D | 1 |
Gibula-Bruzda, E | 1 |
Kotlinska, JH | 1 |
Müller, CA | 1 |
Heinz, A | 1 |
Higuchi, S | 2 |
Mason, BJ | 2 |
Ponizovskiy, PA | 1 |
Gofman, AG | 1 |
Yumoto, Y | 1 |
Stoddard, J | 1 |
Zummo, J | 1 |
Soyka, M | 2 |
Kotlinska, J | 2 |
Bochenski, M | 2 |
Hinton, DJ | 1 |
Lee, MR | 1 |
Jacobson, TL | 1 |
Mishra, PK | 1 |
Frye, MA | 1 |
Mrazek, DA | 1 |
Macura, SI | 1 |
Choi, DS | 1 |
Clark, DB | 1 |
Kalk, NJ | 1 |
Lingford-Hughes, AR | 1 |
Mayer, S | 1 |
Harris, BR | 1 |
Gibson, DA | 1 |
Blanchard, JA | 1 |
Prendergast, MA | 1 |
Holley, RC | 1 |
Littleton, J | 2 |
Dahchour, A | 4 |
De Witte, P | 6 |
Nagy, J | 1 |
Horváth, C | 1 |
Farkas, S | 1 |
Kolok, S | 1 |
Szombathelyi, Z | 1 |
Smolka, MN | 2 |
Kiefer, F | 2 |
Mann, K | 3 |
Stinus, L | 1 |
Cador, M | 1 |
Zorrilla, EP | 1 |
Koob, GF | 4 |
Boeijinga, PH | 1 |
Parot, P | 1 |
Soufflet, L | 1 |
Landron, F | 2 |
Danel, T | 2 |
Gendre, I | 2 |
Muzet, M | 2 |
Demazières, A | 1 |
Luthringer, R | 2 |
Zakharova, E | 1 |
Malyshkin, A | 1 |
Kashkin, V | 1 |
Neznanova, O | 1 |
Sukhotina, I | 1 |
Danysz, W | 2 |
Bespalov, A | 1 |
Verheul, R | 1 |
Lehert, P | 1 |
Geerlings, PJ | 1 |
Koeter, MW | 1 |
van den Brink, W | 1 |
Biala, G | 1 |
Rafalski, P | 1 |
Lallemand, F | 1 |
Ward, RJ | 1 |
Staner, L | 1 |
Boeijinga, P | 1 |
Füllgrabe, MW | 1 |
Vengeliene, V | 1 |
Spanagel, R | 6 |
Diehl, A | 1 |
Perney, P | 1 |
Rigole, H | 1 |
Blanc, F | 1 |
Contreras, E | 1 |
Tamayo, L | 1 |
Iwata, H | 1 |
Matsuda, T | 1 |
Lee, E | 1 |
Yamagami, S | 1 |
Baba, A | 1 |
Jhamandas, KH | 1 |
Marsala, M | 1 |
Ibuki, T | 1 |
Yaksh, TL | 1 |
Putzke, J | 2 |
Stefferl, A | 1 |
Schöbitz, B | 1 |
Zieglgänsberger, W | 4 |
Tölle, TR | 1 |
Wilde, MI | 1 |
Wagstaff, AJ | 1 |
Hölter, SM | 2 |
Landgraf, R | 1 |
Heyser, CJ | 1 |
Schulteis, G | 1 |
Durbin, P | 2 |
Rouhani, S | 1 |
Dall'Ava-Santucci, J | 1 |
Bajenaru, O | 1 |
Emmanouilidis, E | 1 |
Tran, G | 2 |
Manicom, R | 1 |
Dinh-Xuan, AT | 1 |
Poenaru, S | 1 |
Kratzer, U | 1 |
Schmidt, WJ | 1 |
Cole, JC | 1 |
Littleton, JM | 1 |
Little, HJ | 1 |
Myrick, H | 1 |
Brady, KT | 1 |
Malcolm, R | 1 |
Korpi, E | 1 |
Seppälä, T | 1 |
Preuss, U | 1 |
Schuetz, C | 1 |
Siggins, GR | 1 |
Ikeda, H | 1 |
Gewiss, M | 1 |
Heidbreder, C | 1 |
Opsomer, L | 1 |
Lhuintre, JP | 1 |
Daoust, M | 1 |
Moore, ND | 1 |
Chretien, P | 1 |
Saligaut, C | 1 |
Bosimare, F | 1 |
Hillemand, B | 1 |
Liskow, BI | 1 |
Goodwin, DW | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Augment in Treatment-resistent Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: an Open-label Trial[NCT00590642] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2006-04-30 | Completed | |||
Acamprosate for Central Nervous System Hyperexcitability and Neuroadaptation in Alcohol Withdrawal[NCT00106106] | Phase 2 | 56 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
The ratio of glutamate to creatine was determined using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a technique that complements magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRS is used to determine the concentration of brain metabolites, such as glutamate, in brain tissue. MRS utilizes a magnetic field to look at magnetic nuclei, which absorb and re-emit electromagnetic energy in the presence of the magnetic field. By looking at the peaks in the resultant spectra the structure and concentration of metabolites can be determined. (NCT00106106)
Timeframe: Day 25
Intervention | Ratio of glutamate to creatine (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 1.350375 |
Acamprosate | 1.166667 |
The ratio of glutamate to creatine was determined using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a technique that complements magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRS is used to determine the concentration of brain metabolites, such as glutamate, in brain tissue. MRS utilizes a magnetic field to look at magnetic nuclei, which absorb and re-emit electromagnetic energy in the presence of the magnetic field. By looking at the peaks in the resultant spectra the structure and concentration of metabolites can be determined. (NCT00106106)
Timeframe: Day 4
Intervention | Ratio of glutamate to creatine (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 1.256772 |
Acamprosate | 1.294178 |
16 reviews available for taurine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
Article | Year |
---|---|
[New treatment options for alcohol dependence].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcoholism; Baclofen; Combined Modality Therapy; Ethanol; Fructose; Humans; Naltrexone; | 2013 |
[Depression in alcohol addicted patients].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder | 2015 |
[Pharmacological therapies for alcohol use disorder in Japan].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Alcohols; Humans; Japan; Naltrexone; Substance Withdrawal Sy | 2015 |
The clinical pharmacology of acamprosate.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Humans; Rodentia; Secondary Prevention; Substa | 2014 |
Predictors of acamprosate efficacy: results from a pooled analysis of seven European trials including 1485 alcohol-dependent patients.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Anxiety; Do | 2005 |
[Advances in the treatment of alcohol dependence: pharmacological relapse prevention].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Ethanol; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; | 2003 |
[Pharmacological relapse prevention in alcohol and tobacco dependence].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Di | 2007 |
[Alcohol dependence: diagnosis and treatment].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Disulfiram; Humans; Motiv | 2008 |
Anti-craving compounds for ethanol: new pharmacological tools to study addictive processes.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcoholism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Calcium Channels; Disease Models, Animal; Humans | 1997 |
Acamprosate. A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in the management of alcohol dependence after detoxification.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Pre | 1997 |
Acamprosate for alcohol dependence?
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Substance | 1997 |
Animal models of craving for ethanol.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Conditioning, Opera | 2000 |
New developments in the pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Anticonvulsants; Buspirone; Carb | 2001 |
[Alcohol--mechanism of action, interactions and treatment of alcohol abuse].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Drug Interactions; Ethanol; Humans; Naltrexone; Narcoti | 1998 |
Acamprosate.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Drug Interactions; Humans; Substance Withdrawal Syndrom | 2002 |
Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence: a critical review.
Topics: Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Bromocript | 1987 |
5 trials available for taurine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
Article | Year |
---|---|
Efficacy of acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence long after recovery from withdrawal syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Japan (Sunrise Study).
Topics: Acamprosate; Adult; Aged; Alcoholism; Double-Blind Method; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Japan; Long-Term | 2015 |
Pharmacodynamic effects of acamprosate on markers of cerebral function in alcohol-dependent subjects administered as pretreatment and during alcohol abstinence.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adult; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Arousal; Cerebral Cortex; Double-Blind Method; E | 2004 |
Effects of acamprosate on sleep during alcohol withdrawal: A double-blind placebo-controlled polysomnographic study in alcohol-dependent subjects.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adult; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Central Nervous System Depressants; Compulsive P | 2006 |
Use of acamprosate and different kinds of psychosocial support in relapse prevention of alcoholism. Results from a non-blind, multicentre study.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Double-Blind Method; Female; G | 2002 |
Ability of calcium bis acetyl homotaurine, a GABA agonist, to prevent relapse in weaned alcoholics.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adult; Alcoholism; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Erythrocyte Indices; | 1985 |
34 other studies available for taurine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
Article | Year |
---|---|
The influence of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands on anxiety-like effect of amphetamine withdrawal in rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Amphetamine; Animals; Anxiety; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, D | 2013 |
Acamprosate, alcoholism, and abstinence.
Topics: Alcoholism; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Taurine | 2015 |
Oral and long-acting injectable naltrexone: removal of boxed warning for hepatotoxicity.
Topics: Alcoholism; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Taurine | 2015 |
[Pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence].
Topics: Acamprosate; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Ambulatory Care; Anticonvu | 2008 |
The influence of various glutamate receptors antagonists on anxiety-like effect of ethanol withdrawal in a plus-maze test in rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Central Nervous System Depressa | 2008 |
Ethanol withdrawal-induced brain metabolites and the pharmacological effects of acamprosate in mice lacking ENT1.
Topics: Acamprosate; Animals; Brain; Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1; Ethanol; gamma-Aminobutyric Aci | 2012 |
Pharmacotherapy for adolescent alcohol use disorder.
Topics: Acamprosate; Adolescent; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Antidepressive Agents; Attention Deficit Disorde | 2012 |
Acamprosate, MK-801, and ifenprodil inhibit neurotoxicity and calcium entry induced by ethanol withdrawal in organotypic slice cultures from neonatal rat hippocampus.
Topics: Acamprosate; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium Signaling; Dizocilpine Maleate; Ethanol; Female; Hip | 2002 |
Effects of acamprosate on excitatory amino acids during multiple ethanol withdrawal periods.
Topics: Acamprosate; Animals; Ethanol; Excitatory Amino Acids; Hippocampus; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substa | 2003 |
NR2B subunit selective NMDA antagonists inhibit neurotoxic effect of alcohol-withdrawal in primary cultures of rat cortical neurones.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Animals; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Clone Cells; Cy | 2004 |
[Psychosocial treatment plus drug prophylaxis. Fewer recurrences after alcohol withdrawal].
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Combined Modality Therapy; Ethanol; Humans; Randomized | 2003 |
Buprenorphine and a CRF1 antagonist block the acquisition of opiate withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; Avoidance Learni | 2005 |
The NMDA receptor channel blocker memantine and opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone inhibit the saccharin deprivation effect in rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Animals; Choice Behavior; Ethanol; Male; Memantine; Naloxone; Naltrexone; Narcotic Anta | 2004 |
Effect of neramexane on ethanol dependence and reinforcement.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Central Nervous System Depre | 2004 |
Production of reactive oxygen species following acute ethanol or acetaldehyde and its reduction by acamprosate in chronically alcoholized rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Acetaldehyde; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; | 2005 |
Drug treatment for alcoholism today.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Disulfiram; Fructose; Humans; Na | 2005 |
Influence of age at drinking onset on the alcohol deprivation effect and stress-induced drinking in female rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Age of Onset; Aging; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Central Nervous Sys | 2007 |
Effects of taurine on tolerance to and dependence on morphine in mice.
Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Drug Tolerance; Female; Humans; Mice; Morphine; Morphine Depen | 1984 |
Effect of ethanol on taurine concentration in the brain.
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Brain; Brain Stem; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Rats; Sl | 1980 |
Spinal amino acid release and precipitated withdrawal in rats chronically infused with spinal morphine.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Clonidine; Dizocilpine Maleate; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Injections, Spinal; Ma | 1996 |
Acamprosate and alcohol: II. Effects on alcohol withdrawal in the rat.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Animals; Body Temperature; Drinking; Eating; Ethanol; Male; Motor A | 1996 |
The anti-craving drug acamprosate reduces c-fos expression in rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Animals; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cerebellum; Convulsant | 1996 |
Time course of acamprosate action on operant ethanol self-administration after ethanol deprivation.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Dose-Response Relations | 1997 |
Chronic acamprosate eliminates the alcohol deprivation effect while having limited effects on baseline responding for ethanol in rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cond | 1998 |
Effects of muscimol or homotaurine on sleep-wake states in alcohol-dependent rats during withdrawal.
Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Central Nervous System D | 1998 |
The anti-craving drug acamprosate inhibits the conditioned place aversion induced by naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in rats.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Conditioning, Psychological; Drug Inte | 1998 |
Acamprosate decreases the hypermotility during repeated ethanol withdrawal.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Animals; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; Glutamic Acid | 1999 |
Acamprosate, but not naltrexone, inhibits conditioned abstinence behaviour associated with repeated ethanol administration and exposure to a plus-maze.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Animals; Anxiety; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; Expl | 2000 |
Taurine blocks the glutamate increase in the nucleus accumbens microdialysate of ethanol-dependent rats.
Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Arginine; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; | 2000 |
Pharmacological validation of a new animal model of alcoholism.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Nalt | 2000 |
Drug treatments for alcoholism.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Disulfiram; Humans; Naltrexone; Substance Withdrawal Sy | 2002 |
Potential neuroprotective effects of acamprosate.
Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Animals; Brain; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Substan | 2002 |
Effects of taurine on alcohol withdrawal.
Topics: Alcoholism; Chronic Disease; Ethanol; Humans; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Taurine | 1977 |
Acamprosate and diazepam differentially modulate alcohol-induced behavioural and cortical alterations in rats following chronic inhalation of ethanol vapour.
Topics: Acamprosate; Administration, Inhalation; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Anima | 1991 |